MODULE 2: Materials for Memory and Display Systems (8hr)

Definition of memory device:

A memory device is a piece of hardware used to store data. Most electronic devices such
as computers, mobile phones, tablets etc., all have a storage device that stores data and/or
programs. Example: CD, DVD, USB and external hard disc.
Basic Concepts of Electronic Memory:-
An electronic memory device, a type of semiconductor storage system, is fast in response and compact
in size. It can be read and written when coupled with a central processing unit (CPU or processor). The
primary purpose of a memory device is to store and access binary digital data sequences, represented
as “1’s” and “0’s.”
The structure of an electronic memory device includes the following components:
1. Two electrodes
2. A switching layer positioned between the two electrodes
The switching layer operates by transitioning between two states:
 High Resistance State (HRS): Corresponds to the "0" bit in data storage (OFF state).
 Low Resistance State (LRS): Corresponds to the "1" bit in data storage (ON state).
The transition from HRS to LRS under an external electric voltage is equivalent to a binary conversion
from “0” to “1.” If a single material used in the memory device can exhibit more than two resistance
states (bistable behavior), the storage capacity of a single memory device increases exponentially.
Classification of Electrical (electronic) Memory Devices:
Electronic memory devices can be divided into 4 types depending the type of material it is made of.
1. Transistor-Type Electronic Memory:-
Transistor-type memory devices are a type of electronic memory that uses transistors to store information. A
transistor is a miniature electronic component that can work either as an amplifier or a
switch. Transistors are made from silicon, a semiconductor. It converted to p-type and n-
type semiconductor by doping trivalent and pentavalent impurities.
A transistor type semiconducting electronic memory device containing a electronic circuit, including a
complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) transistor and capacitor(C). A computer memory
chip consists of billions of transistors, each transistor is working as a switch, which can be switched
On or OFF. Each transistor can be in two different states and store two different numbers, ZERO and
ONE. Since chip is made of billions of such transistors and can store billions of Zeros and ones, and
almost every number and letter can be stored. e.g., Dynamic Random Access Memory or DRAM.
2. Capacitor- Type Electronic Memory:-
Capacitor-type memory devices are a type of electronic memory that
uses capacitors to store information. Capacitors have two parallel
plate electrodes and charges are stored in these electrodes under an
applied electric field.

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In a capacitor-type memory device, each capacitor represents one bit of information, which is a 0 or
a 1. When a capacitor is charged, it represents a 1, and when it's discharged, it represents a 0.
If parallel plates of a capacitor are separated by dielectric layer, charges dissipate slowly and
memory would be volatile. If the medium between the electrodes is ferroelectric in nature, can
maintain permanent electric polarization by an external electric field would by non-volatile memory.
e.g., Ferroelectric Random Access Memory or FeRAM, which is non-volatile memory.
3. Resistor- Type Electronic Memory:
Memory devices containing switchable resistive materials are
classified as resistor-type memory, or resistive random access
memory(RRAM). Resistors are electronic components that resist the
flow of electrical current.
Resistor-type electronic memory usually has a simple
structure, having a metal-insulator-metal structure generally
referred to as MIM structure.
The structure comprises of an insulating layer (I) sandwiched between the two metal
(M) electrodes and supported on a substrate (glass, silicon wafer, plastic or metal
foil).
Each resistor represents one bit of information, which is a 0 or a 1.Under high resistance state or
“OFF” and logically “0” state, when external electric field is applied it is a low resistance
state or “ON” logical value “1”. e.g., Programmable Read-Only Memory or PROM.

4. Charge Transfer type:-

Charge transfer-type memory devices are a type of electronic memory that uses the transfer of
electrical charges to store information. The device is based on the Charge Transfer Effects of a
charge transfer complex. A charge transfer (CT) complex consists of two parts, one electron donor
and other an electron acceptor. The conductivity of a CT complex is dependent on the ionic binding
between the Donar -Accepter components. In CT complex, a partial transfer of charges occurs from
donor part to the acceptor part. This results in difference in conductivity and exhibit bistable states
due to difference in conductivity and represented as a 1 or a 0. e.g., flash memory device like USB
flash drives, solid-state drives (SSDs), and memory cards.

