Python

Iterators, Generators, Comprehensions

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Iterators:
• An iterator is an object that represents a stream of data.

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Iterators:
• An iterator is an object that represents a stream of data.
• It allows you to loop over a collection (like a list, tuple, or dictionary)
one item at a time.

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Iterators:
• An iterator is an object that represents a stream of data.
• It allows you to loop over a collection (like a list, tuple, or dictionary)
one item at a time.
• You can create an iterator from an iterable using the iter() function
and then retrieve elements with the next() function.

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Iterators:
• An iterator is an object that represents a stream of data.
• It allows you to loop over a collection (like a list, tuple, or dictionary)
one item at a time.
• You can create an iterator from an iterable using the iter() function
and then retrieve elements with the next() function.
• When there are no more items to be returned, it raises a
StopIteration exception.

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Iterators:
• An iterator is an object that represents a stream of data.
• It allows you to loop over a collection (like a list, tuple, or dictionary)
one item at a time.
• You can create an iterator from an iterable using the iter() function
and then retrieve elements with the next() function.
• When there are no more items to be returned, it raises a
StopIteration exception.
• You can also use a for loop to iterate over an iterator.

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Example:
my_list = [1, 2, 3]
my_iterator = iter(my_list)
print(next(my_iterator))
print(next(my_iterator))
print(next(my_iterator))
print(next(my_iterator))

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Example:
my_list = [1, 2, 3]
my_iterator = iter(my_list)
print(next(my_iterator)) # 1
print(next(my_iterator)) # 2
print(next(my_iterator)) # 3
# Raises StopIteration: print(next(my_iterator))

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Iterators
• An iterator is an object that implements two methods, __iter__() and
__next__(), to allow iteration over a collection of items. Here's a
breakdown of how iterators work:
• __iter__(): This method returns the iterator object itself. It is typically
used to initialize the iterator, such as setting the current position to
the beginning of the collection.

• __next__(): This method retrieves the next item from the collection. If
there are no more items, it raises a StopIteration exception.

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class MyIterator:
def __init__(self, collection):
self.collection = collection
self.index = 0

def __iter__(self):
return self

def __next__(self):
if self.index < len(self.collection):
result = self.collection[self.index]
self.index += 1
return result
raise StopIteration

my_list = [1, 2, 3]
my_iterator = MyIterator(my_list)
for item in my_iterator:
print(item)
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class MyIterator:
def __init__(self, collection):
self.collection = collection
self.index = 0

def __iter__(self):
return self

def __next__(self):
if self.index < len(self.collection):
result = self.collection[self.index]
self.index += 1
return result
raise StopIteration

my_list = [1, 2, 3]
my_iterator = MyIterator(my_list)
for item in my_iterator:
print(item) # 1, 2, 3
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Generators:
• Generators are a type of iterator, but they are created using a special
function called a generator function or generator expression.

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Generators:
• Generators are a type of iterator, but they are created using a special
function called a generator function or generator expression.
• They use the yield keyword to produce a series of values one at a
time, and they maintain their state between calls.

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Generators:
• Generators are a type of iterator, but they are created using a special
function called a generator function or generator expression.
• They use the yield keyword to produce a series of values one at a
time, and they maintain their state between calls.
• Generators are memory-efficient because they don't generate all the
values at once but only when requested.

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Generators:
• Generators are a type of iterator, but they are created using a special
function called a generator function or generator expression.
• They use the yield keyword to produce a series of values one at a
time, and they maintain their state between calls.
• Generators are memory-efficient because they don't generate all the
values at once but only when requested.
• You can iterate over a generator using a for loop or by calling next().

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Example:
def my_generator():
yield 1
yield 2
yield 3

gen = my_generator()
for item in gen:
print(item)

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Example:
def my_generator():
yield 1
yield 2
yield 3

gen = my_generator()
for item in gen:
print(item) # 1, 2, 3

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Generators are a more concise and convenient way to create iterators. They
use the yield keyword, which allows a function to yield values one at a time
without losing its state. When you call a generator function, it doesn't execute
the function immediately; instead, it returns a generator object. When you
iterate over the generator or use next(), the function's execution is paused at
the yield statement until the next value is requested.

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def count_up_to(n):
i=1
while i <= n:
yield i
i += 1

gen = count_up_to(3)
for value in gen:
print(value)

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def count_up_to(n):
i=1
while i <= n:
yield i
i += 1

gen = count_up_to(3)
for value in gen:
print(value) # 1, 2, 3

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Comprehensions:
• Comprehensions are concise ways to create collections, such as lists,
dictionaries, and sets, using a single line of code.
• They provide a more readable and Pythonic way to generate data
collections based on existing iterables.
• There are three types of comprehensions in Python:
• List comprehensions: Create lists.
• Dictionary comprehensions: Create dictionaries.
• Set comprehensions: Create sets.

