MUTUALLY COUPLED BRANCHES IN Ybus

Assume that branch impedance Za connected between the

nodes m and n is coupled through mutual impedance ZM to
branch impedance Zb connected between nodes p and q as
shown in Fig 1.
The voltage drops Va and Vb due to the branch currents Ia
and Ib are then given by primitive impedance equations,

Va   Za ZM   Ia  (1)
Fig 1
Vb    ZM Zb   Ib 
  
The coefficient matrix is symmetrical. The mutual impedance is
considered positive when currents Ia and Ib enter the terminals
marked with dots, the voltage drops Va and Vb then have
polarities.

Fig 2
Multiplying Eq (1) by the inverse of the primitive impedance matrix,

1
 Za ZM  1  Zb  ZM   Ya YM  (2)
 ZM  
 Zb  ZaZb  Z M2  ZM
 Za  YM Yb 


The admittance form for the branches are given which is also symmetrical

 Ya YM  Va   Ia  (3a)
YM Yb  Vb    Ib 
    
The admittance matrix Eq (3a) is called the primitive admittance matrix of
the two coupled branches corresponds to Fig 2.
The primitive self-admittance Ya equals Zb/(ZaZb – ZM2) and similar expression
form Eqn (2) apply to Yb and the primitive mutual admittance YM.
The voltage-drop equations Va = Vm – Vn and Vb = Vp – Vq in the matrix form:

m n p q  Vm Vm
   Vn 
 Va   Vm  Vn  1  1 0 0   Vn 
 Vb    Vp  Vq   0   A  (3b)
     0 1  1  Vp   Vp 
   
V
 q  Vq 
The branch current Ia is related to the injected currents by the two node
equations Im = Ia and In = -Ia
Similarly branch current Ib is related to the currents Ip and Iq by the two
equations Ip = Ib and Iq = -Ib
These four equations arranged in matrix form as:

Im m  1 0
In   1 0  Ia  Ia 
 
n
  T 
  A   (4)
IP  p  0 1  Ib  Ib 
   
Iq  q
 0  1 
Substituting Eqn (3b) in Eqn (3a) to find

 Vm
 Ya YM   Vn  Ia  (5)
 YM  A  
 Yb   Vp  Ib 
 
 Vq 
pre-multiplying both sides of the Eqn (5) by the matrix AT, we obtain

 Vm Im
 Vn  In 
T  Ya YM 
    (6)
A  YM A
 Yb   Vp  Ip 
   
V
 q Iq 
When the multiplication indicated in Eqn (6) is performed, the result gives
the nodal admittance equation of the two mutually coupled branches in the
matrix form
m n p q
m  Ya  Ya YM  YM   Vm Im
n   Ya Ya  YM YM   Vn  In 
     
p  YM  YM Yb  Yb   Vp  Ip 
     (7)
q   YM YM  Yb Yb   Vq  Iq 
The nodal admittance of the two coupled branches may be found directly by
inspection method.
m n p q (8)
m   1  1  1  1 
n    1 1  Ya   1 1  YM 
    
p   1  1  1  1 
q    1 1  YM   1 1  Yb 
    
EX 1: Two branches having impedances equal to j0.25 per unit are coupled
through mutual impedance ZM = j0.15 as shown in fig 3. Find the nodal
admittance matrix for the mutually coupled branches and write corresponding
nodal admittance equations.

Fig 3 Fig 4

Sol: The primitive impedance matrix for the mutually coupled branches of Fig 3
is inverted as a single entity to yield the primitive admittance of Fig 4.

1
j0.25 j0.15  j6.25 j3.75 
j0.15 j0.25   j3.75  j6.25
   
Let us consider the nodes m = 3 and n = 1 and the nodes p = 3 and q = 2

3 1 3 2
3   1  1  1  1 
  1 1 (j6.25)  1 1  (j3.75)
1     
3   1  1  1  1 
  1 1  (j3.75)  1 1 (  j6.25)
2      

1 2 3
1  j6.25 j3.75 j6.25  j3.75 
2  j3.75  j6.25  j3.75  j6.25 
 
3
 j6.25  j3.75  j3.75  j6.25  j6.25  j6.25  2(j3.75)
The three nodal admittance equations in vector-matrix form are then written as:

 j6.25 j3.75 j2.25

j2.50   V1  I1 
 j3.75  j6.25 j2.50  V2   I2 
    
 j2.50 j2.50  j5.00   V3  I3 

V1, V2 and V3 are the voltages at nodes 1, 2 and 3 measures with respect to
reference, while I1, I2 and I3 are the external currents injected at the
respective nodes.
Ex2: The single line diagram of a power system is shown in Fig 5 and
reactance diagram with per unit values are given in Fig 6. Form Ybus.