Organic molecules in memory devices:-

Organic electronic memory device stores data based on different electrical conductivity states
(ON and OFF states) in response to an applied electric field.
If organic molecular material used to store the data is called organic based memory
device. Organic electronic memory devices based on organic molecules were first reported in several
acene derivatives including naphthalene, anthracene, tetracene, pentacene, perylene, p-quaterphenyl
and p-quinquephenyl because of their high charge carrier mobility.

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The advantages of organic and polymer electronic memory include
 Good processability.
 Molecular design through chemical synthesis.
 Device structure is very simple.
 Miniaturized dimensions.
 Economical.
 Low-power operation.
 Multiple state properties,
 Large capacity for data storage

Organic Semiconductors:-
Organic semiconductors are π-conjugated polycyclic and heterocyclic systems which
have a certain degree of electrical conductivity. There are two major classes of
organic semiconductors:-low molecular weight materials and polymers.
Organic semiconductors can be divided according to the character of charge carriers into
p-type (a positive charge or hole as the major carrier), n-type (a negative charge or
electron as the major carrier) or Ambipolar organic semiconductors (both electrons and
holes are involved as charge carriers)

P-type organic semiconducting material- Pentacene:-

Organic molecules with π conjugated system and possess holes as a major charge carrier is
called p-type semiconductor.
Pentacene is a linear aromatic hydrocarbon formed by the
fusion of five benzene rings. The extended π-system
allows the continuous delocalization of π-electrons and there
is a lateral overlapping of pi-electronsbetween the molecules
It can be obtained in crystal and thin film form. Both forms exhibits a very good hole mobility and
hence it behave as a p-type semiconductor.

To show that Pentacene is a p-Type semiconductor:-

Consider OTFT (Optical Thin Film Transistor) as shown above. Source and drain was
made of gold and semiconductor was Pentacene. When a positive voltage is applied to
the gate negative charges are induced at the source of electrode (Gold). Since, Fermi
level of gold is away from LUMO of Pentacene, electron flow cannot takes place.
When a negative voltage is applied to the gate holes are injected from source to
semiconductor because, Fermi level energy of gold is close to energy of HOMO of
Pentacene. A conducting channel is formed at the insulator and semiconductor interface
and allows the movement of charge carriers holes from source to drain when secondary
voltage is applied. Therefore, Pentacene is considered as P-type semiconductor.

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The n-type organic semiconducting material Perfluoropentacene:-
An Organic molecule with π conjugated system having electron withdrawing substituent
groups with electrons as major charge carrier is called n-type semiconductor.
When a p-type semiconductor Pentacene is modified
with electronegative fluorine atoms to lower the Lowest
Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) energy levels of
materials for electron injection and transport.

The HOMO-LUMO gaps of perfluorinated pentacene are smaller than those of the
corresponding Pentacene.
To show that Perfluropentacene is a n-Type semiconductor:-
Consider OTFT (optical Thin Film Transistor) as
shown in the diagram.
Source and drain was made of gold and
semiconductor was perfluropentacene.
The HOMO-LUMO gaps are 2.07ev for
pentacene and 1.95ev for perfluropentacene.
When a positive voltage is applied to gate the
negative charges are induced at the source
electrode (Gold).
The source and drain electrodes inject electrons in its LUMO level.
This charge forms a conducting channel at the insulator and semiconductorinterface and
allows the charge carriers electron from source to drain. Therefore, Perfluoropentacene is
considered as P-type semiconductor.

