RC- AL KHWARIZMI INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION INC.

SCIENCE LABORATORY SCHOOL

Barrio Marawi, National Highway, Marawi City
School ID: 478017
S.Y. 2023-2024

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET LAS No. 29

Name: ___________________________________________________ Score: __________________

Grade Level and Section: 10 -_________________ Date: ___________________
Subject: SCIENCE 10.3 (Thermodynamics, Electromagnetism, Optics, & Modern Physics )
Type of Activity:
Concept Notes Laboratory Report Formal Theme Others: ______________
z
Skills: Exercise/ Drill Drawing/ Art Informal Theme
Activity Title: Heat Engines
Learning Target: To define heat engine; to differentiate internal and external combustion engines.
References: Arciaga, M. E. and Rara, B.H. Exploring Science & Technology IV. pp. 181-182

Heat Engines
This are devices that convert thermal energy into mechanical energy. Heat engines
burn fuel in a process called combustion – rapid burning.
Three Essential Features of Heat Engines:
1. Heat is supplied to the engine at a relatively high input temperature from a place
called a hot reservoir.
2. Part of the input heat is used to perform work by the working substance of the
engine, which is the material within the engine that actually does the work (e.g., the
gasoline – air mixture in an automobile engine).
3. The remainder of the input heat is rejected to a place called the cold reservoir,
which has a temperature lower than the input temperature.

Two main classes of Heat Engines:

1. Internal Combustion Engine – fuel burns inside the engine in chambers called
cylinders. Examples are gasoline and diesel engines such as those in cars and
trucks.
2. External Combustion Engine – fuel is burned outside the engine.

Answer the following questions briefly and concisely.

1. What is a heat engine?

2. What are the main classes of heat engines? Differentiate them.

RC AKICFI-SLS OBILP Revised Learning Activity Sheet 2023

 RC- AL KHWARIZMI INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION INC.
SCIENCE LABORATORY SCHOOL
Barrio Marawi, National Highway, Marawi City
School ID: 478017
S.Y. 2023-2024

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET LAS No. 30

Name: ___________________________________________________ Score: __________________

Grade Level and Section: 10 -_________________ Date: ___________________
Subject: SCIENCE 10.3 (Thermodynamics, Electromagnetism, Optics, & Modern Physics )
Type of Activity:
Concept Notes Laboratory Report Formal Theme Others: ______________
z
Skills: Exercise/ Drill Drawing/ Art Informal Theme
Activity Title: Kind of Heat Engine: Internal Combustion Engine
Learning Target: To explain briefly and concisely how does an internal combustion engine convert chemical energy into
mechanical energy.
Reference: Holt Science and Technology., Physical Science., pg. 266

Internal Combustion Engine

In this kind of engine, the ignition and combustion of the fuel occurs within the engine
itself. The engine then partially converts the energy from the combustion to work. The
engine consists of a fixed cylinder and a moving piston. The expanding combustion gases push
the piston, which in turn rotates the crankshaft. Ultimately, through a system of gears in the
powertrain, this motion drives the vehicle’s wheels.

Each up and down movement of the piston is called a stroke. An automobile engine is called four-stroke
engine because the piston makes four strokes in each cycle.

Answer the following questions briefly and concisely.

How does an internal combustion engine convert chemical energy into mechanical
energy?

RC AKICFI-SLS OBILP Revised Learning Activity Sheet 2023

 RC- AL KHWARIZMI INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION INC.
SCIENCE LABORATORY SCHOOL
Barrio Marawi, National Highway, Marawi City
School ID: 478017
S.Y. 2023-2024

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET LAS No. 31

Name: ___________________________________________________ Score: __________________

Grade Level and Section: 10 -_________________ Date: ___________________
Subject: SCIENCE 10.3 (Thermodynamics, Electromagnetism, Optics, & Modern Physics )
Type of Activity:
Concept Notes Laboratory Report Formal Theme Others: ______________
z
Skills: Exercise/ Drill Drawing/ Art Informal Theme
Activity Title: Kind of Heat Engine: External Combustion Engine
Learning Target: To explain briefly and concisely how does an external combustion engine works
Reference: Holt Science and Technology., Physical Science., pg. 267

External Combustion Engine

These engines are no longer used in transportation, as mobile designs are not efficient
enough, but they continue to be used in power plants.
For example, a natural gas power plant boils water into steam to turn a turbine, creating
electricity. It means that the natural gas does not come in direct contact with the water, and the engine
still uses the immense amount of energy emitted to do useful work.
A coal-fired power plant works in much the same way, where coal is taken into the plant from the mine
and burned in a boiler. Pipes send water into the boiler, and the burning coal boils the water, creating
steam, which turns a turbine and creates electricity.

Answer the following questions briefly and concisely.

Explain how does an external combustion engine works.

