Quiz 1

July 26, 2022

1. (a) Prove that the sequence {n2 sin2 ( 1+n

1
)} has a convergent subsequence.
(b) Let f : [−1, 1] → R be defined by,


 −x, if − 1 ≤ x < 0


f (x) =



1 + x2 , if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1


Use sequential criteria of limits to determine whether f has a limit at 0 or not.

(Note: 0 is a limit point of [−1, 1]).
(c) The function f : [0, 1] → R is continuous on [0, 1]. Let {xn } be a sequence in
[0, 1] such that {f (xn )} is convergent. Prove that there exists x0 ∈ [0, 1] such that
lim f (xn ) = f (x0 ).
n→∞

2. (a) Let {an } be a monotonically increasing sequence such that an < 1 for all n ∈ N.
∞
\
Prove that [an , 1] 6= ∅.
n=1

(b) Let f : R → R be defined by,



 |x|, if x < 0


f (x) =



1 + x2 , if 0 ≤ x


Use sequential criteria of continuity to determine whether f is continuous at 0 or

not.
(c) The function f : [0, 1] → R is continuous on [0, 1]. Let {xn } be a sequence in
[0, 1].
i. Prove or disprove: {f (xn )} is convergent?
ii. Prove or disprove: {f (xn )} has a convergent subsequence.

1
3. (a) Let {xn } be a sequence of real numbers such that the set A = {xn : n ∈ N} is
finite. Prove that {xn } has a convergent subsequence.
(b) Define f : R → R by
 |x|

 x
, if x 6= 0


f (x) =




1, if x = 0
Using the sequential criteria, prove that f does not have a limit at 0.
(c) The function f : R → R is non-negative. That is, f (x) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ R. Prove
xf (x)
that the function g : R → R defined by g(x) = is continuous at 0.
1 + f (x)
4. (a) Define a sequence {xn } by

sin( nπ


 4
), if n is even


xn =



1 + n3 , if n is odd


Does {xn } have a convergent subsequence? Justify your answer.

n
(b) Prove that the sequence {(−1)n sin( n+1 )} is divergent.
(c) The function f : D → R is continuous at c ∈ D. Define g : D → R by g(x) =
xf 2 (x)
1 + f 2 (x)
i. Using the sequential criteria or by other means, prove that the function g is
continuous at c.
ii. If 0 ∈ D, prove that g is continuous at 0.(f may not be continuous at 0.)

5. (a) A sequence {xn } satisfies n2 ≤ xn for all n ∈ N. Prove that {xn } does not have
convergent subsequences.
(b) Define f : (0, ∞) → R by f (x) = sin( x12 ). Does f have a limit at 0. (Note: 0 is a
limit point of (0, 1)).
(c) Define f : N → R by


 1, if n is even


f (n) =




0, if n is odd
Use sequential criteria of continuity to prove that f is continuous on N.

2
6. (a) The function f : D → R is bounded. Let {xn } be a sequence in D. Prove that
the sequence {f (xn )} has a convergent subsequence.
sin( x1 )
(b) Consider the function f : (0, ∞) → R defined by f (x) = . Does f have a
1 + x2
limit at 0? ( Note: 0 is a limit point of (0, ∞))
(c) Define f : R → R by


 x, if x ∈ Q


f (x) =



x2 , if x ∈ R \ Q.


Use sequential criteria to prove that f is continuous at 0.

7. (a) Let D = {2n : n ∈ N}. Prove that D is not sequentially compact.
(b) Let f : R → R be defined by,


|x|, if x < 0


f (x) =



1 + x2 , if 0 ≤ x


Use sequential criteria to determine whether f has a limit at 0 or not.

(c) Let f : [−1, 1] → R be continuous and satisfies the following properties.
i. f (0) = 0
ii. f (xn ) = f (x) for all x ∈ (−1, 1) and for all n ∈ N.
Prove that f ≡ 0. That is f (x) = 0 for all x ∈ [−1, 1].

(Hint: It is known that lim xn = 0 if |x| < 1. For −1 < x < 1, define the sequence
n→∞
xn = xn .)
8. (a) Let {xn } and {yn } be two real-valued sequences such that {zn } is bounded. Here
zn = xn + yn for all n ∈ N.
i. Prove or disprove: {zn } has a convergent subsequence.
ii. Prove or disprove: {xn } and {yn } have convergent subsequence.
(b) The function f : R → R is continuous at c ∈ R. The function g : R \ {c} → R
satisfies f (c) ≤ g(x) ≤ f (x) for all x ∈ R \ {c}.
i. using the sequential criteria, prove that g has a limit at c. (Note: c is a limit
point of R \ c.)
1
ii. Deduce that lim x2 sin2 ( ) = 0
x→0 x
(c) Suppose the function g in (b) is defined at c as well. Prove that g is continuous
at c if and only if g(c) = f (c).

3
  1 + λ(−1)n n
9. (a) Let λ 6= 0. Prove that the sequence is divergent.
1+n
√
(b) Use sequential criteria to prove that f : (0, ∞) → R defined by f (x) = x sin( x12 )
has a limit at 0.
(c) Let f : [0, 1] → R be continuous on [0, 1]. Let {xn } be a sequence in [0, 1]
such that {f (xn )} is convergent. Prove that there exists x0 ∈ [0, 1] such that
lim f (xn ) = f (x0 ).
n→∞

∞
λn \
10. (a) Let λ > 0. Define an = for n ∈ N. Show that [an , 2] = [1, 2].
1 + λn n=1
1
(b) Prove that the function f : (0, ∞) → R defined by f (x) = x
sin( πx ) does not have
a limit at 0.
(c) The function f : R → R is continuous at 0. Define a new function g : R → R by


 −f (x), if x ≥ 0


g(x) =




f (−x), if x < 0

Prove that if g is continuous at 0, thenf (0) = 0.