Polymeric materials polyimide used for organic memory device:-

Memory technologies based on the use of organic polymers are referred to as polymer memory.
Functional aromatic polyimides (PIs) are promising materials for microelectronic device applications.
These polymer containing both electron donors and acceptors within a single macromolecule
contributed to electronic transition between the ground and excited state, which could be manipulated
by the induced CT from donor to acceptor under applied electric fields. For example, Triphenylamine

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(TPA) moieties as electron donors were proposed to enhance the electron donating and charge
transport ability with the phthalimide acceptor.
Donor: Triphenyl Amine group (TPA)
Acceptor: Phthalimide group
Hexafluoroisopropylidene (6F): Increases the solubility of PI

1. The donors and acceptors of PIs contribute to the electronic transition based on an induced charge
transfer (CT) effect under an applied electric field.
2. When an electric field more than threshold energy is applied, the electrons of the HOMO (TPA
unit) is excited to LUMO.
3. The energy of LUMO of donor and acceptor are similar and therefore, after excitation the electron
transferred to LUMO (acceptor), generating a CT state.
4. This permits the generation of holes in the
HOMO, which produces the open channel
for the charge carriers to migrate through
5. Therefore, Field-induced charge transfer
from Triphenylamine to Phthalimide exhibit
the switching behavior (bistable states
ON/OFF).
6. Memory characteristic of these memory depends on film thickness donor accepter strength and
attached groups.
Photoactive and electro active organic materials:
Organic semiconductors used in electronic and optoelectronic devices are called as electro active and
photoactive materials. They are also called as organic semiconductors. The organic molecules exhibit
optoelectronic properties composed of π- electron systems.
Photoactive materials are respond to light and are capable of change in their optical, electronic, or
magnetic properties whereas electroactive materials that exhibit a strong response to an electric field.
When these materials are used in devices, they exhibit opto-electronic phenomena.

Working Principle of photo active electro active display system:-

Photoactive and electroactive material absorb and emit light in the UV to IR region.
Display system(OLED) consisting of photoactive and electroactive material absorb light and allows
an electron to jump from HOMO of a Donor to LUMO of an Acceptor. This phenomenon generate and
transport charge carriers.

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In an OLED device, the light-emitting layer is
excited by the recombination energy of electrons
from the cathode and holes from the anode, and
then the light-emitting layer emits light when
returning to the ground state. One of the
electrodes consists of transparent material in order
to extract light from the light emitting layer.
Optoelectronics:-
Optoelectronics is the communication between optics and electronics which includes the study, design
and manufacture of a hardware device that converts electrical energy into light and light into energy
through semiconductors.
Optoelectronic devices:-
A hardware device that converts electrical energy into light and light into electrical energy through
semiconductors.
Optoelectronic devices are primarily transducers i.e. they can convert one energy form to another.
They can also detect light andtransform light signals to electrical signals for processing by a computer.
Working principle of optoelectronic device :-

Optoelectronic devices are special types of semiconductor devices that are able to convert light
energy to electrical energy or electrical energy to light energy.
If the photon has an energy larger than the energy a gap, the photon will be absorbed by the
semiconductor, exciting an electron from the valence band into the conduction band, where it is free to
move. A free hole is left behind in the valence band.
When the excited electron is returning to valence band, extra photon energy is emitted in the form a
light.This principle is used in Optoelectronic devices.

Types of Optoelectronics Devices:-

Photodiode- which convert optical signal into electrical energy ,used for telecommunication.
Solar Cells – which convert light energy into electrical energy.
Light Emitting Diodes – which convert electrical energy into light, used for display, lighting and
remote control.
Laser Diodes – Data storage
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Organic materials used in optoelectronic devices:
Organic compounds with Pi-electron systems and extensive conjugation are generally used in
optoelectronic devices. The presence of Pi bond with conjugation allows the delocalization of electrons
and leads to unique electronic and optical properties Those organic materials can be
broadly classified in to three categories:
 Small molecules, Ex: anthracene, tetracene pentacene etc.
 Oligomers with well-defined structures. Ex: oligo p-phenylene, oligothiophenes etc.
 Polymers. Ex: polyacetylene, poly(p-phenylene), poly(p-phenylene vinylene), polythiophenes,
polypyrroles, and polyanilines.

