SCSA1211- Python Programming

SCHOOL OF COMPUTING

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE FILES AND

UNIT-V Python Programming – SCSA1211

DATABASE AND NETWORK

Database (using NoSQL): Connector Module –Cursor – Statements - Exceptions in database.
Network connectivity: Socket module - Client – Server –Email – URL Access.
SCSA1211- Python Programming

DATABASE AND NETWORK

Data is very important for any organization to continue its operations. The data may be
related to employees in the organization or the operational data like products information,
raw material prices, sales information, profits and losses. Without data, no organization
will survive. Hence, data is very important and it should never be lost.

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)

To store data, a file or database can be used. A file stores data in the secondary storage
device like hard disk, either in the text format or binary format.

A database represents collection of data. Data is stored in the database. Once the data
is stored in the database, various operations can be performed on the data. For example,
modifying the existing data, deleting the unwanted data, or retrieving the data from the
database and etc. To perform such operations, a database comes with software. This is
called a database management system.

DBMS= Database + Software to manage the data

Example DBMS are MySQL, Oracle, Sybase,, SQL server etc.

Types of databases used with Python

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1. Database support

 SQL

 NoSQL

As more and more data become available as unstructured or semi-structured, the

need of managing them through NoSql database increases. Python can also interact
with NoSQL databases in a similar way as it interacts with Relational databases. In this
chapter we will use python to interact with MongoDB as a NoSQL database.

MONGO DB

MongoDB stores data in JSON-like documents, which makes the database very
flexible and scalable.

Where to Use MongoDB?

 Big Data
 Content Management and Delivery
 Mobile and Social Infrastructure
 User Data Management
 Data Hub

download a free MongoDB database at https://www.mongodb.com.

PyMongo

Python needs a MongoDB driver to access the MongoDB database.

SCSA1211- Python Programming

In this tutorial we will use the MongoDB driver "PyMongo".

We recommend that you use PIP to install "PyMongo".
PIP is most likely already installed in your Python environment.
Navigate your command line to the location of PIP, and type the following:
Download and install "PyMongo":

C:\Users\Your Name\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36-32\Scripts>python
-m pip install pymongo

Now you have downloaded and installed a mongoDB driver.

Where to Use MongoDB?

Big Data
Content Management and Delivery
Mobile and Social Infrastructure
User Data Management
Data Hub
Test PyMongo

To test if the installation was successful, or if you already have "pymongo" installed,
create a Python page with the following content:

demo_mongodb_test.py:

import pymongo
SCSA1211- Python Programming

Creating a Database

To create a database in MongoDB, start by creating a MongoClient object, then specify

a connection URL with the correct ip address and the name of the database you want
to create.

MongoDB will create the database if it does not exist, and make a connection to it.

Example

Create a database called mydatabase

Program

import pymongo

myclient = pymongo.MongoClient("mongodb://localhost:27017/")

mydb = myclient["mydatabase"]

MongoDB waits until you have created a collection (table), with at least one document
(record) before it actually creates the database (and collection).

4.2 CREATING A COLLECTION

To create a collection in MongoDB, use database object and specify the name of the
collection you want to create.

MongoDB will create the collection if it does not exist.

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Program

import pymongo

myclient = pymongo.MongoClient("mongodb://localhost:27017/")
mydb = myclient["mydatabase"]
mycol = mydb["customers"]

MongoDB waits until you have inserted a document before it actually creates the
collection.

4.3.1 Python MongoDB Insert Document

Insert Into Collection

To insert a record, or document as it is called in MongoDB, into a collection, we use

the insert_one() method.

The first parameter of the insert_one() method is a dictionary containing the name(s)
and value(s) of each field in the document you want to insert.

