Human Behavior and Victimology

Forensic psychology is the application of psychology to matters concerning the court of law.

Criminological psychology is to enrich our understanding of crime and criminal behavior.

Human development - is a process in which a progressive series of changes occurs as a result of

maturation and experiences.

Behavior- refers to the actions of an organism or system, usually in relation to its environment.

Nature and Nurture of Plato and Aristotle

 Nature (plato): inherent behavior/in born
 Nurture (Aristotle): Atabula rasa “empty state”

Respondent and Operant Behavior of B.F. Skinner

 Respondent behavior involves a response made to or elicited by a specific stimulus,
 Operant behavior is thru reinforcement (positive/negative)

Deviant Behavior and Criminal Behavior

 Deviant behavior does not conform to the expectation of the society as a
whole.
 Criminal Behavior on the other hand is behavior in violation of formal norms.
Attributes of Human Behavior
1. Density
2. Extensity
3. Intensity
4. Quantity

Types of Human Behavior

1. Instinctive
2. Habitual
3. Symbolic
4. Complex

Aspect of Human Behavior

1. Intellectual
2. Social
3. Emotional
4. Psychosexual
5. Moral
6. Attitude/Value

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Personality - A pattern of relatively permanent traits and characteristics that give both consistency and
individuality to a person’s behavior.

Sigmund Freud:
 Structure of the mind
• Conscious
• Unconscious
• Preconscious

 Structure of Personality
• Id
• Ego
• Super Ego
•
Carl Jung:

 Three parts of the mind in his Analytical Psychology

 Conscious Ego
 Personal Unconscious
 Collective Unconscious

Archetypes
 Animus and Anima
 Persona and Shadow
 Mother
 Hero and Demon

In addition to these four functions, Jung described two major attitudes:

1. Extrovert
2. introvert

Psychosexual Development Theory (Sigmund Freud) - describes that the process by which human
personality is developed through one’s childhood

 Libido: stimulation/gratification
 Conflict: problem
 Fixation: overlapping problem

Stages of Psychosexual Development:

Stage 1: Oral stage (Birth to 18 months) During this stage, an infant's main source of interaction occurs
through the mouth, and as such, rooting and sucking are especially important in this stage. It is said that
the infant derives pleasure from oral stimulation by performing gratifying activities, such as sucking. The
infant may also develop a sense of trust and comfort with an adult who is providing this kind of oral
stimulation (e.g., feeding the child).

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Stage 2: Anal stage (18 months to 3 years) During this stage, a child becomes aware of correct bowel
control and experiences pleasure in eliminating or retaining feces. Some parents praise and reward
children who show correct behavior in this sense. These children eventually grow up to become
productive and confident.

Stage 3: Phallic stage (3 to 6 years) The phallic stage is mainly characterized by a child's focus on sexual
interests, stimulation, and excitement in relation to the genital area. This is an important part of the
development process as it lays the foundation of one's gender identity. According to Freud, the patterns
of identification arising from the phallic stage primarily determine the development of human character

Stage 4: Latency stage (5 or 6 years to puberty)

This development stage begins around the same time when children enter school and become more
focused on their peer relationships, personal interests, and hobbies, along with greater social exposure.
Hence, this is a period of exploration and plays an important role in the development of confidence as
well as social and communication skills

Stage 5: Genital stage (Puberty to adulthood)

During this period, a child undergoes the physiological maturation of systems of sexual functioning and
associated hormonal systems, thus leading to intensified drives and impulses. The main objective of this
phase is the eventual separation from one's attachment to his/her parents and the achievement of
mature relationships as well as adult roles and duties.

Types of Offenders under Psychoanalytic Theory

1. Weak Superego - no conscience: no guilt

2. Weak Ego - immature, no control on Id
3. Normal Antisocial Offender - mismatch with the ego ideal
4. Neurotic Offender - use criminal acts as means of managing specific frustration

Human behavior - refers to a voluntary or involuntary attitude of a person to adapt and fit society's
values and ideas of what is right and wrong.

Common Perspectives in the Study of Human Behavior:

1. Neurological - This perspective emphasizes human actions in relation to events that take place
inside the body, especially the brain and the nervous system.
2. Behavioral - This view focuses on the external activities that can be observed and measured.
3. Cognitive - This perspective studies how the brain processes and transforms information in
various ways.
4. Psychoanalytical - This view emphasizes unconscious motives stemming from repressed sexual
and aggressive impulses in childhood.
5. Humanistic- This perspective focuses experiences, freedom of choice, and strong motivation to
achieve self-actualization.