Organic materials for Optoelectronic devices [Light absorbing materials –

Polythiophenes] (P3HT):-
Polythiophenes are an important class of conjugated
polymers, environmentally and thermally stable
material. Chemical formula of the compound is
(C10H14S)n. It is a polythiophene with a short

alkyl group on each repeat unit.

Highly ordered (P3HT) are composed of closely packed, p–p stacked (p–p distance of
0.33 nm) fully extended chains which are oriented perpendicular to the substrate.
Properties:
 P3HT is a semiconducting polymer with high stability and exhibits conductivity
due to holes therefore considered as p-type semiconductor.
 Poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) have great capability as light-absorbing materials in
organic electronic devices.
 P3HT has a crystalline structure and good charge-transport properties required for
Optoelectronics.
 P3HT has a direct-allowed optical transition with a fundamental energy gap of 2.14 eV.
 Fundamental bandgap of P3HT is 490nm visible region, corresponding to π →π*
transition, giving electron-hole pair.
 P3HT indicate that an increase in the conductivity is associated with an increase in
the degree of Crystallinity.
Applications:

 P3HT-ITO forms a p-n junction permit the charge carriers to move in opposite
direction and hence, used in Photovoltaic devices.
 It can be used as a positive electrode in Lithium batteries.
 Used in the construction of Organic Solar Cells.
 Manufacture of smart windows.
 Used in the fabrication new types of memory devices.
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Light emitting material - Poly[9-vinylcarbazole] (PVK)]:-

Polyvinylcarbazole (PVK) is a photo conductive polymer and thus

used in organic light-emitting diodes.
Poly(N-vinyl carbazole) (PVK) is a hole transport organic
semiconducting polymer and therefore used as an efficient hole
transport material to prepare highly efficient and stable planar
hetero junction perovskite solar cells.
Properties:-
• PVK are semiconductor or photo conductor.
• PVK can be used at temperatures of up to 160 - 170 °C and is therefore a temperature-
resistant thermoplastic.
• The electrical conductivity changes depending on the illumination.
• The polymer is extremely brittle, but the brittleness can be reduced by
copolymerization with a little isoprene.
• Polyvinylcarbazole is soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons, haloginated hydrocarbons and
ketones.
• It is resistant to acids, alkalis, polar solvents and aliphatic hydrocarbons.
• The addition of PVC to other plastic masses increases their temperature resistance.
Applications:-
 PVK has been commonly used in OLEDs, light harvesting applications,photorefractive
polymer composites and memory devices.
 Used in the fabrication of light-emitting diodes and laser printers.
 Used in the fabrication of organic solar cells when combined with TIO on glass
s ubstrate.
 Used in the fabrication of solar cells when combined with Perovskitematerials.
 PVK-Perovskite junction is used in Light-Emitting Diodes with Enhanced Efficiency
and Stability.

Nanomaterials (Silicon Nanocrystals) for Optoelectronic devices

Any substance in which at least one dimension is less than 100nm is called
nanomaterials.
The properties of nanomaterials are different from bulk materials due to:
 Quantum Confinement effect
 Increased surface area to volume ratio
The improved electronic properties yielded for nanostructured silicon in comparison to its
bulk, which led the use of Silicon Nanocrystals in electronics and optoelectronics fields.
Special properties of Silicon Nanocrystals for optoelectronics
 Silicon Nano crystal has wider bandgap energy due to quantum confinement.