Example

Insert a record in the “Customers” Collection:

import pymongo
myclient = pymongo.MongoClient("mongodb://localhost:27017/")
mydb = myclient["mydatabase"]
mycol = mydb["customers"]
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mydict = { "name": "John", "address": "Highway 37" }

x = mycol.insert_one(mydict)

Insert Multiple Documents

To insert multiple documents into a collection in MongoDB, we use

theinsert_many() method.

The first parameter of the insert_many() method is a list containing dictionaries with
the data you want to insert:

import pymongo
myclient = pymongo.MongoClient("mongodb://localhost:27017/")
mydb = myclient["mydatabase"]
mycol = mydb["customers"]

mylist = [
{ "name": "Amy", "address": "Apple st 652"},
{ "name": "Hannah", "address": "Mountain 21"},
{ "name": "Michael", "address": "Valley 345"},
{ "name": "Sandy", "address": "Ocean blvd 2"},
{ "name": "Betty", "address": "Green Grass 1"},
{ "name": "Richard", "address": "Sky st 331"},
{ "name": "Susan", "address": "One way 98"},
{ "name": "Vicky", "address": "Yellow Garden 2"},
{ "name": "Ben", "address": "Park Lane 38"},
{ "name": "William", "address": "Central st 954"},
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{ "name": "Chuck", "address": "Main Road 989"},

{ "name": "Viola", "address": "Sideway 1633"}

x = mycol.insert_many(mylist)

Python MongoDB Find

In MongoDB we use the find and findOne methods to find data in a collection.

Just like the SELECT statement is used to find data in a table in a MySQL
database.

Find One

To select data from a collection in MongoDB, we can use the find_one()method.

The find_one() method returns the first occurrence in the selection.

Example

Find the first document in the customers collection:

import pymongo

myclient = pymongo.MongoClient("mongodb://localhost:27017/")
mydb = myclient["mydatabase"]
mycol = mydb["customers"]

x = mycol.find_one()
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print(x)

Output

{'_id': 1, 'name': 'John', 'address': 'Highway37'} Find All

To select data from a table in MongoDB, we can also use the find() method.

The find() method returns all occurrences in the selection.

The first parameter of the find() method is a query object. In this example we use an
empty query object, which selects all documents in the collection.

Example

Return all documents in the "customers" collection, and print each document:

import pymongo

myclient = pymongo.MongoClient("mongodb://localhost:27017/")
mydb = myclient["mydatabase"]
mycol = mydb["customers"]

for x in mycol.find():

print(x)
SCSA1211- Python Programming

{'_id': 1, 'name': 'John', 'address': 'Highway37'}

{'_id': 2, 'name': 'Peter', 'address': 'Lowstreet 27'}
{'_id': 3, 'name': 'Amy', 'address': 'Apple st 652'}
{'_id': 4, 'name': 'Hannah', 'address': 'Mountain 21'}
{'_id': 5, 'name': 'Michael', 'address': 'Valley 345'}
{'_id': 6, 'name': 'Sandy', 'address': 'Ocean blvd 2'}
{'_id': 7, 'name': 'Betty', 'address': 'Green Grass 1'}
{'_id': 8, 'name': 'Richard', 'address': 'Sky st 331'}
{'_id': 9, 'name': 'Susan', 'address': 'One way 98'}
{'_id': 10, 'name': 'Vicky', 'address': 'Yellow Garden 2'}
{'_id': 11, 'name': 'Ben', 'address': 'Park Lane 38'}
{'_id': 12, 'name': 'William', 'address': 'Central st 954'}
{'_id': 13, 'name': 'Chuck', 'address': 'Main Road 989'}
{'_id': 14, 'name': 'Viola', 'address': 'Sideway 1633'}

Filter the Result

 When finding documents in a collection, you can filter the result by using a
queryobject.

 The first argument of the find() method is a query object, and is used to
limit thesearch.

