1a Lista de Exercı́cios - MA-141

MATRIZES
   
1 −2 −1 x
1. S A =  1 0 −1   X =  y .
4 −1 0 z
) V : xA1 + yA2 + zA3 = AX,  Aj  j-́   A  j = 1, 2, 3.
) U )  :     C = A2 ́ C2 = −2A1 − A3 .
) T z      )  )    ̧̃: S A  z m × n, B
 z n × k  C = AB. S Cj ́  j-́   C,  Cj    n   A 
 j-́   B.

2. ) S A  B  z

( 
) n(× n. M
)  (A + B)2 = A2 + AB + BA + B 2 .
1 0 0 1
) S  : A =  B =    AB 6= BA    
1 1 1 1
 (A + B) 6= A + 2AB + B .
2 2 2

) V   ). M : S A  B ̃  z  n × n, ̃ (A + B)2 =
A2 + 2AB + B 2     AB = BA.
( )
0 1
3. S M =
−1 0
( )
a b
) M : S A ́  z 2 × 2 ̃ AM = M A     A =
−b a
) M   A  B ̃ z 2×2    M ̃ A  B   , .́, AB = BA.

4. ) D   z D, 2 × 2  ,  z: DB = BD   z,

2 × 2, B.
) D   z A, 2 × 2,  z:AB = BA   z B, 2 × 2.
) T z )  )  z n × n.

5. R        ̧̃ x (  ).
) S A ́ z n × n  A2 = 0 ̃ A = 0,  0 ́  z .
) A ́ z n × n ́  -́    ́  z .
) S A ́  z n × n  A2 = In ̃ A = In  A = −In (In ́  z  n × n).
) S A  B ̃  z n × n  AB = BA, ̃ (AB)p = Ap B p   ́  p.
) S A  B ̃ z n × n   AB = 0 ̃ BA = 0.
) S A ́  z n × n  A4 − 3A2 + 7A − In = 0 ̃ A ́ ı́ (.́. AB = BA = In  
z B, n × n.

SISTEMAS LINEARES e DETERMINANTES

6. D   z x ̃    (  z). P   ̃
̃     z   
     
  1 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 5 1 0 0
1 −2 −1 0  0 1 0 2 0   0
 1 0 −1 1  ;    1 0 2   0
;  1 0 
.
 0 0 1 1 0 ;  0 0 1 1   0 0 1 
0 1 0 2
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 −1 0 −1 1
7. E     x ,   ́  G,  ̧̃ :
  
 4x +3y −z +t = 4  x +5y +4z −13z = 3  x −y +2z −t =0
x −y +2z −t = 0 ; 3x −y +2z +5t = 2 ; 3x +y +3z +t =0 .
  
5x +2y +z =4 2x +2y +3z −4t = 1 x −y −z −5t =0

1
  
a 0 b 2
8. S M =  a a 4 4   z  ( )   . P  
0 a 2 b
 a  b   :
) S̧̃ ́ ) S̧̃   ́ 
) S̧̃   ́  ) N ̧̃.

9. C   AX = B, 

   
1 2 −3 4
A =  3 −1 5  B= 2 
4 1 a − 16
2
a + 14

() D   ( )  a      ̧̃ ́.
() Ex   a        ̧̃?
() Ex   a      ̃  ̧̃?

x +y +z =1
10. S    mx +2y +3z = 0   ́ ̧̃,   
 2
m x +4y +9z =1
m        :

) [0, 1] ) [1, 2] ) [3, 4) )[0, 4].

∣11 R    
∣   ́ :
∣ 2x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 1 ∣ x1 − 2x − x3 + x4 = −2
∣ ∣ 2
∣ x1 + 6x2 + x3 = 3 ∣ 2x1 + 7x + 3x 3+ x4 = 6
) ∣∣ ; ) ∣∣ 2
.
∣ 2x 1 − 3x 2 + 2x 3 = λ ∣ 11x 1 + 11x 2 + 4x 3+ 8x4 = 8
∣ x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 = 1 ∣ 10x1 + 2x2 + 8x4 = λ
12. ) D   a, b, c  d  ̧̃  p(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d,  ́
   P1 = (0, 10), P2 = (1, 7), P3 = (3, −11)  P4 = (4, −14).
) D  a, b  c  ̧̃  ı́, x2 + y 2 + ax + by + c = 0,    
P1 = (−2, 7), P2 = (−4, 5)  P3 = (4, −3).

