CHAPTER TWO

Period Detail of Projects/Activities Duration Supervisor

(Years)
Name Signature

07\2019- EMPLOYER : 11 Plc (formerly Mobil Oil Nigeria

current Plc), Lagos , Nigeria
Position: Technical Support Specialist
Activities undertaken were:
 Maintained friendly and customer-centric
approach as the first point of contact.
 Provided valuable feedback to the product
development team based on customer technical
issues.
 Implemented preventive measures to address
recurring technical issues and improve overall
customer experience.
 Liaised with third-party agencies for successful
resolution of complex issues.
 Took ownership of personal queue, seeing issues
through to resolution or escalation as appropriate

03/2014- EMPLOYER:. Lube Service Engineering Ltd,

06/2019
Lagos, Nigeria
Position: Staff
Activities undertaken were:
 Increase sales of industrial lubricant annually
by 15% from 2014 through 2019
 Handled multiple enquiries whilst
maintaining outstanding customer service.
 Delivered high-level demonstrations of
product range to showcase capabilities and
functionalities.
 Actioned client feedback to improve goods
and services provided.
 Successfully implemented Planned
Engineering Service (PES) at nominated key
accounts
 Identify, execute and document profit
improvement opportunities via product
upgrades, new product introductions, sale of
service and execution of Engineering Service
at selected accounts using benefit selling
methodologies
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02/2011- EMPLOYER:. Chenix Ltd, Abuja
12/2013 Position: Industrial Sales Executive
Activities undertaken were:
 Fulfilled key role in sales of Exxon Mobile
industrial lubricants
 Demonstrated quality and reliability in
resolving all upcoming issues
 Maintained credible credit follow-up system
and vigorously solicited new business

05/2005- EMPLOYER:. Setraco Nigeria Limited, FCT

09/2006 Position: Assistant Engineer Trainee
Activities undertaken were:
 Oversaw daily operations to achieve high
productivity levels
 Operated machinery to achieve targets while
following regulations

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 CHAPTER THREE

2.0 POST GRADUATE EXPERIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PRATICE

PROJECT NAME: HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS/DESIGN OF WATER TRANSMISSION

MAINS AND DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

EMPLOYER: SETRACO NIGERIA LIMITED

DURATION: 3 MONTHS

3.1 Introduction

The design of water Transmission mains and Distribution Network for Ikorodu township water project, Lagos

state Water Cooperation, State of Lagos, financed by Islamic Development Bank (IDB).

Ikorodu water supply scheme comprises the source of raw water, the water treatment plant, the transmission and

the distribution of treated water for Ikorodu and environs. The design of the transmission mains and the

distributions network is based on the design specifications for the high lift pump stations and water treatment

plants.

The fundamental principle of the design is an energy efficient system in which treated water is pumped from the

River Aye Water Treatment Plant to three strategically located service reservoirs from where water is

distributed to the entire municipality by gravity.

Detailed engineering survey which included land survey using GPS and total station and geotechnical survey

were undertaken. The design is guided by the design considerations and criteria already established for the

transmission mains and the distribution network.

Ductile iron (DI) is considered most suitable for the transmission mains because of the strength of the DI pipe,

while high density polyethylene (HDPE) is considered suitable for the distribution because of the undulating

terrain of Ikorodu.

The software adopted for the design and modelling is WaterGEMS which has been specifically developed for

water distribution network design, simulation, operation and management.

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 3.3 General requirements for pipe network

Mains should be divided into sections and valves should be provided so that any section may be taken out of
operation for repair.

Dead ends are to be avoided. If a dead-end is must, a hydrant should be provided for cleaning.

Air valves at peaks and wash-outs at the lowest point between peaks should be installed.

Mains should follow the general contour of the ground.

Pipe should not rise above the hydraulic gradient.

The minimum cover under roadway should be 1.5m and under paths 1m.

Hydrant density – fire hydrants at road intersection where the pipes sizes of 150mm diameter and above cross.
But fire hydrant spacing should not be greater than 600 meters.

3.4 Design Information

The design information of the Transmission Mains and Distribution Network is as follows:

The water treatment plant capacity being proposed is 60,000m3/day.

The estimated population based on enumeration = 386,801.

Average Daily Water Demand (ADD) = 120litres per capital per day (120 l/c /day).

Maximum Daily Demand (MDD) = 144 l/c/day

Peak Hour Demand (PHD) = 180 l/c /day

Hydraulic Design Parameters.