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Factors that Affect Human Behavior:

1. Heredity - This is determined by genes, which are segments of cell structures called
chromosomes, by which parents bass on traits to their offspring
2. Environment - These factors consist of the conditions that surround and influence an individual.
3. Learning - This refers to the process by which behaviors change as a result of experience or
practice.

Five-Stage Pyramid according to Maslow's Theory:

1. Self-Actualization
2. Esteem Needs
3. Love and Belonging Needs
4. Safety Needs
5. Physiological Needs

3. Biological and physiological needs: food, drink, air, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep
4. Safety needs: security, order, law, stability, freedom from fear, protection from
the elements

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 5. Love and belongingness needs: affection and love from work group, family,
friends, peers; romantic relationships; friendship; intimacy
6. Esteem needs: achievement, independence, mastery, status, dominance, self-
respect, prestige, and respect from others
7. Self-actualization needs: realization of one's personal potential and self-
fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences

The Psychodynamics of Human Motivation:

Psychodynamics, which literally means "motivation to action,” defines human behavior in terms of the
personality of the inner self. It also refers to the concept of subjective life and inner forces within, which
are called "mental personality".

Sigmund Freud first proposed a psychodynamic theory in the early 20th century. According to this
theory, the mind has three levels by which its psychic forces operate, namely, the Id, Ego, and Super Ego.
In psychology, the psychodynamic view is used to explain human personality and behavior in terms of
conscious and unconscious forces, such as unconscious desires and beliefs. Psychodynamic theories
generally argue that one's childhood experiences shape personality

CAUSES OF CONFLICTS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR:

1. Physical Causes - These refer to natural causes, like typhoon, and earthquake, fire, flood, and
storm.
2. Social Conflicts - These are restrictions or rules in the home, school, workplace, and community.
3. Economic Conflicts - These result from one's inability to acquire material things because of
poverty or other financial obligations.

Two Basic Types of Human Behavior:

1. Inherited Behavior- Behavioral response or reflex that is exhibited by people based on their
genetic endowment or the process of natural selection, Examples: Breathing, ingesting food,
avoiding waste, mating, and defending oneself.
2. Learned Behavior- Involves cognitive adaptation that enhances the human being's abilities to
cope with environmental changes and manipulate the environment to improve one's existence.
Examples: Verbal communication, Logical problem solving techniques, job, and skills, etc.

Criminal Psychology- This is a branch of knowledge that studies various aspects of criminal behavior.
Specifically, it refers to "the study of the mind and its workings in relation to crime

TYPES OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR:

1. Personality Disorder- This kind of disorder originates during the early development process, and
leads to maladaptive behavior.

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 Classifications of Personality Disorder:

 Passive- Aggressive - Passively dependent and aggressive due to

overindulgence
 Hysterical Personality Disorder - Easily excitable, emotional instability,
dramatic need for attention, immature, tendency to sexualize contacts with
the opposite sex
 Compulsive Personality disorder - Excessive concern for conformity,
perfection, and order
 Paranoid Personality - Hypersensitive, unwarranted suspicion, jealousy,
envy, and feelings of excessive importance

Neuroses or psychoneuroses - are behavioral disorders that are brought about by emotional tension
resulting from conflicts, repression frustration, or insecurity. Neurotic individuals compromise with
reality by developing imaginary ailments, obsessions, phobias, compulsion depression or anxiety.

Classification of Neuroses according to the most striking symptoms:

1. Anxiety Reactions- These are mainly manifested in consciously experienced

feelings of anxiety and apprehension, for which there are no specific bases in
actual life.
2. Hysteria- This disorder is a type of anxiety reaction, in which the individual
manifests one or more symptoms that are often associated with organic disease.
Disabilities that may develop from this disorder include paralysis of the limbs,
deafness, blindness, intense aches and pains, continuous vomiting, loss of voice,
and head or hand tremors.

Forms of Hysteria:

 Amnesia - This is a disorder wherein the individual cannot recall his or her name and
remembers little or nothing about the past in varying levels of intensity.

Types of Amnesia:

a. Anterograde - This is the inability to retain information, which has just been
seen or read.
b. Retrograde - This refers to the inability to recall any event (and details thereof)
that took place during a certain period personality.
c. Localized -The inability to recall events and details that are related to a
particular situation,

 Fugue - This is a type of amnesia wherein one wander0s away from his or her home or usual
surroundings; often, the person has no recollection as to how he/she came to be there
when awareness sets in.
 Multiple Personality - This is a dramatic form of hysteria, in which the patient develops two
or more separated and very distinct personalities.