Example

Find document(s) with the address "Park Lane 38":

import pymongo
myclient = pymongo.MongoClient("mongodb://localhost:27017/")
mydb = myclient["mydatabase"]
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mycol = mydb["customers"]
myquery = { "address": "Park Lane 38" }

mydoc = mycol.find(myquery)
for x in mydoc:
print(x)

output

{'_id': 11, 'name': 'Ben', 'address': 'Park Lane 38'}

Example

Find documents where the address starts with the letter "S" or higher:

import pymongo
myclient = pymongo.MongoClient("mongodb://localhost:27017/")
mydb = myclient["mydatabase"]
mycol = mydb["customers"]
myquery = { "address": { "$gt": "S" } }
mydoc = mycol.find(myquery)
for x in mydoc:
print(x)
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Output

{'_id': 5, 'name': 'Michael', 'address': 'Valley 345'}

{'_id': 8, 'name': 'Richard', 'address': 'Sky st 331'}
{'_id': 10, 'name': 'Vicky', 'address': 'Yellow
Garden 2'}
{'_id': 14, 'name': 'Viola', 'address': 'Sideway1633'}
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Return Only Some Fields

The second parameter of the find() method is an object describing which fields to
include in the result.

This parameter is optional, and if omitted, all fields will be included in the result.

Example

Return only the names and addresses, not the _ids:

import pymongo
myclient = pymongo.MongoClient("mongodb://localhost:27017/")
mydb = myclient["mydatabase"]

mycol = mydb["customers"]

for x in mycol.find({},{ "_id": 0, "name": 1, "address": 1}):

print(x)

Output

{'name': 'John', 'address': 'Highway37'}

{'name': 'Peter', 'address': 'Lowstreet 27'}
{'name': 'Amy', 'address': 'Apple st 652'}
{'name': 'Hannah', 'address': 'Mountain 21'}
{'name': 'Michael', 'address': 'Valley 345'}
{'name': 'Sandy', 'address': 'Ocean blvd 2'}
{'name': 'Betty', 'address': 'Green Grass 1'}
{'name': 'Richard', 'address': 'Sky st 331'}
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{'name': 'Susan', 'address': 'One way 98'}

{'name': 'Vicky', 'address': 'Yellow Garden 2'}
{'name': 'Ben', 'address': 'Park Lane 38'}
{'name': 'William', 'address': 'Central st 954'}
{'name': 'Chuck', 'address': 'Main Road 989'}
{'name': 'Viola', 'address': 'Sideway 1633'}

Sort the Result

Use the sort() method to sort the result in ascending or descending order.

The sort() method takes one parameter for "fieldname" and one parameter for
"direction" (ascending is the default direction).

Example

Sort the result alphabetically by name:

import pymongo

myclient = pymongo.MongoClient("mongodb://localhost:27017/")
mydb = myclient["mydatabase"]
mycol = mydb["customers"]

mydoc = mycol.find().sort("name")

for x in mydoc:
print(x)

OUTPUT
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{'_id': 3, 'name': 'Amy', 'address': 'Apple st 652'}

{'_id': 11, 'name': 'Ben', 'address': 'Park Lane 38'}
{'_id': 7, 'name': 'Betty', 'address': 'Green Grass 1'}
{'_id': 13, 'name': 'Chuck', 'address': 'Main Road 989'}
{'_id': 4, 'name': 'Hannah', 'address': 'Mountain 21'}
{'_id': 1, 'name': 'John', 'address': 'Highway37'}
{'_id': 5, 'name': 'Michael', 'address': 'Valley 345'}
{'_id': 2, 'name': 'Peter', 'address': 'Lowstreet 27'}
{'_id': 8, 'name': 'Richard', 'address': 'Sky st 331'}
{'_id': 6, 'name': 'Sandy', 'address': 'Ocean blvd 2'}
{'_id': 9, 'name': 'Susan', 'address': 'One way 98'}
{'_id': 10, 'name': 'Vicky', 'address': 'Yellow Garden 2'}
{'_id': 14, 'name': 'Viola', 'address': 'Sideway 1633'}
{'_id': 12, 'name': 'William', 'address': 'Central st 954'}

