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The document discusses four programming paradigms: Imperative, Declarative, Object-Oriented, and Functional programming. Each paradigm is explained with its advantages, disadvantages, and examples, highlighting their methodologies and applications in solving practical problems. The document emphasizes the importance of choosing the right paradigm based on the problem requirements and programming language capabilities.

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11 views7 pages

Prompt

The document discusses four programming paradigms: Imperative, Declarative, Object-Oriented, and Functional programming. Each paradigm is explained with its advantages, disadvantages, and examples, highlighting their methodologies and applications in solving practical problems. The document emphasizes the importance of choosing the right paradigm based on the problem requirements and programming language capabilities.

Uploaded by

241265
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

2024

Muhammad Hashir Khan


Roll No: 241274

12/9/2024
Introduction of Programming Paradigms

Muhammad Hashir Khan 0


Assignment:
Question no 1:
Implement and explain Four Programming Paradigms Language/Algorithms to
solve array function/code of any practical application?

Answer:
Introduction of Programming Paradigms:
Paradigm can also be termed as method to solve some problem or do some task. Programming
paradigm is an approach to solve problem using some programming language or also we can say
it is a method to solve a problem using tools and techniques that are available to us following
some approach. There are lots for programming language that are known but all of them need to
follow some strategy when they are implemented and this methodology/strategy is paradigms.
Apart from varieties of programming language there are lots of paradigms to fulfill each and
every demand. They are discussed below:

1. Imperative programming paradigm:


It is one of the oldest programming paradigm. It features close relation to machine
architecture. It is based on Von Neumann architecture. It works by changing the program
state through assignment statements. It performs step by step task by changing state. The
main focus is on how to achieve the goal. The paradigm consist of several statements and
after execution of all the result is stored.

Advantages:
1. Very simple to implement
2. It contains loops, variables etc.

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Disadvantage:
1. Complex problem cannot be solved
2. Less efficient and less productive
3. Parallel programming is not possible

Examples of Imperative programming paradigm:


C++ code:

Now in Python:

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Output:
Average of five numbers: 24.2
Imperative programming is divided into three broad categories:
1. Procedural,
2. OOP
3. parallel processing.
These paradigms are as follows:
 Procedural programming paradigm:
This paradigm emphasizes on procedure in terms of under lying machine model. There is
no difference in between procedural and imperative approach. It has the ability to reuse
the code and it was boon at that time when it was in use because of its reusability.
Examples of Procedural programming paradigm:

C++ language:

Object oriented programming (OOP):


 Object oriented programming:
The program is written as a collection of classes and object which are meant for
communication. The smallest and basic entity is object and all kind of computation is
performed on the objects only. More emphasis is on data rather procedure. It can handle
almost all kind of real life problems which are today in scenario.

Advantages:
 Data security
 Inheritance
 Code reusability
 Flexible and abstraction is also present

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Examples of Object Oriented programming paradigm:
C++

Output:
Welcome to ABM Bank
Lets create your account
your account has been created

Parallel processing approach:


Parallel processing is the processing of program instructions by dividing them among multiple
processors. A parallel processing system posses many numbers of processor with the objective of
running a program in less time by dividing them. This approach seems to be like divide and
conquer. Examples are NESL (one of the oldest one) and C/C++ also supports because of some
library function.

2. Declarative programming paradigm:


It is divided as Logic, Functional, Database. In computer science the declarative programming is
a style of building programs that expresses logic of computation without talking about its control
flow. It often considers programs as theories of some logic.It may simplify writing parallel
programs. The focus is on what needs to be done rather how it should be done basically
emphasize on what code is actually doing. It just declares the result we want rather how it has be

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produced. This is the only difference between imperative (how to do) and declarative (what to
do) programming paradigms. Getting into deeper we would see logic, functional and database.
 Logic programming paradigms:
It can be termed as abstract model of computation. It would solve logical problems like
puzzles, series etc. In logic programming we have a knowledge base which we know
before and along with the question and knowledge base which is given to machine, it
produces result. In normal programming languages, such concept of knowledge base is
not available but while using the concept of artificial intelligence, machine learning we
have some models like Perception model which is using the same mechanism.
In logical programming the main emphasize is on knowledge base and the problem. The
execution of the program is very much like proof of mathematical statement, e.g., Prolog
predicates
sumoftwonumber(integer, integer).
clauses
sumoftwonumber(0, 0).
sumoftwonumber(N, R) :-
N > 0,
N1 is N - 1,
sumoftwonumber(N1, R1),
R is R1 + N.

 Functional programming paradigms:


The functional programming paradigms has its roots in mathematics and it is language
independent. The key principle of this paradigms is the execution of series of
mathematical functions. The central model for the abstraction is the function which are
meant for some specific computation and not the data structure. Data are loosely coupled
to functions. The function hide their implementation. Function can be replaced with their
values without changing the meaning of the program. Some of the languages like perl,
javascript mostly uses this paradigm.
Examples of Functional programming paradigm:
JavaScript : developed by Brendan Eich
Haskell : developed by Lennart Augustsson, Dave Barton
Scala : developed by Martin Odersky
Erlang : developed by Joe Armstrong, Robert Virding
Lisp : developed by John Mccarthy
ML : developed by Robin Milner
Clojure : developed by Rich Hickey

Database approach:

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 Database/Data driven programming approach:
This programming methodology is based on data and its movement. Program statements
are defined by data rather than hard-coding a series of steps. A database program is the
heart of a business information system and provides file creation, data entry, update,
query and reporting functions. There are several programming languages that are
developed mostly for database application. For example SQL. It is applied to streams of
structured data, for filtering, transforming, aggregating (such as computing statistics), or
calling other programs. So it has its own wide application.
CREATE DATABASE databaseAddress;
CREATE TABLE Addr (
PersonID int,
LastName varchar(200),
FirstName varchar(200),
Address varchar(200),
City varchar(200),
State varchar(200)
);

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