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Computer Vision 2

computer vision 2

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16 views5 pages

Computer Vision 2

computer vision 2

Uploaded by

bluesky2020new
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Image Acquisition starts with the interaction between an illumination source

and the subject being imaged. This illumination can be of various types,
from conventional light sources to more sophisticated forms like
electromagnetic or ultrasound energy. The interaction results in energy either
being reflected from or transmitted through the objects in the scene. This
energy is captured by sensors, which transform one form of energy into
another (i.e. transducers converting the incident energy into electrical
voltage). The voltage signal is then digitized, resulting in a digital image. To
do so, we need advanced technology and precise calibration to ensure that
we have an accurate representation of the physical scene. The first step in
digital imaging is the sensors. To create a two-dimensional image, single
sensing elements (such as photodiodes) are moved along the x and y axes. In
contrast, the more common sensor strips capture images linearly in one
direction. Thus, to obtain a complete 2D image, these strips are moved
perpendicularly. This technology is commonly found in devices like flatbed
scanners and used in airborne imaging systems. In more specialized
applications, like medical imaging (e.g., CAT scans), ring-configured sensor
strips are used. These setups involve complex reconstruction advanced
algorithms to transform the captured data into meaningful images.
Sensor arrays, like the charge-coupled device CCDs in digital cameras,
consist of 2D arrays of sensing elements. They capture a complete image
without motion, as each element detects part of the scene. These arrays are
advantageous as they don’t require movement to capture an image, unlike
single sensing elements and sensor strips. The captured energy is focused
onto the sensor array, converted into an analog signal, and then digitized to
form a digital image.

In Digital Image Processing, signals captured from the physical world need
to be translated into digital form by “Digitization” Process. In order to
become suitable for digital processing, an image function f(x,y) must be
digitized both spatially and in amplitude. This digitization process involves
two main processes called
1. Sampling: Digitizing the co-ordinate value is called sampling.
2. Quantization: Digitizing the amplitude value is called quantization
Typically, a frame grabber or digitizer is used to sample and quantize the
analogue video signal.
Sampling
Since an analogue image is continuous not just in its co-ordinates (x axis),
but also in its amplitude (y axis), so the part that deals with the digitizing of
co-ordinates is known as sampling. In digitizing sampling is done on
independent variable. In case of equation y = sin(x), it is done on x variable.

When looking at this image, we can see there are some random variations in
the signal caused by noise. In sampling we reduce this noise by taking
samples. It is obvious that more samples we take, the quality of the image
would be better, the noise would be more removed and same happens vice
versa. However, if you take sampling on the x axis, the signal is not
converted to digital format, unless you take sampling of the y-axis too which
is known as quantization.
Sampling has a relationship with image pixels. The total number of pixels in
an image can be calculated as Pixels = total no of rows * total no of
columns. For example, let’s say we have total of 36 pixels, that means we
have a square image of 6X 6. As we know in sampling, that more samples
eventually result in more pixels. So it means that of our continuous signal,
we have taken 36 samples on x axis. That refers to 36 pixels of this image.
Also the number sample is directly equal to the number of sensors on CCD
array.
Here is an example for image sampling and how it can be represented using
a graph.
Quantization
Quantization is opposite to sampling because it is done on “y axis” while
sampling is done on “x axis”. Quantization is a process of transforming a real
valued sampled image to one taking only a finite number of distinct values.
Under quantization process the amplitude values of the image are digitized.
In simple words, when you are quantizing an image, you are actually
dividing a signal into quanta(partitions).
Now let’s see how quantization is done. Here we assign levels to the values
generated by sampling process. In the image showed in sampling
explanation, although the samples has been taken, but they were still
spanning vertically to a continuous range of gray level values. In the image
shown below, these vertically ranging values have been quantized into 5
different levels or partitions. Ranging from 0 black to 4 white. This level
could vary according to the type of image you want.

There is a relationship between Quantization with gray level resolution. The


above quantized image represents 5 different levels of gray and that means
the image formed from this signal, would only have 5 different colors. It
would be a black and white image more or less with some colors of gray.
When we want to improve the quality of image, we can increase the levels
assign to the sampled image. If we increase this level to 256, it means we
have a gray scale image. Whatever the level which we assign is called as the
gray level. Most digital IP devices use quantization into k equal intervals. If
b-bits per pixel are used,
The number of quantization levels should be high enough for human
perception of fine shading details in the image. The occurrence of false
contours is the main problem in image which has been quantized with
insufficient brightness levels. Here is an example for image quantization
process.

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