Sort Descending

Use the value -1 as the second parameter to sort descending.

sort("name", 1) #ascending
sort("name", -1) #descending

Example

Sort the result reverse alphabetically by name:

import pymongo

myclient = pymongo.MongoClient("mongodb://localhost:27017/")
mydb = myclient["mydatabase"]
mycol = mydb["customers"]
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mydoc = mycol.find().sort("name", -1)

for x in mydoc:
print(x)

Output

{'_id': 12, 'name': 'William', 'address': 'Central st 954'}

{'_id': 14, 'name': 'Viola', 'address': 'Sideway 1633'}
{'_id': 10, 'name': 'Vicky', 'address': 'Yellow Garden 2'}
{'_id': 9, 'name': 'Susan', 'address': 'One way 98'}
{'_id': 6, 'name': 'Sandy', 'address': 'Ocean blvd 2'}
{'_id': 8, 'name': 'Richard', 'address': 'Sky st 331'}
{'_id': 2, 'name': 'Peter', 'address': 'Lowstreet 27'}
{'_id': 5, 'name': 'Michael', 'address': 'Valley 345'}
{'_id': 1, 'name': 'John', 'address': 'Highway37'}
{'_id': 4, 'name': 'Hannah', 'address': 'Mountain 21'}
{'_id': 13, 'name': 'Chuck', 'address': 'Main Road 989'}
{'_id': 7, 'name': 'Betty', 'address': 'Green Grass 1'}
{'_id': 11, 'name': 'Ben', 'address': 'Park Lane 38'}
{'_id': 3, 'name': 'Amy', 'address': 'Apple st 652'}

Python MongoDB Delete Document

To delete one document, we use the delete_one() method.

The first parameter of the delete_one() method is a query object defining which
document to delete.

Note: If the query finds more than one document, only the first occurrence is deleted.
SCSA1211- Python Programming

Example

Delete the document with the address "Mountain 21":

import pymongo

myclient = pymongo.MongoClient("mongodb://localhost:27017/")
mydb = myclient["mydatabase"]
mycol = mydb["customers"]

myquery = { "address": "Mountain 21" }

mycol.delete_one(myquery)

Delete Many Documents

To delete more than one document, use the delete_many() method.

The first parameter of the delete_many() method is a query object defining which
documents to delete.

Example

Delete all documents were the address starts with the letter S:

import pymongo

myclient = pymongo.MongoClient("mongodb://localhost:27017/")
mydb = myclient["mydatabase"]
mycol = mydb["customers"]
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myquery = { "address": {"$regex": "^S"} }

x = mycol.delete_many(myquery)

print(x.deleted_count, " documents deleted.")

output

2 documents deleted.

Delete All Documents in a Collection

To delete all documents in a collection, pass an empty query object to

the delete_many() method:

Example

Delete all documents in the "customers" collection:

import pymongo

myclient = pymongo.MongoClient("mongodb://localhost:27017/")
mydb = myclient["mydatabase"]
mycol = mydb["customers"]

x = mycol.delete_many({})

print(x.deleted_count, " documents deleted.")

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Output:

11 documents deleted

4.3.5 Python MongoDB Drop Collection

Delete Collection

You can delete a table, or collection as it is called in MongoDB, by using

the drop() method.

Example

Delete the "customers" collection:

import pymongo

myclient = pymongo.MongoClient("mongodb://localhost:27017/")
mydb = myclient["mydatabase"]
mycol = mydb["customers"]

mycol.drop()

The drop() method returns true if the collection was dropped successfully, and false if
the collection does not exist.
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Python MongoDB Update

You can update a record, or document as it is called in MongoDB, by using

the update_one() method.

The first parameter of the update_one() method is a query object defining which
document to update.

Note: If the query finds more than one record, only the first occurrence is updated.