13. C   (∗) AX = B,  A  z m × n  B  z m × 1.

) M :  Y1  Y2 ̃ ̧̃   ̂  AX = 0  a  b ̃ ́ 
̃ Z = aY1 + bY2 ́ ́ ̧̃  ̂ .
) M : S X1  X2 ̃ ̧̃  (∗) ̃ Y = X2 − X1 ́ ̧̃   ̂ 
AX = 0.
) S  X0 ́  ̧̃   (∗)     ̃ X  (∗) ́  
X = X0 + Y ,  Y ̧̃  ̂ .
OBS: N  -      ̂ (∗∗) AX = 0,  A  z
m × n, x r ̧̃ ̃  Y1 , · · · , Yr , 0 ≤ r ≤ n,  (∗∗)    ̧̃ Y  (∗∗)  
  Y = a1 Y1 + a2 Y2 + · · · + ar Yr ,  a1 , · · · , ar ́  (r = 0   (∗∗)   ̧̃
  ́ ̧̃) . P,  ),    (∗)   ̧̃ X0 ̃  ̧̃ X 
(∗) ́   X = X0 + a1 Y1 + a2 Y2 + · · · + ar Yr ,  a1 , · · · , ar ́ . A ̧̃ X0 ́ 
  ̧̃  ( )  (∗)    {Y1 , · · · , Yr } ́     
   (∗) (     (∗)) O   X0 ́  ́ ̧̃ 
(∗)   r = 0.

) P      ̧̃  ,        xı́ 7.,
        ̧̃  ( x).

2
  
1 2 3
14. C  z A =  1 1 2 
0 1 2
) C  det(An ),   ́  n.
) U    z  A−1 .
[ ] [ ]
3 2 2 5
15. D  z A = CD  C −1 =  D −1 = ,    AX = B,
1 3 3 −2
[ ]
−1
-  B = .
0

16. D     λ    (A − λI3 ) = 0.

     
2 −2 3 2 2 3 1 0 0
 0 3 −2  ;  1 2 1  ;  −1 3 0 
0 −1 2 2 −2 1 3 2 −2

17. S-    z, n × n, A  (A) 6= 0 x  z, n × n, A  
AA = In ,  :
)  B  C ̃ z n × n  BC = In ̃ CB = In .
)  (B) 6= 0 (B z n × n) ̃ x  ́ B −1   BB −1 = B −1 B = In .
18. E    z x ( x):
     
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 0 0 2 2 −1 1 3 −7
1 2 a b  x  x
, , ,  0 5 0  ,  2 −1 2  ,  0 1 −2  .
3 5 −b a − x  x
0 0 6 −1 2 2 0 0 1

19. C    z:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
 α  α a+b a+c a b 1 + x1 y1 1 + x1 y2 1 a
) ; ) ; ) ; ) ; ) ;
 β  β d+b d+c −b a 1 + x2 y1 1 + x2 y2 1 b
         
1 1 −1 0 a 0 1 1 1 a b c  α  α 1
)  −1 0 1 ; )  b c d ; )  a b c ; )  b c a ; )   β  β 1 ;
−1 −1 0 0 e 0 a 2 b2 c 2 c a b  γ  γ 1
       
1 1 −6 −2 1 2 3 4 a b c d 1 −2 3 2
 4 7 4 4   5 6 7 8  −b a d −c   0 2 −1 1 
)  ; )  ; )  ; )  .
−2 −2 1 −2 9 10 0 0 −c −d a b 0 0 −1 1
−4 −7 0 −1 11 12 0 0 −d c −b a 2 0 0 3
20. R  ̧̃ f (x) = 0  f (x) = (A − xI)
   z A ́  :
 
( ) ( ) 0 1 0 5 6 −3 5 2 −3
3 4  a  a
) ; ) ; )  1 0 0 ; )  −1 0 1 ; )  4 5 −4 ;
5 2 − a  a
0 0 1 1 2 1 6 4 −4
       
4 −2 2 0 0 1 −2 2 −2 2 −2 0
)  −5 7 −5 ; )  0 1 0 ; )  2 1 −4 ; )  −2 3 −2 .
−6 6 −4 1 0 0 −2 −4 1 0 −2 4

VETORES NO PLANO E NO ESPAÇO

21. D  x         :

) R   v = (1, −2, 1)    ́   P = (1, 0, 1).
) R   v = (−1, 0, 1)    ́   ́    P1 = (1, 1, 3)  P2 =
(−1, 1, 1).