Water Transmission System

Average Daily Demand

Pressure - Min. 25m head of water

Velocity - Max. 1.5m/s

Head-loss - Limited to 1.0m/100m/length of pipe

Maximum Daily Demand

Pressure - Min. 25m, Max. 70m head of water

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 Velocity - Max. 1.0m/s

Head-loss - Limited to 1.0m/100m/length of pipe

Pipes

Material – ductile iron

Transmission mains - 800mm, 600mm and 400mm

Water Distribution Network

Pressure - It ranges from 150-300kpa (15-30m head of water)

Fire-hydrant, ≥ 150kpa (15m head of water)

Nodes, ≥ 20m head of water

Max. 70m head of water

Note: The Maximum pressure limitations are required to reduce the additional cost of the pipe

strengthening necessary due to the high pressure.

Velocity - Min. 0.6m/s, Max. 2m/s

Ranges 1 to1.5m/s

Pipe

Material - HDPE (High Density Polyethylene)

Pipe Sizes - Ranges from 110mm – 400mm

Connections - 400mm for dead-ends, 600mm for connection to the system at both ends.

Minor losses - Avoid Bends > 400 in pipes ≥ 300mm pipes

Design Data
Hydraulic radius,
Or
Where: R= Hydraulic radius (m)
A= Cross-sectional area (m2)
= Wetted perimeter (m)
D= Pipe diameter (m)
Velocity

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Where: v= Average velocity (m/s)
Q= Flow rate (m3/s)
A= Area (m2)
Pressure

Where: P= Pressure (Nm2)

F= Force (N)
A= Area (m2)

Hazen-Williams Equation

Where: v= mean velocity (m/s)

k= 1.32 for U.S customary units, 0.85 for S.I units

C= Hazen-Williams roughness coefficient

R= Hydraulic radius (m)

S= Friction slope (m/m)

Frictional head loss from Hazen-Williams Equation.

Where: hf = Frictional head loss

v = Velocity (m/s)
L= Length of pipe (m)

R= Hydraulic radius (m)

k = conversion factor (0.849 for SI units)

C= Hazen-Williams roughness coefficient

Friction loss from Hazen-Williams Equation

3.5 Bill of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation (BEME)

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Bill of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation (BEME) were prepared for this project by me and

the rates were built up using the current prevailing market prices, (See Appendix I).

3.0.0 HYDRAULICS AND WATER SUPPLY

3.1.1 Introduction

The principle of hydraulic design in a closed pipe is that the relative pressure of

water is reduced downstream by friction between water and the pipe wall. Without these

losses, the pressure at one point of the pipe is the same as in the other points, this is the

static head. If water flows, the pressure reduces in the direction of flow. In this situation we

have dynamic head. If the dynamic head is expressed as the internal pressure, then it is also

called residual head (mostly in meter water column).

3.2.2 Factors That Govern Hydraulics

Hydraulics is governed by five factors and the relationship between these factors in any

given circumstances will affect the flow rate in any distribution system. These factors are:

Volume is the amount of space occupied in three dimensions. It is the cubic content or the

cubic magnitude and is measured in metres cube. (m ³)

Velocity is the rate of change of direction in relation to time and is measured in metres per

second (m/s).

Pressure is the force exerted against an opposing body and is measured in Newton per

metres square (N/m ²)

Head is the vertical height of the surface of the water above the point at which the pressure is

measured and is expressed in metres (m)

Friction is the retarding action of one action passing over another.

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 3.2.3 Friction Losses

There are many equations that approximate the friction losses associated with the flow of a

liquid through a given section. Commonly used methods include:

• Manning’s equation.

• Chézy’s (Kutter’s) equation.

• Hazen-Williams equation.

• Darcy-Weisbach (Colebrook-White) equation.

These equations can be described by a generalized friction equation:

where v = mean velocity

C = flow resistance factor

R = hydraulic radius

S = friction slope

x, y = exponents

k = factor to account for empirical constants, unit conversion, etc.

The lining material of the flow channel usually determines the flow resistance or roughness

factor, C. However, the ultimate value of C may be a function of the channel shape, depth,

and fluid velocity.