Example

Change the address from "Valley 345" to "Canyon 123":

import pymongo

myclient = pymongo.MongoClient("mongodb://localhost:27017/")
mydb = myclient["mydatabase"]
mycol = mydb["customers"]

myquery = { "address": "Valley 345" }

newvalues = { "$set": { "address": "Canyon 123" } }

mycol.update_one(myquery, newvalues)

#print "customers" after the update:

for x in mycol.find():
print(x)
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OUTPUT

{'_id': 1, 'name': 'John', 'address': 'Highway37'}

{'_id': 2, 'name': 'Peter', 'address': 'Lowstreet 27'}
{'_id': 3, 'name': 'Amy', 'address': 'Apple st 652'}
{'_id': 4, 'name': 'Hannah', 'address': 'Mountain 21'}
{'_id': 5, 'name': 'Michael', 'address': 'Canyon 123'}
{'_id': 6, 'name': 'Sandy', 'address': 'Ocean blvd 2'}
{'_id': 7, 'name': 'Betty', 'address': 'Green Grass 1'}
{'_id': 8, 'name': 'Richard', 'address': 'Sky st 331'}
{'_id': 9, 'name': 'Susan', 'address': 'One way 98'}
{'_id': 10, 'name': 'Vicky', 'address': 'Yellow Garden 2'}
{'_id': 11, 'name': 'Ben', 'address': 'Park Lane 38'}
{'_id': 12, 'name': 'William', 'address': 'Central st 954'}
{'_id': 13, 'name': 'Chuck', 'address': 'Main Road 989'}
{'_id': 14, 'name': 'Viola', 'address': 'Sideway}

Update Many

To update all documents that meets the criteria of the query, use
the update_many() method.

Example

Update all documents where the address starts with the letter "S":

import pymongo

myclient = pymongo.MongoClient("mongodb://localhost:27017/")
mydb = myclient["mydatabase"]
mycol = mydb["customers"]
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myquery = { "address": { "$regex": "^S" } }

newvalues = { "$set": { "name": "Minnie" } } x

= mycol.update_many(myquery, newvalues)

print(x.modified_count, "documents updated.")

Output

2 documents updated.

Python MongoDB Limit

To limit the result in MongoDB, we use the limit() method.

The limit() method takes one parameter, a number defining how many documents to
return.

Consider you have a "customers" collection:

{'_id': 1, 'name': 'John', 'address': 'Highway37'}

{'_id': 2, 'name': 'Peter', 'address': 'Lowstreet 27'}
{'_id': 3, 'name': 'Amy', 'address': 'Apple st 652'}
{'_id': 4, 'name': 'Hannah', 'address': 'Mountain 21'}
{'_id': 5, 'name': 'Michael', 'address': 'Valley 345'}
{'_id': 6, 'name': 'Sandy', 'address': 'Ocean blvd 2'}
{'_id': 7, 'name': 'Betty', 'address': 'Green Grass 1'}
{'_id': 8, 'name': 'Richard', 'address': 'Sky st 331'}
{'_id': 9, 'name': 'Susan', 'address': 'One way 98'}
{'_id': 10, 'name': 'Vicky', 'address': 'Yellow Garden 2'}
{'_id': 11, 'name': 'Ben', 'address': 'Park Lane 38'}
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{'_id': 12, 'name': 'William', 'address': 'Central st 954'}

{'_id': 13, 'name': 'Chuck', 'address': 'Main Road 989'}
{'_id': 14, 'name': 'Viola', 'address': 'Sideway}

Example

Limit the result to only return 5 documents:

import pymongo

myclient = pymongo.MongoClient("mongodb://localhost:27017/")
mydb = myclient["mydatabase"]
mycol = mydb["customers"]

myresult = mycol.find().limit(5)

#print the result:

for x in myresult:
print(x)