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 Si NCs shows higher light emission property (Photoluminescence)
 Si NCs exhibit quantum yield of more than 60%.
 Si-NCs exhibit tunable electronic structure.
 Larger surface area-volume ration.
Applications:
 Si NCs are used in neuromorphic computing and down-shifting in photovoltaics.
 Si NCs are used in the construction of novel solar cells, photodetectors and optoelectronic synaptic
devices.
Liquid crystals (LC’s)
Liquid Crystal is a unique state of matter in which the degree of molecular ordering lies intermediate
between ordered crystalline solid state and completely disordered liquid state. The liquid crystal state
is also referred to a mesophase or mesogens. These are the state of matter which flow like liquid but
have some degree of ordering in arrangement.
Liquid crystals show some orientational order. At any point of time, one molecular axis tends to point
along a preferred direction as the molecules undergo diffusion. This preferred direction is called the
director.
Liquid cryatalline behaviour (mesophase) is commonly observed in organic molecules. The main
structural requirements of a molecule to form liquid crystal are:
 Molecules should be elongated in shape.
 Some part of the molecule should be rigid with preferably flexible ends.
 In some cases different parts of the molecules must have very different solubility properties.
Classification Liquid crystals are classified into two main categories, namely
1. Thermotropic liquid crystals and 2. Lyotropic liquid crystals
(i) Thermotropic Liquid Crystals: The class of compounds that exhibit liquid crystalline behaviour
on variation of temperature alone. Some liquid crystals are stable at perticular temperature range. E.g.,
Cholesteryl benzoate--------- 145.50C to 178.50C
p-azoxyphenetole ------------ 1370C to 1670C
p-azoxyanisole --------------- 1160C to 1350C
These are further classified into Nematic, Chiral Nematic and Sematic Liquid crystals.
(a) Nematic Liquid Crystals: These are formed by compounds which are
optically inactive. The molecules are elongated shape with thread like
structure and are approximately parallel to each other. In this phase
molecules maintain a preferred orientational direction but position order
is absent and they can diffuse throughout the sample. Eg. Para-
azoxyanisole (PAA) which exhibits liquid crystal behaviour in the
temperature range 118oC-135oC.

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(b) Chiral Nematic or Cholesteric or twisted nematic liquid crystals
(TNLC): These are formed by compounds which are optically active and
have chiral centres. The molecules are approximately parallel to one
another, and arrange themselves in layers as to form helical structure and
don’t have positional order or orientation order. The most striking feature
of cholesteric mesophase is its strong optical activity and selective light
reflection, which are attributed to the twisted structure. The twist present in
chiral nematic liquid crystals make them to exhibit spectacular optical
properties. They change colour when exposed to different temperature.
E.g., Cholesteryl benzoate, cholesteryl myristate and cholesteryl formate.
(c) Smectic Mesophase: Substances that form smectic phases are soap-like
molecules. In smectic mesophase, there is a small amount of
orientational order and also a small amount of positional order. The
molecules are arranged in regularly spaced layers (positional order).
Within the layer they tend to point along the director (orientational
order).
(d) Discotic Liquid Crystal: These molecules have disk like or plate like
structure. Disc-shaped molecules have a tendency to lie on top of one
another forming either discotic nematic phases (with discs oriented
similarly) or columnar phases (which, obviously, have column-like
structure). These molecules have rigid structures like benzene,
triphenylene in the central part. These molecules have orientational order
but no positional order. There is random motion of the molecules, but on
an average, the axis perpendicular to the plane of each molecule tends to
orient along the director.

