Chapter 6

Memory & Data

Storage
 chapter 6
File compression 88k¥
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algorithm is used
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① Lossy : - A- compression

-
Eliminates unnecessary bits of data
-
Impossible to get original file back
.
Reduces file size more than lossless

no pictures Videos Sounds

, ,

→ file size reduced without a noticeable loss in

quality
File tossup compressed file decompresses bits
missing
comp.

- ←
-
to Image resolution Cno . of pixels)

•
If pictures : A _ to colour depth ( colors available for
each pixel ...
lbbits → obits)

"

JPEG
"

the number of samples of audio recorded every second

sampling rate

Nff
to

µ
-

•
It sounds : • .br sampling resolution
No. of bits/sample

too mb
• Uses perceptual music
shaping
" "

tombs MP3 → Removing softer sounds

Reduces file size upto 90% that the human ear can't hear

If videos : Pictures + sounds + * framerate

"
☐ ☐☐ → ☐ ☐
MPU
"

FPS
⑤ Lossless : _ A compression algorithm is used
reconstructed
No loss of data ; all data from the file is restored
-

original
when the file is decompressed (else file will be unreadable /code won't work

. Important when loss of data would be disastrous

text files spreadsheets Code
" "

→ , .
• zip files

- Repeated words / patterns are identified [I] & given an index . . . [I]

. . . .
& replaced with that index [I]

File tossup compressed file decompresses back to original file

comp.

•
Before : This sh-owsyojlh-wt-h.si wallet work
= 28 bytes Index
repeated
word /Pattern
1 This

-
After : I s 2s y } 2 I w3ld work 2 how
3 OU
= lb bytes

•
Why compress ? smaller file size -

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faster upload /
→
Requires less bandwidth

iii. i :* ii. is is
 MP3 see US MIDI
:÷
÷
•
: Lossy compression • :

⊕ _
Musical instrument digital interface

-
Digital recording of a sound _ Doesn't store actual sounds

→
stores instructions onhowtomake

-
Produced by a recording a sound
software / microphone → file created using digital musical
instruments
• Smaller file size

1.
3.
2.

4.

2.

3.

1.

2.

1. → Doesn't store actual sounds

3.

0
 •
JPEG : _ Joint photographic experts group
see lossy Relies on certain properties of the human ( e.g :
inability to detect colour brightness
/
.

eye
compression colour hue reduce file size without real loss
or changes , → a in
quality
-
BMP / TIFF → JPEG C reduce size & quality ,
☐ ☐°
→
☐

Bitmap JPEG
☆ Calculating image size
• steps :

1. Width ✗ height
result ✗ colour depth ( e.g : 8 bit resolution is each px is
assigned 8 bits )
3. ÷
by 8 →
bytes ,
÷
by 1024 →
KBS ,
etc .

Q ) An image oopx high & boopx wide with 8 bit colour depth

Q ) An image 256 px high 4200 px wide with 16 bit colour depth

X2O0-
256
512008,4£ = 51200×2 = 1024
i. to 24
o o bytes
= / 00k13g
51200 bits

A) An image Lioopx high & boopx wide with 8 bits/colour channel

8*3--24
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 storage
to be

primary secondary off line

-

[ D. DVD .
DVD RAM Blu-ray USB
RAM ROM HDD SSD
-

, ,
,

external SSD /HDD

,
,

Directly accessible by _
Not
directly accessible by _
non-volatile slcanberemoved

the processor the processor → data needs from the computer

-
Internal to the computer to be transferred to RAM first .
Used for backups

-
non-volatile → holds data permanently

① Primary

RAM ROM
Random Read
-
access
memory -

only memory
-
Volatile . non-Volatile
-
Can be read from & written to _
Read only
- stores data incurrent use .
stores start-up instructions
④ DRAM: Needs to be constantly refreshed
Higher power consumption
→

VSSRAM :# '
+ much faster data access
→ expensive

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② Secondary

① HDD :
_
Hard disk drive
-
Made of no . of disks C Platters ) a]

Magnetic _
Platters are divided into sectors & tracks a]
storage → The platter is spunk ]

-
Has a number of read write heads tostoredreaddata.li] -

-
Data is stored in a
digital format on the platters using electromagnets .. .

]
[I
. . . .
that determines the binary values a
•
Latency Time
: taken force block of data in a track to _
Much slower access compared to RAM
reach the read write head -

Not responding

) block

§ →
describe howhdd operates
 ⑤ SSD : _
solid state drive

.
Flash storage Chas no mechanical/moving parts)
-
Uses transistors & gates

.
The gates used can be NAND or NOR ( EEPROM)

.
Data is stored by controlling the flow of electrons through the gates / transistors

•
Advantages : No moving parts so :L .
Lower power consumption
✗ latency
2. Run cooler than HDD

3. Reliable / Robust

4. Very thin , lighter (suitable for laptops

Don't need to speed to work

"

5. get up to
properly
"

+ much faster data access

•
Drawbacks :
Longevity - SSD endurance problem ( 20GB write operations per day for
Not suitable for servers
e. y : :D /

30 years)
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. _ .

use HDD/ magnetic tapes

③ Off line .

optical storage
① CD/DVD : _
Red laser used to read / write data 0 0
track
•
-
Use a
single spiral
.
Data is stored as pits & lands
- can be CD-R / DVD-1? (write only once) , CD RW / DVD- -
RW ( read &

write CD-ROM / DVD-ROM tread only)

many times, or -

☆ .
DVD has higher storage capacity → uses dual -

layering
LF birefringence
have smaller pit size
Note: even single layer DVDs have higher storage capacity as DVDs
[ Shorter
wavelength of the laser )

https://youtu.be/H-jxTzFrnpg
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③
①
④

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⑧
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 ⑤ DVD RAM
-
: _ uses a number of concentric tracks
-
Allows simultaneous read & write operations

.
Allows numerous read & write operations → great longevity cover 30 years )

⑥ Blu-ray : .
Uses blue laser to read / write data

-
much smaller pits lb wavelength of the blue laser, →
higher storage capacity
. Comes with secure encryption system games , movies,

CD red laser single polycarbonate layer

DVD red laser Double N " (birefringence:

Blu-ray blue laser single 4 N

END Of optical storage

④ Memory stick / flash memories : _

solid state storage
use SSD technologies,
NAND chips
,
no
moving parts ,
etc .

Very small & lightweight

.
Connected via Usb port
.
can be used as a dongle for expensive software

prevents illegal copying of the software

• XD / SD cards : transfer photos from camera to pc

Removable HDD/SSD : _
can be connected via USB ports
- used backup devices
as / transfer data
between computers
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