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Somnambulism - This is a dreamlike state in which the person walks about and carries on certain
activities that he eventually fails to remember when he wakes up.

Psychasthenia -

 a psychoneurotic condition that is accompanied by a vast range of mental and emotional

symptoms that cannot be controlled.
 The person is fear- ridden by obsessions, compulsion, or unreasonable dread or phobia.
 Other symptoms of Psychastenia are unreasonable elation, over inhibition, or constant
depression.

Forms of Psychasthenia

Phobia –
 This refers to an irrational or exaggerated fear of an object, person, act or situation. This is
characterized by the following:
o Reasons for the fear do not make sense.
o One's fear paralyzes instead of enhances one's ability to deal with a problem.
o The fear seems to be caused by the threat of self- destructive aggressions that may take
place.
o Examples of Phobias:
 Arachnophobia - The fear of spiders
 Ophidiophobia – The fear of snakes
 Acrophobia – The fear of heights
 Agoraphobia - The fear of open or crowded spaces
 Cynophobia - The fear of dogs
 Astraphobia - The fear of thunder and lightning
 Claustrophobia - The fear of small spaces
 Mysophobia - The fear of germs
 Aerophobia - The fear of flying
 Trypophobia - The fear of holes

Obsession - This refers to an idea or series of ideas that recur very frequently that they interfere with
the ability of an individual to think and/or function normally.

Compulsion - This is an irresistible tendency to perform an act or ritual, which an individual feels
compelled to carry out although it is recognized as irrational; a person must perform an act and give in
to the urge in order to reduce the tension.

Examples of Compulsion:

o Suicidal mania - the impulse to take one's life

o Homicidal mania - the impulse to kill
o Dipsomania - the impulse to drink liquor
o Megalomania - the impulse to amass great fame or power
o Kleptomania - the impulse to steal
o Pyromania - the impulse to set things on fire

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 o Arithmomania - the impulse to count everything

Traumatic Neuroses - These are manifested in situations, in which the individual fears for his/her safety.

Operational Fatigue - Otherwise known as war neurosis, this is manifested in response to a battle
environment.

Psychoses
o serious mental illnesses that are characterized by unpredictable behavior.
o Psychotic persons have a largely unrealistic Interpretation of the self and the life around them.
o their ego has lost control over their personality.
o people with Psychoses have great mood swings that range from extreme exaltation to extreme
depression.
o They are also quiet and docile at one moment and hyperactive the next.
o Owing to such an imbalance, they are often socially inept and unable to fit in with the normal
society.

Classification of Psychoses:

1. Organic/Somatogenic:
Organic or somatogenic psychoses are due to a wide variety of causes; however, damage or injury to the
brain or other parts of the Central nervous system is always involved.
Symptoms of Organic Psychoses:

o Emotional instability, which is manifested by general irritability or violent m0od swings

without a clear cause
o Impairment of normal, intellectual functions
o Inappropriate behavior and changes in general behaviors, including neglect of
responsibilities, lack of interest in personal appearance, and anti-social tendency.

Types of Organic Psychoses:

 Psychoses associated with toxins

 Psychoses associated with infectious disease
 Psychoses associated with old age
 Psychoses associated with head injuries

2. Functional Psychosis:
o a serious mental disorder involving the total personality with no observable tissue damage.
o with no organic basis, these ailments are believed to result from years of living under emotional
stress.
o As a severe emotional disorder, functional psychosis is characterized by personality
derangement and complete loss of the ability to function in reality, but without evidence that
the disorder is related to the physical processes of the brain"
o It can also relate to an obsolete term "once used to denote schizophrenia and other severe
mental disorders before modern science discovered a biological component to some aspects of
each of the disorders"

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 Forms of Functional Psychosis:
A. Schizophrenic Disorder:
o a psychotic condition that is characterized by one's withdrawal from reality, indifference toward
daily problems, and the tendency to live in a world of fantasy.
o The word "schizophrenia" comes from the Greek words "schizo (split) and "phrene" (mind);
hence, the term is used to describe the fragmented state of mind of people suffering from such
a disorder.
o The disease was first identified in 1887 by Dr. Emile Kraepelin, who considered this disease as a
discrete mental illness.
 Dr. Kraeplin was also the first to classify varied mental disorders into categories.
 Initially, Dr. Kraepelin used the term “dementia praecox."
 However, in 1911, the Swiss psychiatrist, Eugen Bleuler coined the term "schizophrenia" to
describe the condition of individuals who showed symptoms of the disease.
 Bleuler was also the first to describe the symptoms as either "positive" or "negative"

