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Micro Chapter 16

The document outlines the concepts of innate immunity, including the first and second lines of defense against pathogens. It details physical and chemical factors that contribute to the first line of defense, such as skin, mucus membranes, and antimicrobial substances. The second line of defense involves various immune cells, inflammation, and the complement system, which work together to respond to infections when the first line fails.

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cali k
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5 views43 pages

Micro Chapter 16

The document outlines the concepts of innate immunity, including the first and second lines of defense against pathogens. It details physical and chemical factors that contribute to the first line of defense, such as skin, mucus membranes, and antimicrobial substances. The second line of defense involves various immune cells, inflammation, and the complement system, which work together to respond to infections when the first line fails.

Uploaded by

cali k
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INNATE IMMUNITY:

NONSPECIFIC
DEFENSE OF HOST
TOPIC OUTLINE
▪ IMMUNITY
▪ CONCEPTS OF IMMUNITY
▪ FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
▪ PHYSICAL FACTORS (Skin and Mucus membrane)
▪ CHEMICAL FACTORS
▪ NORMAL MICROBIOTA AND INNATE IMMUNITY
▪ SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
▪ FORMED ELEMENTS IN BLOOD
▪ LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
▪ PHAGOCYTE
▪ INFLAMMATION
▪ FEVER
▪ ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCES
GUIDE QUESTIONS
▪ First white blood cells to be involved in acute
inflammation by pyogenic cocci
a. Macrophages
b. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
c. Basophils
d. Lymphocytes
GUIDE QUESTIONS
▪ Helminth infections will cause an increase in
a. NK cells
b. Dendritic macrophages
c. Eosinophils
d. Pre-B cells
IMMUNITY (BIGGER PICTURE)
▪ FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
▪ Keeps the pathogen outside or neutralizes infection before it begins
▪ Physical factors (Skin and MM, mucus, cilia, cerumen, flow of urine, and vaginal
secretion) and Chemical factors (Perspiration, Saliva, Gastric juices, Urine,
Vaginal secretion)
▪ SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
▪ Slows or contains the infection when the first line of defense fails
▪ Includes defensive cells (phagocytic cells), inflammation, fever, antimicrobial
substances
▪ THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE
▪ Targets specific pathogens for destruction when second line of defense fails
▪ Memory component → allows the body to effectively combat the same
pathogens in the future
IMMUNITY (BIGGER PICTURE)
▪ WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT
▪ Number of leukocyte found in the blood
▪ Differential WBC (Neutrophils, Lymphocytes,
Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils)
CONCEPTS OF IMMUNITY
▪ INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM
▪ Defense present at birth
▪ Rapid but non-specific
▪ No memory component

▪ ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM


▪ Slow and specific
▪ Memory component (rapid and stronger
response to same pathogen at a later date)
CONCEPTS OF IMMUNITY
▪ Response of INNATE SYSTEM are activated
by PROTEIN receptors in the plasma
membrane of phagocytic cell (E.g. Toll-
like receptor)
▪ Activated by pathogenic compounds called
Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns
(PAMPs) (E.g. LPS, Peptidoglycan, DNA and
RNA)
▪ Binding of TLR and PAMPs → Cytokines
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
▪ PHYSICAL FACTORS
▪ INTACT SKIN
▪ Epidermis consist of many layer of tightly packed
epithelial cells; topmost layer is dead and contains
protective layer (keratin)
▪ Periodic shedding and dryness of the skin
▪ MUCUS MEMBRANE
▪ Non-keratinized epithelial cells that lines RT, GIT, GUT
▪ Secretes mucus
▪ LACRIMAL APPARATUS
▪ Manufactures and drains tears
▪ Washing action of the keeps microorganisms & irritating
substances
▪ SALIVA
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
▪ PHYSICAL FACTORS
▪ MUCUS
▪ Traps microorganisms
▪ NASAL HAIR (mucus coated)
▪ Filters the inhaled air and traps particles
▪ CILIA
▪ Traps smaller particles
▪ Propels microorganisms and particles in the
mucus upward, towards the throat (mucociliary
escalator)
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
▪ PHYSICAL FACTORS
▪ EPIGLOTTIS
▪ Small lid of cartilage that closes the larynx during
swallowing
▪ EARWAX
▪ FLOW OF URINE
▪ Prevents colonization
▪ Obstruction of flow (Catheterization) → Infection
▪ FLOW OF VAGINAL SECRETION
▪ PERISTALSIS, DEFACATION, VOMITING, DIARRHEA
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
▪ CHEMICAL FACTORS
▪ SEBUM
▪ Unsaturated FA + lactic acid → make the skin
slightly acidic which inhibits the growth of
pathogenic microorganisms
▪ PERSPIRATION
▪ Lysozyme → breakdown of CW of G(+) >> G (-)
bacteria
▪ Tears, saliva, Tissue fluid, urine

▪ EARWAX
▪ Contains sebum
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
▪ CHEMICAL FACTORS
▪ SALIVA
▪ Lysozyme, amylase, and IgA

▪ GASTRIC JUICES
▪ Capable of destroying bacteria and most toxins, except C. botulinum & S. aureus
▪ H. pylori neutralizes stomach acid