OUTPUT
{'_id': 1, 'name': 'John', 'address': 'Highway37'}
{'_id': 2, 'name': 'Peter', 'address': 'Lowstreet 27'}
{'_id': 3, 'name': 'Amy', 'address': 'Apple st 652'}
{'_id': 4, 'name': 'Hannah', 'address': 'Mountain 21'}
{'_id': 5, 'name': 'Michael', 'address': 'Valley 345'}
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CURSOR CLASS

To work with MySQL in python, connector sub module of mysql module.

import mysql.connector;

to establish connection with MySQL database, we use the connect() method of

mysql.connector module as:

conn=mysql.connector.connect(host=‟localhost‟,database=‟university‟,user=‟root‟,
password=‟***‟)

The connect() method returns MySQLConnection class object ‘conn’.

The next step is to create cursor class object by calling the cursor() method on „conn‟
object as:

cursor=con.cursor()

Cursor object is useful to execute SQL commands on the database.

it is done by execute() method of cursor object.

cursor.execute( sql querry)

example: cursor.execute(“select * from emptab”)

The resultant rows retirieved from the table are stored in cursor object. theresult
can be fetched using fetchone() or fetchall() methods.

example: row = cursor.fetchone() # get 1 row

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row = cursor.fetchall() # get all rows

Finally, the connection with MySQL can be closed by closing the cursor andconnection
objects as:

cursor.close()

conn.close()

Program: A python program to retrieve and display all rows from the studenttable:

import mysql.connector;

conn=mysql.connector.connect(host=‟localhost‟,database=‟university‟,user=‟root‟,
password=‟***‟)

cursor=con.cursor()

cursor.execute(“select * from stutab”)

row = cursor.fetchone()

while row is not None:

print(row)

row=cursor.fetchone()

cursor.close()

conn.close()
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Output:

(1001, „Ajay‟, 8.5)

(1002, „Alan‟, 7.5)

(1001, „Joe‟, 9.00)

EXCEPTIONS CLASSES

Interacting with a database is an error prone process, so we must always implement

some mechanism to handle errors.

Built in Exceptions

Exception Description
Warning Used for non-fatal issues. Must subclass StandardError.
Error
Base class for errors. Must subclass StandardError.
InterfaceError Used for errors in the database module, not the database
itself. Must subclass Error.
DatabaseError Used for errors in the database. Must subclass Error.
DataError Subclass of DatabaseError that refers to errors in the
data.
OperationalError Subclass of DatabaseError that refers to errors such as the
loss of a connection to the database. These errors are
generally outside of the control of the Python scripter.
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Exception Description
IntegrityError Subclass of DatabaseError for situations that would
damage the relational integrity, such as uniqueness
constraints or foreign keys.
InternalError Subclass of DatabaseError that refers to errors internal to
the database module, such as a cursor no longer being
active.
ProgrammingError Subclass of DatabaseError that refers to errors such as a
bad table name and other things that can safely be blamed
on you.

NETWORKING

For a specific purpose if things are connected together, are referred asa
NETWORK. A network can be of many types, like a telephone network, television
network, computer network or even a people network.

Similarly, a COMPUTER NETWORK is also a kind of setup, where it connects

two or more devices to share a range of services and information in the form of e- mails
and messages, databases, documents, web-sites, audios and videoes, Telephonecalls
and video conferences etc among them.

A PROTOCOL is nothing but set of defined rules, which has to be followed by

every connected devices across a network to communicate and share information
among them. To facilitates End to End communication, a number of protocols worked
together to form a Protocol Suites or Stacks
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Some basic Protocols are:

 IP : Internet Protocol
 FTP : File Transfer Protocol
 SMTP : Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
 HTTP : Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
The Network reference models were developed to allow products from different
manufacturers to interoperate on a network. A network reference model serves as a
blueprint, detailing standards for how protocol communication should occur. The
most widely recognized reference models are, the Open Systems Interconnect (
OSI ) Model and Department of Defense ( DoD, also known as TCP/IP )
model.