Symptoms of Schizophrenia:

 Disorganized patterns of feeling and thinking, where there is no logic or reason in

thoughts and expressed feelings
 Apathy or absence of feelings and emotions in situations that call for such
reactions
 Bizarre actions, including absurd and gestures, or such activities as hoarding,
among others
 Shunning others, reclusiveness, or narrowing of interests and social contacts
 Disorganized speech patterns
 Delusions and hallucinations (usually auditory)
 Deterioration of conduct and personal habits

Types of Schizophrenia:

 Simple Schizophrenia- This manifest in a gradual decline of interest and ambition.

The person withdraws from almost all social contacts and becomes increasingly
irritable and inattentive
 Hebephrenic Schizophrenia - It usually begins in early adolescence and develops
gradually in time. The person may be prone to fits of laughter or childish giggling
and grimacing for hours without apparent reasons.
 Catatonic Schizophrenia- This is marked by cycles of psychomotor reactions in
stupor (partial or complete loss of consciousness) and excitement phases.
 Paranoid Schizophrenia -This is marked by hallucinations and delusions that are
illogical and loosely organized, as well as grandiose and/or persecutory in nature.

B. Affective Disorder

o Affective reactions of manic-depressive psychosis are often characterized by periods of

depression or elation or both.
o refer to a set of psychiatric diseases, the symptoms for which may vary depending on each
individual.

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 o Symptoms typically affect one's mood, hence affective disorders are also called mood
disorders that can be anywhere from mild to severe.
o can be diagnosed by a psychiatrist or other trained mental health professional, usually through
a psychiatric evaluation.
o Although affective disorders can disrupt daily lives, there are effective medication and
psychotherapy treatments for this.

Types of Affective Disorders:

The three main types of affective disorders are as follows

1. Depression
2. bipolar disorder
3. anxiety disorder ----------- vary from one another in terms of severity.

Depression

o often characterized by feelings of extreme hopelessness and sadness.

o episodes may last anywhere from several days or even weeks.
o symptoms include the following:

 Suicidal thoughts
 Irritability or anxiety
 Prolonged sadness
 Lack of interest in normal activities
 Lethargy and lack of energy
 Major changes in eating and sleeping habits
 Feelings of guilt
 Difficulty concentrating
 Aches and pains that have no physical explanation

Bipolar disorder - This refers to a state wherein the person experiences alternating periods of
depression and periods of mania, which is the feeling of being extremely positive and active. A person
may have bipolar disorder if he/she has the following symptoms:

• Chronic mood swings

• Depressive disorder
• During mania, less sleep and feelings of exaggeration
• Self-confidence
• Irritability or aggression
• Feeling of self-importance
• Impulsiveness and recklessness • Delusions or hallucinations

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 Anxiety Disorders The different types of anxiety disorders are all characterized by feelings of anxiety,
fear, and nervousness. The symptoms of affective disorders include the following:

 Constant worrying
 Irritability
 Obsessive thoughts
 Restlessness and trouble concentrating
 Trembling, sweating, shortness of breath and rapid
 Heart rate
 Difficulty sleeping
 Nausea

Paranoia - This is another type of psychotic reaction, the main symptom of which is characterized by
suspicion.

Types of Paranoia:

1. Persecutory Paranoia -This refers to having delusions of persecution. The person

believes that some people are plotting to harm him/her in some way
2. Litigious Paranoia - This refers to having delusions of both persecution and grandeur; a
person may go to great lengths to bring alleged persecutors to court.
3. Erotic Paranoia - Also called amorous paranoia, this refers to having delusions that a
certain person is in love with him/her.
4. Exalted Paranoia - Having grandiose delusions and believes himself/ herself as
someone with great power or importance, usually a social reformer or religious crusader.
5. Jealous Paranoia – The state of having extreme and irrational jealousy. Anti-Social - A
person with an anti-social personality is a mentally- disturbed person who is opposed to
the Normal principles upon which a society is based.