(ii) Lyotropic liquid crystals: The compounds which transforms into liquid crystal phase when
mixed with solvent. They have both polar lyophilic and nonpolar lyophobic end. These are amphiphilic
compounds which form ordered structures in both polar and nonpolar solvents. They are obtained from
mixing a compound in a solvent and increasing the concentration of compound till liquid crystal phase
is obtained. Such compounds are known as lyotropic liquid crystals. E.g., Soap- water mixture,
Liquid crystals show some orientational order. At any point of time, one molecular axis tends to point
along a preferred direction as the molecules undergo diffusion. This preferred direction is called the
director.
Properties of liquid crystals:-
• They exhibit optical anisotropy which is defined as the difference between refractive index
parallel to the director and refractive index perpendicular to the director. These two properties are
important for the electro-optic effects in liquid crystals.
• The intermolecular forces are rather weak and can be perturbed by an applied electric field.
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• Because the molecules are polar, they interact with an electric field, which causes them to change
their orientation slightly.
• Liquid Crystal can flow like a liquid, due to loss of positional order.
• Liquid crystal is optically birefringent, due to its orientation order.
• Liquid crystals, like all other kinds of matter, exhibits thermal expansion (Thermal Imaging).
Applications of liquid crystals:-
• Liquid crystals have a wide range of applications in various fields, including electronics, optics,
displays, sensors, and medicine. Some of the major applications of liquid crystals are:
• Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs): The liquid crystal layer in LCDs allows for the display of images
and text through the use of electrical currents that control the orientation of the crystals.
• Sensors: Liquid crystal sensors are used in various applications such as temperature
sensing, humidity sensing, and chemical sensing.
• Optical Devices: Liquid crystals are used in various optical devices such as variable optical
attenuators, phase shifters, and tunable filters. These devices are used in optical communication
systems, spectroscopy, and imaging.
• Medicine: Liquid crystals have been used in drug delivery systems, where the drug is encapsulated
in the liquid crystal matrix and delivered to specific target cells.

Application in Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD’s)

The combination of optical and electrical properties of liquid crystals is used in Liquid Crystal
Displays. The electro-optic effect of liquid crystals controls brightness/ darkness of the light emerging
from its elements and this is used in information displays. Information is passed on to the user, using
liquid crystals which control the brightness/darkness of the parts of a display. Liquid Crystal Displays
are available in many sizes and can be used to display numeric, alphanumeric and graphic images.
Construction:-
Reflective twisted Nematic liquid crystal display
consists of
1. Polarizing filter film with a vertical axis to
polarize light as it enters.
2. Glass substrate with indium-tin-oxide
electrodes. One is positive and the other one is
negative. External potential is applied to LCD
through this electrodes and it is made up of
indium-tin-oxide.
3. Twisted nematic liquid crystal of about 10µm- 20µm is placed between two glass sheets.
4. Glass substrate with common electrode film (ITO) with horizontal ridges to line up with the
horizontal filter.
5. Polarizing filter film with a horizontal axis to block/pass light.

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6. Reflective surface to send light back to viewer. (In a backlit LCD, this layer is replaced or
complemented with a light source.)

Working principles of LCD

 The working principle of an LCD is based on the optical properties of liquid crystals.
 An LCD consists of a layer of liquid crystal material sandwiched between two glass substrate
with transparent electrodes.
 The molecules are oriented in a direction parallel to the surface of the glass.
 When an electric field is applied, it twists the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, which
changes the polarization of the light passing through the liquid crystal.
 Polarizing filter is placed in front of and behind the liquid crystal layer to control the orientation of
the light passing through it.
 If a source of light radiation is kept below first polarizer, it passes through it and rotated by liquid
crystal and passes through the second polarizer. Hence, it gives bright appearance to display. Here,
the optically active liquid crystal makes the light to pass through two inclined polarizers.
 If an electric field is applied between two polarizers, then liquid crystal molecules will rearrange
themselves to applied field and hence the rotation of plane of the polarized light is also affected.
Thus, light passing through first polarizer cannot pass through second polarizer and it gives dark
appearance to display
 The LCD also has a backlight, which shines light through the liquid crystal layer to produce an
image.
 The LCD can display images in color by using filters that absorb different colors of light.
 Each pixel of an LCD contains three sub-pixels that can produce red, green, and blue colors. By
adjusting the voltage applied to each sub-pixel, the LCD can create millions of different colors.
 Overall, the working principle of an LCD is based on the manipulation of light using liquid crystals
and polarizing filters to create images.

Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED’s)

“OLEDs are monolithic, solid-state thin film devices consisting of a stack of organic thin films
sandwiched between two conductive electrodes. OLEDs operate by converting electrical current into
light via an organic emitter”.
Properties of OLED:-
Some of the key properties of Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) include:
 Thinness and flexibility:- OLED devices have solid and planar structure. OLEDs are very thin,
flexible which makes them suitable for use in curved or flexible displays.
 High contrast: OLEDs have a high contrast ratio, which means that they can produce deep blacks
and bright whites.

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 Colourful image:- In OLEDS, the emission is from organic materials. Using variety of different
organic materials various colors can be generated resulting in images with vivid and rich colors.
 Fast response time: OLEDs have a fast response time as fast as micro- or nanosecond order.
which means that they can switch on and off quickly, resulting in smooth and seamless motion in
video content.
 Wide viewing angle: OLEDs have a wide viewing angle, which means that the image quality is
maintained even when viewed from different angles.
 Energy efficiency: OLEDs are energy efficient, as they do not require a backlight like traditional
LCD displays, resulting in lower power consumption.
 Self-emissive: OLEDs are self-emissive, which means that they do not require a separate light
source, resulting in a thinner display.
 Long lifespan: OLEDs have a long lifespan, as they do not contain a backlight that can degrade
over time, resulting in a longer-lasting display.

Applications
Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) have a wide range of applications due to their unique
properties, including high contrast, energy efficiency, thinness, and flexibility. Here are some of the
applications of OLED:
 Televisions and displays: OLED displays are used in televisions, monitors, smartphones, and
other electronic devices.
 Lighting: OLEDs can also be used as a source of lighting in various applications, including
automotive lighting, street lighting, and architectural lighting.
 Wearable devices: The thin and flexible nature of OLEDs makes them suitable for use in
wearable devices, such as smart watches and fitness trackers.
 Automotive: OLEDs can be used in automotive applications, such as dashboard displays, interior
lighting, and taillights.
 Medical: OLEDs can be used in medical applications, such as in surgical lighting and medical
imaging. They offer bright and highly accurate lighting options that can help improve medical
procedures and diagnosis.

Quantum Light Emitting Diodes (QLED’s)

Quantum dot light emitting diodes are a form of light emitting technology and consist of nano-scale
crystals that can provide an alternative for applications such as display technology”. The light emitting
centers are cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanocrystals, or quantum dots.
Properties of QLED
 Accurate and vibrant colors: QLEDs are capable of producing highly accurate and vibrant
colors due to their use of quantum dots, which emit light of a specific color when they are excited
by a light source or an electrical current.

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 Energy-efficient: QLEDs are more energy-efficient than traditional LCD displays because they do
not require as much backlighting.
 High contrast: QLED displays have high contrast ratios, which means that the difference between
the darkest and brightest areas of the display is greater, resulting in more detailed and lifelike
images.
 Long lifespan: QLEDs have a longer life span than traditional LCD displays because they do not
suffer from the same issues of backlight burnout or color fading over time.
 Fast response times: QLED displays have fast response times, which mean that they can display
fast-moving images without motion blur or ghosting.
 Flexibility: QLEDs can be made on flexible substrates, which allows for the creation of flexible
displays that can be bent or curved.

Applications of QLED
 Televisions and displays: QLED displays are commonly used in televisions, monitors, smart
phones, and other electronic devices. They offer superior image quality and color accuracy
compared to traditional LCD displays.
 Lighting: QLEDs can also be used as a source of lighting in various applications, including
automotive lighting, street lighting, and architectural lighting. They offer energy-efficient and
highly customizable lighting options.
 Medical imaging: QLEDs can be used in medical imaging applications, such as in MRI machines,
to produce high-resolution and accurate images.
 Virtual and augmented reality: QLED displays are suitable for use in virtual and augmented
reality applications due to their ability to produce vibrant and accurate colors, which can enhance
the immersive experience.
 Advertising displays: QLED displays can be used in advertising displays, such as digital billboards
and signage, to produce high-quality and eye-catching visuals.

Module-2/CSE stream/ VTU study material/ Dr S. N Karanth /SMVITM Bantakal Page 14