Network Types are often categorized by their size and functionality. According to the
size, the network can be commonly categorized into Three types.

 LANs (Local Area Networks)

 MANs (Metropolitan Area Networks)

 WANs (Wide Area Networks)

An Internetwork is a general term describing multiple networks connected together.

The Internet is the largest and most well-known internetwork.

Some networks are categorized by their function, as opposed to their size.

For example:
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 SAN (Storage Area Network): A SAN provides systems with high-speed,

lossless access to high-capacity storage devices.

 VPN (Virtual Private Network): A VPN allows for information to be securely

sent across a public or unsecure network, such as the Internet. Common uses of
a VPN are to connect branch offices or remote users to a main office.

In a network, any connected device is called as host. A host can serve as following
ways:

 A host can acts as a Client, when he is requesting information.

 A host can acts as a Server, when he provides information.

 A host can also request and provide information, is called Peer.

SOCKET MODULE

What Are Sockets?

A socket is a link between two applications that can communicate with one another
(either locally on a single machine or remotely between two machines in separate
locations).

Basically, sockets act as a communication link between two entities, i.e. a server and
a client. A server will give out information being requested by a client. For example,
when you visited this page, the browser created a socket and connected to the server.
SCSA1211- Python Programming

The socket Module

In order to create a socket, you use the socket.socket() function, and the syntax is as
simple as:

import socket

s= socket.socket (socket_family, socket_type, protocol=0)

Here is the description of the arguments:

 socket_family: Represents the address (and protocol) family. It can be either

AF_UNIX or AF_INET.

 socket_type: Represents the socket type, and can be either SOCK_STREAM

or SOCK_DGRAM.

 protocol: This is an optional argument, and it usually defaults to 0.

After obtaining your socket object, you can then create a server or client as desired
using the methods available in the socket module.

o s.recv() –It receives TCPmessage

o s.send() – It transmits TCP message
o s.recvfrom() – It receives UDPmessage
o s.sendto() – It transmits UDP message
o s.close() – It closes socket
o socket.gethostname() – It returns thehostname
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CREATE A SIMPLE CLIENT

Before we get started, let's look at the client socket methods available in Python.

s= socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.sock_STREAM)

s.connect()Initiates a TCP server connection.

To create a new socket, you first import the socket method of the socket class.

import socket

Next, we'll create a stream (TCP) socket as follows:

stream_socket = socket.socket( socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM )

The AF_INET argument indicates that you're requesting an Internet Protocol (IP)
socket, specifically IPv4. The second argument is the transport protocol type
SOCK_STREAM for TCP sockets. Additionally, you can also create an IPv6 socket
by specifying the socket AF_INET6 argument.

Specify the server.

server = "localhost"

Specify the port we want to communicate with.

port =80

Connect the socket to the port where the server is listening.

server_address = ((host, port)

SCSA1211- Python Programming

stream_socket.connect(server_address)

It's important to note that the host and port must be a tuple.

Send a data request to the server:

message = 'message'

stream_socket.sendall(message)

Get the response from the server:

data = sock.recv(10)

print data

To close a connected socket, you use the close method:

stream_socket.close()

Below is the full code for the Client/Server.

import socket

import sys

# Create a TCP/IP socket

stream_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)

# Define host

host = 'localhost'
SCSA1211- Python Programming

# define the communication port

port = 8080

# Connect the socket to the port where the server is listening

server_address = ((host, port))

print "connecting"

stream_socket.connect(server_address)

# Send data

message = 'message'

stream_socket.sendall(message)

# response

data = stream_socket.recv(10)

print data

print 'socket closed'

stream_socket.close()

BUILD A SIMPLE SERVER

Now let's take a look at a simple Python server. The following are the socket server
methods available in Python.
SCSA1211- Python Programming

s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)

s.bind(): Binds address (hostname, port number) to socket.

s.listen(): Sets up and starts TCP listener.

s.accept(): Accepts TCP client connection.