Characteristics of an Anti- Social Personality:

1. Sociopath- refers to a person who dislikes any sense of social or moral responsibility due to
mental illness.
2. Psychopath - refers to a person with a personality disorder that is characterized by anti-social
behavior, indifference to immorality, and abnormal changes in mood or activity. A psychopath
is a classic manipulator or con artist.
3. SEXUAL DEVIANCY
Sexuality - The behavior associated with the relation between sexes and their respective
reproductive organs.
Normal Sexuality - Sexual completion that leads to a mature and well-adjusted individual,
capable of entering relationships with a member of the oPposite sex, and who is physically and
mentally stable and satisfying heterosexual needs.
Abnormnal Sexuality/Sexual Deviancy - A kind of sexual behavior that seeks stimulation and
gratification by means other than normal, heterosexual norms.

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Classifications of Sexual Abnormalities:

As to Choice of Sexual Partner:

 Types of Abnormality:
o Infantisexual - Sexual desire towards an immature person
o Bestosexual - Sexual desire towards animals
o Autosexual - A form of self-abuse or solitary vice carried out without the
cooperation of another person
o Gerontophilia - Sexual desire toward an elder person
o Necrophilia - Sexual perversion that is characterized by erotic desire or
actual sexual intercourse with a corpse
o Incest - Sexual relations between persons who, by reason of blood
relationship, cannot legally marry
 As to Instinctual Sexual Urge:
o Satyriasis - Excessive sexual desire of men to perform intercourse
o Nymphomania - Strong sexual feeling of a woman
o Sexual Anesthesia - Absence of sexual desire or arousal during sexual act in
women
o Dyspareunia - Painful sexual act in women
o Vaginisimus - Painful spasm of the vagina during sexual act

 As to the Mode of Sexual Expression or Way of Sexual Satisfaction

o Oralism (Irrumation) - The use of the mouth as a way of sexual gratification,
such as fellatio, cunnilingus, and anilingus
o Sado- Masochism (Algolagnia) - Pain or cruel acts as a factor for
gratification, such as sadism and masochism
o Fetishism - A form of sexual perversion, in which the real or fantasized
presence of an object or bodily part is necessary for sexual stimulation or
gratification. Examples: anatomic, clothing, necrophilia, and odor, etc.
 As to the Parts of the Body:
o Sodomy - Sexual act through the anus of another human being
o Uranism - An act in which sexual gratification is attained by fingering,
fondling the breast, licking parts of the body, etc.
o Frottage - A form of sexual gratification that is characterized by the
compulsive desire of a person to rub his sexual organ against the body parts
of another person
o Pantialism - A form of sexual deviation, in which a person has a special
affinity to certain parts of the female body
 As to Visual Stimulus:
o Voyeurism - A form of sexual perversion that is characterized by a
compulsion to covertly look at a person undress or perform other activities
o Mixoscopia (Scoptophilia) - Sexual perversion wherein sexual pleasure is
attained by watching a couple undress or during their acts of sexual
intimacy

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  As to Number:
o Froilism - A form of sexual perversion, in which three in the sexual
participate persons orgy (Suixante-neve)
o Pluralism - A form of sexual deviation, in which a group of persons
participate in the sexual orgy (sexual festival)
 Other Sexual Deviations
o Corpolalia - A form of sexual deviation that is characterized by the need to
use obscene language to obtain orgasm
o Don Juanism - A form of sexual deviation that is characterized by
promiscuity and seduction of many women as part of a male's sexual career
o Indecent Exposure (Exhibitionism) - Willful exposure of one's genital organs
in public places and in the presence of other persons, usually those of the
opposite sex

Frustration and Conflict:

Frustration – Refers to the unpleasant feelings that result from the blocking of motive satisfaction.

Common source of frustration.

1. Physical Obstacles
2. Social Circumstances
3. Personal Shortcomings

Ego Defense Mechanism

1. Denial of Reality
2. Displacement
3. Regression
4. Projection
5. Substitution
6. Intellectualization
7. Rationalization
8. Identification
9. Compensation
10. Sublimation
11. Fantasy
12. Idealization
13. Reaction formation
14. Undoing
15. Nomadism
16. Suicide
17. Suppression
18. Repression

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Conflict – Refers to the simultaneous arousal of two or more incompatible motives resulting to
unpleasant emotions.
1. Double Approach Conflict.
2. Double Avoidance Conflict
3. Approach Avoidance Conflict (Also called dilemma)
4. Multiple Approach Avoidance

Psychology Is the study of behavior and mental processes; psychopathology, also called abnormal
psychology, the study of mental disorders and unusual or maladaptive behaviors.

Psychiatry is the branch of medicine focused on the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mental,
emotional and behavioral disorders.