3.2.4 Hazen-Williams Equation

The Hazen-Williams equation is most frequently used in the design and analysis of pressure

pipe systems. The equation was developed experimentally, and therefore should not be used

for fluids other than water (and only within temperatures normally experienced in potable

water systems). The Hazen-Williams equation is:

where, v = mean velocity (m/s, ft/s)

k = 1.32 for U.S. customary units, or 0.85 for SI units

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 C = Hazen-Williams roughness coefficient (unit-less)

R = hydraulic radius (m, ft)

S = friction slope (m/m, ft/ft)

1Table 2.1: Typical Roughness Coefficients

Manning’s Hazen- Williams Darcy-Weisbach

n
Coefficient C k (mm) Heightk (ft)
Roughness
Asbestos cement 0.011 140 0.0015 0.000005
Brass 0.011 135 0.0015 0.000005
Brick 0.015 100 0.6 0.002
Cast-iron, new 0.012 130 0.26 0.00085
Concrete:
Steel forms 0.011 140 0.18 0.006
Wooden forms 0.015 120 0.6 0.002
Centrifugally spun 0.013 135 0.36 0.0012
Copper 0.011 135 0.0015 0.000005
Corrugated metal 0.022 - 45 0.15
Galvanized iron 0.016 120 0.15 0.0005
Glass 0.011 140 0.0015 0.000005
Lead 0.011 135 0.0015 0.000005
Plastic 0.009 150 0.0015 0.000005
Steel:
Coal-tar enamel 0.010 148 0.0048 0.000016
New unlined 0.011 145 0.045 0.00015
Riveted 0.019 110 0.9 0.003
Wood stave 0.012 120 0.18 0.0006

3.2.5 Water Supply

Water can be supplied to the customers by the following two systems:

Continuous system intermittent system

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 Continuous System:

In this system of supply, water is supplied to the customers all the twenty-four hours. This system of
supply is possible only when there is sufficient quantity of water available from the source.

Intermittent System

In this system, water is supplied only during certain fixed hours of the day, which are normally
morning and evening hours. This system is provided when the quantity of available water from the
source is not sufficient to meet the demands of continuous supply.

3.2.6 The Distribution System

The function of the distribution system is to convey water from the source to the consumer. The
distribution system consists of pipes, valves, hydrants, meters, storage reservoirs and booster pumps
where necessary etc.

Types of Distribution System

The types of distribution system are:

i. Primary feeders (trunk mains)

ii. Secondary feeders (secondary mains)

iii. Distributors (service mains)

Primary feeders (trunk main) are normally pipes of large internal diameter use to convey

large quantities of water from one place to another, from one pumping station to another or to

communities where the water is distributed to consumers.

Secondary feeders are the intermediate size between the primary feeders and the

distributors. They are sometimes used to supply large consumers (factories or institutions)

whose demands are too great for the capacity of the distributors.

Distributors (service mains) are mains of small internal diameter used to supply consumer

blocks and individuals, fire hydrants in the street which they are laid.

3.2.7 Configuration of the Water Distribution Network

The configuration of the pipe network is based on the nature of the topography of Ikorodu in

relation to the source of water supply and the water demand centers in this municipality.

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River Aye, the source of water is at a much lower elevation than Ikorodu.

River Aye is about 20km to Ikorodu (source from survey).

The topography of Ikorodu is undulating, and the undulation is rising away from the entry

point from River Aye side.

All the sides and tops of the undulating ridges are fully developed with residential houses.

Figure 2.1 shows the proposed configuration of the water distribution network.

It is assumed that every street will have pipes laid.

It is a pumped supply as treated water will be pumped through the transmission mains to the

three proposed service reservoirs located at relatively high elevations.

The land use pattern allows each service reservoir to serve particular section of the

municipality principally but not exclusively. The water from the reservoirs will be distributed

through the primary distribution mains along the major roads of Ikorodu

The secondary distribution mains are expected to tee off from the primary distribution

network laterally. The tertiary distribution pipeline will tee-off from the secondary

distribution network. House connection will be effected from tertiary pipe network.

Figure 3.1: Proposed Distribution Network

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 CHAPTER FOUR

3.0 CONCLUSION

This report has shown my involvement in many area of Mechanical Engineering

Works, ranging from structure, and Transportation as a graduate engineer.

In the areas mentioned above, I involved in the following:

 Designing and Supervision of Mechanical Engineering Structures.

 Better the life of the Nigeria populace and the world as a whole.

In summary, being in this professions has been challenging and fulfilling. Therefore, no

doubt or regret in chosen this profession. I hope to o more and submit myself tutelage under

senior colleagues.

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 .1 Endorsement

I, the undersigned, have gone through the report that has been prepared and we endorse the
experience attained and reported by the writer. Based on our personal knowledge of the
character and professional reputation of the applicant, I recommend for acceptance of this
Work Experience report by the COREN in Partial fulfillment of the requirements for
registration as Registered Engineer/Technologist.

Name Stamp and Signature

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