▪ URINE SECRETION
▪ Lysozyme

▪ VAGINAL SECRETION
▪ Lactic acid (Lactobacillus)
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
▪ NORMAL FLORA & INNATE IMMUNITY
▪ PROVIDES RESISTANCE IN 3 WAYS
▪ Competes for available space and nutrients (competitive exclusion)
▪ Produces substances that inhibits or kill pathogens
▪ Stimulates immune system development

▪ PROBIOTICS
▪ Live microorganism that exerts beneficial effects

▪ PREBIOTICS
▪ Chemicals that selectively promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
▪ Includes defensive cells (Basophils,
Eosinophils, Mast cells, Neutrophils,
Monocytes/Macrophages, Dendritic cells, Natural
killer cells) inflammation, fever, and
antimicrobial substances
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
▪ FORMED ELEMENTS IN BLOOD
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
▪ LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
▪ PHAGOCYTES
▪ Cells that are capable of phagocytosis
▪ PHAGOCYTOSIS – ingestion of a microorganism/other
substances by cell
▪ When infection occurs, granulocytes and monocytes
migrates to infected area
▪ FIXED MACROPHAGES
▪ KUPFFER’S CELL
▪ ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGE
▪ MICROGLIA

▪ FREE (WANDERING) MACROPHAGES


SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
▪ 4 MECHANISMS/PHASES OF PHAGOCYTOSIS
▪ CHEMOTAXIS
▪ Chemical attraction of phagocytes to microorganism (microbial product, WBC component,
cytokines, peptide from complement
▪ ADHERENCE
▪ Attachment of phagocytes PM to foreign material

▪ PAMP + TLR or Opsonization

▪ INGESTION
▪ PM of phagocyte extends projection (pseudopods) surrounds the foreign material forming
phagosome
▪ DIGESTION
▪ Phagosome fuses with lysosome to form phagolyososome
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
▪ INFLAMMATION
▪ Local defensive response
▪ Infection, physical agent, chemical agent
▪ Associated with certain signs and symptoms
▪ PIRSH (Pain, Redness, Immobilization secondary to loss of function, Swelling, Heat)

▪ 3 FUNCTIONS
▪ Destroy injurious agent and remove its by products from the body

▪ Wall off or confine if destruction is impossible

▪ Repair/replace tissue damage


SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
▪ INFLAMMATION
▪ 2 TYPES
▪ ACUTE INFLAMMATION

▪ Develops rapidly (days to weeks)

▪ Self-limiting

▪ Neutrophils/PMN

▪ CHRONIC INFLAMMATION

▪ Develops more slowly (months to years)

▪ Often severe and progressive

▪ Macrophages
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
▪ INFLAMMATION
▪ 3 STAGES OF INFLAMMATION
▪ VASODILATION AND INCREASE PERMEABILITY OF BLOOD VESSELS

▪ Caused by a number of mediators (Histamine)

▪ Vasodilation → Redness and Heat; Increased permeability → Edema

▪ PHAGOCYTE MIGRATION AND PHAGOCYTOSIS

▪ MARGINATION

▪ Phagocyte begins to stick to the inner surface of the endothelial lining

▪ DIAPEDESIS

▪ Phagocyte begins to squeeze between endothelial cells

▪ TISSUE REPAIR

▪ The ability to regenerate/repair depends on the type of cell/tissue


SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
▪ ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCES
▪ COMPLIMENT SYSTEM
▪ Enhances cell of immune system in destroying microbes
▪ Not adaptable, never changing
▪ It can be recruited by the adaptive immune system
▪ Destroy microbes by cytolysis, opsonization, and inflammation
▪ Acts in cascade
▪ 3 pathways: Classical, Alternative, and Lectin pathways
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
▪ ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCES
▪ COMPLIMENT SYSTEM
▪ OUTCOMES OF COMPLIMENT ACTIVATION
1. CYTOLYSIS
▪ Formation of membrane attack complex
(C5bC6C7C8C9)
▪ G (-) are more susceptible to cytolysis
2. OPSONIZATION
▪ Promotes attachment of phagocyte to microbes
(C3b)
3. INFLAMMATION
▪ Histamine release (C3a, C5a) or Chemotactic factor
(C5a)
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
▪ ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCES
▪ COMPLIMENT SYSTEM
▪ REGULATION
▪ CD59 – Prevents assembly of MAC
▪ EVADING THE COMPLIMENT SYSTEM
▪ Salmonella – inhibits MAC formation
▪ N. gonorrhea, B. pertussis, Influenzae – inhibits MAC formation
▪ G (+) cocci – breaks down C5a
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
▪ ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCES
▪ INTERFERONS
▪ IFN α, β → stimulates NK cells
▪ IFN γ → induces PMN and macrophage maturation
▪ IRON-BINDING PROTEINS
▪ Transferrin, Lactoferrin, Ferritin, Hemoglobin
▪ ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES
▪ Dermcidin, Defensins and Cathelicidins,
Thrombocins
▪ OTHER FACTORS
▪ Genetic resistance
▪ Age
GUIDE QUESTIONS
▪ First white blood cells to be involved in acute
inflammation by pyogenic cocci
a. Macrophages
b. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
c. Basophils
d. Lymphocytes
GUIDE QUESTIONS
▪ Helminth infections will cause an increase in
a. NK cells
b. Dendritic macrophages
c. Eosinophils
d. Pre-B cells

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