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Examples: List comprehension
squares = [x**2 for x in range(1, 5)]

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Examples: List comprehension
squares = [x**2 for x in range(1, 5)]
# squares is [1, 4, 9, 16]

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Examples: Dictionary comprehension
squares_dict = {x: x**2 for x in range(1, 5)}

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Examples: Dictionary comprehension
squares_dict = {x: x**2 for x in range(1, 5)}
# squares_dict is {1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16}

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Set comprehension:

Examples: Set comprehension

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Set comprehension:

Examples: Set comprehension

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Dictionary Functions and Methods:
cmp() (Python 2.x only):
1. Compares two dictionaries and returns:
1. 0 if they are equal
2. 1 if the first dictionary is greater
3. -1 if the second dictionary is greater

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Dictionary Functions and Methods:
dict1 = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
dict2 = {'a': 1, 'b': 3}
result = cmp(dict1, dict2)

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Ex.
dict1 = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
dict2 = {'a': 1, 'b': 3}
result = cmp(dict1, dict2) # Compares dict1 and dict2
# Result: -1 (dict2 is considered greater)

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len():
• Returns the number of key-value pairs in a dictionary.
my_dict = {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 30, 'city': 'New York'}
length = len(my_dict)

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len():
• Returns the number of key-value pairs in a dictionary.
my_dict = {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 30, 'city': 'New York'}
length = len(my_dict)
# Length: 3

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clear():
• Removes all key-value pairs from the dictionary, making it empty.
my_dict = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
my_dict.clear()

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clear():
• Removes all key-value pairs from the dictionary, making it empty.
my_dict = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
my_dict.clear() # Clears the dictionary
# my_dict is now an empty dictionary: {}

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get(key, default):
• Returns the value associated with a key if it exists in the dictionary.

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get(key, default):
• Returns the value associated with a key if it exists in the dictionary.
• If the key is not found, it returns the default value (or None if not
specified).

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get(key, default):
• Returns the value associated with a key if it exists in the dictionary.
• If the key is not found, it returns the default value (or None if not
specified).
my_dict = {'name’: Ravi', 'age’: 30}
age = my_dict.get('age', 0)

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get(key, default):
• Returns the value associated with a key if it exists in the dictionary.
• If the key is not found, it returns the default value (or None if not
specified).
my_dict = {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 30}
age = my_dict.get('age', 0) # Get age with default value 0 if not found
# Age: 30

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items():
• Returns a list of tuples containing key-value pairs in the dictionary.

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items():
• Returns a list of tuples containing key-value pairs in the dictionary.
my_dict = {'name’: Ravi', 'age': 30}
items = my_dict.items()

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items():
• Returns a list of tuples containing key-value pairs in the dictionary.
my_dict = {'name’: Ravi', 'age': 30}
items = my_dict.items() # Get list of key-value pairs
# Items: [('name’, Ravi'), ('age', 30)]

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keys():
• Returns a list of keys in the dictionary.

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keys():
• Returns a list of keys in the dictionary.
my_dict = {'name’: Ravi', 'age': 30}
keys = my_dict.keys()

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keys():
• Returns a list of keys in the dictionary.
my_dict = {'name’: Ravi', 'age': 30}
keys = my_dict.keys() # Get list of keys
# Keys: ['name', 'age']

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update(other_dict):
• Merges the key-value pairs from another dictionary (other_dict) into
the current dictionary.
• If a key already exists, its value is updated; otherwise, a new key-value
pair is added.

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update(other_dict):
• Merges the key-value pairs from another dictionary (other_dict) into
the current dictionary.
• If a key already exists, its value is updated; otherwise, a new key-value
pair is added.
dict1 = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
dict2 = {'b': 3, 'c': 4}
dict1.update(dict2

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update(other_dict):
• Merges the key-value pairs from another dictionary (other_dict) into
the current dictionary.
• If a key already exists, its value is updated; otherwise, a new key-value
pair is added.
dict1 = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
dict2 = {'b': 3, 'c': 4}
dict1.update(dict2) # Merges dict2 into dict1
# dict1 is now {'a': 1, 'b': 3, 'c': 4}

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values():
• Returns a list of values in the dictionary.

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values():
• Returns a list of values in the dictionary.
my_dict = {'name': ‘Ravi', 'age': 30}
values = my_dict.values

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values():
• Returns a list of values in the dictionary.
my_dict = {'name': ‘Ravi', 'age': 30}
values = my_dict.values() # Get list of values
# Values: [‘Ravi', 30]

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pop(key, default):
• Removes and returns the value associated with a key.
• If the key is not found, it returns the default value (or raises a
KeyError if not specified).

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pop(key, default):
• Removes and returns the value associated with a key.
• If the key is not found, it returns the default value (or raises a
KeyError if not specified).
my_dict = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
value = my_dict.pop('b', 0)

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pop(key, default):
• Removes and returns the value associated with a key.
• If the key is not found, it returns the default value (or raises a KeyError if
not specified).
my_dict = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
value = my_dict.pop('b', 0) # Remove 'b' with default value 0 if not found
# Value: 2

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fromkeys(seq, value):
• Creates a new dictionary with keys from the sequence seq and all
values set to a specified value.

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fromkeys(seq, value):
• Creates a new dictionary with keys from the sequence seq and all
values set to a specified value.
keys = ['a', 'b', 'c']
default_value = 0
new_dict = dict.fromkeys(keys, default_value)

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fromkeys(seq, value):
• Creates a new dictionary with keys from the sequence seq and all
values set to a specified value.
keys = ['a', 'b', 'c']
default_value = 0
new_dict = dict.fromkeys(keys, default_value)
# New Dictionary: {'a': 0, 'b': 0, 'c': 0}

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dict():
• Constructs a dictionary from an iterable of key-value pairs (tuples).

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dict():
• Constructs a dictionary from an iterable of key-value pairs (tuples).
key_value_pairs = [('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)]
new_dict = dict(key_value_pairs)

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dict():
• Constructs a dictionary from an iterable of key-value pairs (tuples).
key_value_pairs = [('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)]
new_dict = dict(key_value_pairs)
# New Dictionary: {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}

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