NOTE: Psychology and Psychiatry are both responded into different mental and behavioral problems

Abnormal Psychology
- A division of psychology that studies people who are "abnormal" or "atypical" compared to the
members of a given society
o Ego-Dystonic - Those who have them are aware theyhave a problem and tend to be distress by
their
symptoms.
o Ego-Syntonic - The person experiencing doesn't

Anxiety – is a fear or nervousness about what might happen, a feeling of wanting to do something very
much.

Levels of Anxiety by Sigmund Freud

1. Reality Anxiety
2. Neurotic Anxiety
3. Moral Anxiety

Anxiety Disorder
1. Specific Phobia
2. Social Phobia
3. Separation Anxiety
4. OCD
Mood Disorder – loss of control on their mood and affection (affective disorder)

1. Unipolar Disorder
2. Bipolar Disorder

Somatoform Disorder
 Presence of physical problem but no organic basis
 Illness anxiety disorder
 Conversion disorder
 Factitious disorder

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Dissociative Disorder – problems with memory, identity, emotion, perception, behavior and sense of
self.
o Depersonalization
o Derealization
o Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)/Multiple Personality Disorder
o Amnesia

Psychopathic behavior

CLUSTER A (ODD OR ECCENTRIC)

o Paranoid personality disorder
o Schizoid personality
o Schizotypal personality (now categorized or belong to psychotic disorders)
o Antisocial personality

CLUSTER B (EMOTIONAL AND IMPULSIVE)

o Narcissistic personality disorder
o Histrionic personality disorder
o Borderline personality disorder (Don’t be confused with Bipolar Disorder)

CLUSTER C (ANXIOUS)
o Avoidant personality disorder
o Dependent personality disorder
o Passive-aggressive personality disorder
o Obsessive Compulsive (Don’t be jumbled with OCD)

Psychotic behaviors - Delusions

- Hallucination
- Disorganized Thinking (
- Grossly Disorganized (Abnormal motor

behavior)

Paraphilia and Sexual Dysfunction

 Sexual dysfunction affecting sexual gratifications;

 Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (M/F)
 Erectile insufficiency (M)
 Premature ejaculation (M)
 Female Sexual/Arousal Disorder (F)
 Orgasmic dysfunction (F)
 Genito-Pelvic Pain Disorder (F)

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 Eating Disorder

 Anorexia Nervosa
 Bulimia Nervosa
 Binge Eating Disorder
 Pica

Victimology - is the study about victims of crime.

Victim - Persons who, individually or collectively, have suffered harm through conducts
that are criminalized by national laws or through other behaviors that are not
criminalized by national laws but violate internationally recognized norms of human
rights and as such they are internationally criminalized (The UN Declaration of Basic
Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power)

“Victimization and Victimizer”

 Individual Victimization
 Collective Victimization

Benjamin Mendelsohn
- Credited as Father of Victimology and coined the term ‘Victimology’

Typologies of Victims by Hans Von hentig

• Innocent
• Depressive • Greedy
• Wanton
• Tormentor

Benjamin Mendelsohn;

 Completely Innocent
 Victim due to ignorance
 Victim more guilty than the offender
 Most guilty victim
 Voluntary victim

According to Marvin Wolfgang victim maybe classified as;

o Primary Victim
o Secondary Victim
o Tertiary Victim

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Dr. Stephen Schafer;

 Unrelated victims (no victim responsibility)

 Provocative victims (victim shares responsibility)
 Precipitative victims (some degree of responsibility)
 Biologically weak victims (no responsibility)
 Socially weak victims (no responsibility)
 Self-victimizing (total victim responsibility)
 Political victims (no responsibility)

Theories in Victimology:
1. Victim Precipitation Theory - Advocated by Marvin Wolfgang, this seeks to understand the
interaction between the victim and the offender.

o Active Precipitation
o Passive Precipitation

2. Lifestyle Theory - The probability of victimization increases as a function of engaging in lifestyles that
increase the amount of time spent in public spaces, particularly at night, and time spent among
strangers.

3. Deviant Place Theory - Victims do not encourage crime but are vulnerable because they reside in
socially disorganized, high-crime areas where they have the greatest risk of coming into contact with
criminal offenders, no matter what their own behavior or lifestyle.

4. Chronic Victimization - Factors that predict Chronic Victimization by David Finkelhor and Nancy
Asigian

o Target Vulnerability
o Target Gratifiability
o Target Antagonism

UN Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crimes

 Access to Justice and Fair Treatment

 Restitution
 Compensation
 Assistance

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