Fig 5

Fig 6
Sol: The reactances of the generator and the motor
may be combined with their respective step-up
transformer reactances. Then by transformation of
sources the combined reactances and the
generated emfs are replaced by the equivalent
current sources and shunt admittances. Per-unit
admittance diagram is shown in Fig 7.
By Inspection method:

Fig 7
 j14.5 j8.0 j4.0 j2.5 
Ybus =  j8.0  j17.0 j4.0 j5.0 
 
 j4.0 j4.0  j8.8 0.0 
 
 j2.5 j5.0 0.0  j8.3
EX 3: Replace branches b and c between node-
pairs 1 – 3 and 2 – 3 of Fig 7 by the mutually
coupled branches of Fig 4. Then find Ybus.
Sol: The admittance diagram of the network
including the mutual coupling is shown in Fig 8.
From the problem Ex 1, the mutually coupled
branches have the nodal admittance matrix

1 2 3
1  j6.25 j3.75 j2.50 
2  j3.75  j6.25 j2.50 
3

 j2.50 j2.50  j5.00 
Fig 8
 From the nodal admittance matrix the
elements branch admittances 1-2, 1-3 and 2-3
are updated in Fig 9. Ybus is formed.

 j16.75 j11.75 j2.5 j2.5  Fig 9

 j11.75  j19.25 j2.5 j5.0 
Ybus =  
 j2.5 j2.5  j5.80 0 
 
 j2.5 j5.0 0  j8.3
The Network Incidence Matrix and Ybus:
Solve Ex 3 by singular transformation method.

Primitive Admittance Matrix

Ex1: For the system shown below form Y-bus without mutual coupling and with
mutual coupling.
Modelling of Power System Components
Modelling of Synchronous Generator:
A Synchronous generator is represented by its generated voltage E in series with
the synchronous impedance Zs. Fig 1 shows the equivalent circuit of a
synchronous generator

The expression for induced emf is,

E = V + Ia Z s Fig 1
Where V is the terminal voltage of the generator. Ia is the armature current,
Ra is the armature resistance and Xs is the synchronous reactance
Modelling of components depends on the study. The model of AC generator
discussed above is used for steady state analysis
While performing short circuit analysis for sub-transient and transient period,
the steady state reactance of the generator will be replaced by sub-transient
reactance or transient reactance of the AC generator
 While conducting power flow analysis, generators are modelled as
equivalent complex power injection PG + jQG
In the transient stability study, synchronous generator is represented as a
voltage source in series with its transient reactance.

Modelling of Transmission Line:

Transmission lines can be represented either as a two-port π or T model.
Long and medium length transmission lines are usually represented by a nominal
π-model. In all the power system studies, transmission line with a total series
impedance of Z = R + jX and total line charging admittance of jY will be modelled
by the equivalent circuit as shown in Fig 2. Here jY/2 is termed as “Half line
charging Admittance”

Fig 2
Modelling of Transformers:
Transformer is a static device to step up or step down the voltage level. Power
transformers and distribution transformers are used in the power system network.
While arriving the equivalent circuit of a transformer, we refer all the quantities to
either primary or secondary side of the transformer.

Fig 3 Fig 4

If we refer all the voltages, currents and impedances to the primary side, the
equivalent circuit of the transformer is shown in Fig 3. Fig 4 shows the simplified
transformer model. Bm – Magnetizing susceptance,
As the magnetising current is very small as compared to the usual load currents,
it is neglected.
R1 = r1 + a2r2; X1= x1 + a2x2; r – winding resistance, x – leakage reactance
a = N1/N2 – turns ratio
Modelling of Loads:
Load drawn by consumers is the toughest parameter to assess scientifically.
The loads are composite in nature consisting of industrial and domestic
components.
An industrial load mainly consists of large three phase induction motors with
sufficient load constancy and predictable duty cycle.
The domestic load consists of lighting, heating and single phase devices used
randomly.
For various power system studies such as load flow and stability studies,
three types of representation of passive loads are used:

1) Constant Power Representation:

This is used in load flow studies. Both the specified MW and MVAR are taken
to be constant
2) Constant Current Representation:
Here the load current is given by,
P  jQ
I  I (   )
V*
where V = |V|∠δ and θ = tan-1 Q/P is the power factor angle. It is known as
constant current representation because the magnitude of current is regarded as
constant in the study.

3) Constant Impedance Representation:

This is quite often used in stability studies. The load specified in MW and
MVAR at nominal voltage is used to compute the load impedance. Thus
2
V VV * V 1
Z   
I P  jQ P  jQ Y
Which then is regarded as constant throughout the study.