We will follow the following steps:

 Create a socket.

 Bind the socket to a port.

 Start accepting connections on the socket.

Here is the server program.

import socket

import sys

# Create a TCP/IP socket

sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)

# Define host

host = 'localhost'

# define the communication port

port = 8080
SCSA1211- Python Programming

# Bind the socket to the port

sock.bind((host, port))

# Listen for incoming connections

sock.listen(1)

# Wait for a connection

print 'waiting for a connection'

connection, client = sock.accept()

print client, 'connected'

# Receive the data in small chunks and retransmit it

data = connection.recv(16)

print 'received "%s"' % data

if data:

connection.sendall(data)

else:

print 'no data from', client

# Close the connection

connection.close()
SCSA1211- Python Programming

The server is now ready for incoming connections.

Now run the client and server programs in separate terminal windows, so they can
communicate with each other.

Server Output

$ python server.py

waiting for a connection

('127.0.0.1', 47050) connected

received "message"

Client Output

$ python client.py

connecting

message

socket closed

SENDING EMAIL USING SMTP

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is a protocol, which handles sending e-mail
and routing e-mail between mail servers.
SCSA1211- Python Programming

Python provides smtplib module, which defines an SMTP client session object that
can be used to send mail to any Internet machine with an SMTP or ESMTP listener
daemon.

Here is a simple syntax to create one SMTP object, which can later be used to send
an e-mail –

import smtplib

smtpObj = smtplib.SMTP( [host [, port [, local_hostname]]] )

Here is the detail of the parameters −

 host − This is the host running your SMTP server. You can specify IP address
of the host or a domain name like tutorialspoint.com. This is optional
argument.

 port − If you are providing host argument, then you need to specify a port,
where SMTP server is listening. Usually this port would be 25.

 local_hostname − If your SMTP server is running on your local machine,

then you can specify just localhost as of this option.

An SMTP object has an instance method called sendmail, which is typically used to
do the work of mailing a message. It takes three parameters −

 The sender − A string with the address of the sender.

 The receivers − A list of strings, one for each recipient.

SCSA1211- Python Programming

 The message − A message as a string formatted as specified in the various

RFCs.

Example

Here is a simple way to send one e-mail using Python script. Try it once −

import smtplib

sender = '[email protected]'

receivers = ['[email protected]']

message = """From: From Person [email protected]

To: To Person [email protected]

Subject: SMTP e-mail test

This is a test e-mail message.

"""

try:

smtpObj = smtplib.SMTP('localhost')

smtpObj.sendmail(sender, receivers, message)

print "Successfully sent email"

except SMTPException:
SCSA1211- Python Programming

Here, you have placed a basic e-mail in message, using a triple quote, taking care to
format the headers correctly. An e-mail requires a From, To, and Subject
header, separated from the body of the e-mail with a blank line.

To send the mail you use smtpObj to connect to the SMTP server on the local machine and
then use the sendmail method along with the message, the from address, and the
destination address as parameters (even though the from and to addresses are within the e-
mail itself, these aren't always used to route mail).

If you are not running an SMTP server on your local machine, you can use smtplib
client to communicate with a remote SMTP server. Unless you are using a webmail service (such
as Hotmail or Yahoo! Mail), your e-mail provider must have provided you with outgoing mail
server details that you can supply them, as follows −smtplib.SMTP('mail.your-domain.com', 25)

URL ACCESS

URL( Uniform REsource Locator)

 urlib is the module used for fetching URLs

urllib is a Python module that can be used for opening URLs. It defines functions and classes to
help in URL actions.

With Python we can also access and retrieve data from the internet like XML, HTML, JSON,
etc. We can also use Python to work with this data directly.

#Used to make requests

import urllib.request

x= urllib.request.urlopen('https://www.google.com/')

print(x.read())