RC AKICFI-SLS OBILP Revised Learning Activity Sheet 2023

 RC- AL KHWARIZMI INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION INC.
SCIENCE LABORATORY SCHOOL
Barrio Marawi, National Highway, Marawi City
School ID: 478017
S.Y. 2023-2024

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET LAS No. 33

Name: ___________________________________________________ Score: __________________

Grade Level and Section: 10 -_________________ Date: ___________________
Subject: SCIENCE 10.3 (Thermodynamics, Electromagnetism, Optics, & Modern Physics )
Type of Activity:
Concept Notes Laboratory Report Formal Theme Others: ______________
z
Skills: Exercise/ Drill Drawing/ Art Informal Theme
Activity Title: Refrigerator
Learning Target: To explain why the area near the back of the refrigerator is warm
Reference: Holt Science and Technology., Physical Science., pg. 268

Refrigerator
Most cooling systems require electrical energy to do the work of cooling. The electrical
energy is used by the device called a compressor. The compressor does the work of
compressing the refrigerant, a gas that has a boiling point below room temperature. This
property of refrigerant allows it to condense easily.
A refrigerator is an example of a cooling system. The illustration below shows how a refrigerator
continuously transferthermal energy from inside the refrigerator to the condenser coils on the outside of
the refrigerator. That’s why the area near the back of a refrigerator feels warm.

Answer the following questions briefly and concisely.

How does a refrigerator works?

RC AKICFI-SLS OBILP Revised Learning Activity Sheet 2023

 RC- AL KHWARIZMI INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION INC.
SCIENCE LABORATORY SCHOOL
Barrio Marawi, National Highway, Marawi City
School ID: 478017
S.Y. 2023-2024

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET LAS No. 34

Name: ___________________________________________________
Grade Level and Section: 10 -_________________ Score: __________________
Subject: SCIENCE 10.3 (Thermodynamics, Electromagnetism, Optics, & Modern Physics ) Date:___________________
Type of Activity:
Concept Notes Laboratory Report Formal Theme Others:
z
Skills: Exercise/ Drill Drawing/ Art Informal Theme
Activity Title: The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Learning Target: To construct a concept map of the second law of thermodynamics
References: Silverio, Angelina,.Exploring Life through Science-Physics, pages.544-545; Bagtilay, Nigel Niel N., AKIC
SLS OBILP LAS, page 15; Arciaga, M. E. and Rara, B.H. Exploring Science & Technology IV. pages.
180-181

Second Law of Thermodynamics

It states that heat will never spontaneously flow from a colder region to a hotter region.
It means that the direction is spontaneous change and toward the thermal equilibrium,
wherein the energy is uniformly distributed throughout the interacting objects.

There are three versions of the second law of thermodynamics:

a. Kelvin- Planck Statement
- No heat engine can completely convert heat energy to work.
- In other words, there is no 100% efficient heat engine.

b. Clausius Statement
- Heat flows naturally from hot to cold objects
c. Entropy Statement
- When a reversible process occurs, the total entropy of the universe remains the same.
- When an irreversible process occurs, the total entropy of the universe increases.
 Reversible process - the system and its surroundings can be returned to their
initial state before the process occurs.
 Irreversible process - the system and its surroundings cannot be returned to
their initial state before the process occurs.

Answer the following questions briefly and concisely.

1. How is entropy related to the second law of thermodynamics?

RC AKICFI-SLS OBILP Revised Learning Activity Sheet 2023

 RC- AL KHWARIZMI INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION INC.
SCIENCE LABORATORY SCHOOL
Barrio Marawi, National Highway, Marawi City
School ID: 478017
S.Y. 2023-2024

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET LAS No. 35

Name: ___________________________________________________
Grade Level and Section: 10 -_________________ Score: __________________
Subject: SCIENCE 10.3 (Thermodynamics, Electromagnetism, Optics, & Modern Physics ) Date:___________________
Type of Activity:
Concept Notes Laboratory Report Formal Theme Others:
z
Skills: Exercise/ Drill Drawing/ Art Informal Theme
Activity Title: The Carnot Cycle
Learning Target: To identify if the statements about Carnot Cycle if true or false
Reference: Arciaga, M. E. and Rara, B.H. Exploring Science & Technology IV. pages. 183-184

Carnot Cycle
Sadi Carnot, a French army engineer, conceptualizes a heat engine wherein the efficiency
will only depend on the temperature of the hot reservoir (where the engine absorbs energy)
and cold reservoir (where the engine releases its excess energy). However, in this heat
engine, the working substance is an ideal gas.
In an ideal gas, the molecules do not interact with each other such that the internal energy of
the gas is equal to the kinetic energy.
The efficiency of a Carnot heat engine may still be found using. However, because of the
processes involved in the whole cycle, QH and /Qc/ may be expresses in terms of temperatures of
the hot (TH) and cold reservoirs (TC), respectively.

TC QC
e  1 e  1
TH QH

A Carnot heat engine is an ideal heat engine since its efficiency only depends on the
temperatures of the reservoirs. In fact, there is no other heat engine more efficient than the
Carnot engine.

Write FACT if the statement is true, or BLUFF if the statement is false.

___________________ 1. In an ideal gas, the molecules do interact with each other.

___________________ 2. Sadi Carnot is a French army engineer who conceptualizes a heat engine.

___________________ 3. Carnot Heat Engine is an ideal heat engine since its efficiency only depends
on the temperatures of the reservoirs.
___________________ 4. Hot reservoir is where the engine releases its excess energy

___________________ 5. Cold reservoir is where the engine absorbs energy.

RC AKICFI-SLS OBILP Revised Learning Activity Sheet 2023

 RC- AL KHWARIZMI INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION INC.
SCIENCE LABORATORY SCHOOL
Barrio Marawi, National Highway, Marawi City
School ID: 478017
S.Y. 2023-2024

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET LAS No. 36

Name: ___________________________________________________
Grade Level and Section: 10 -_________________ Score: __________________
Subject: SCIENCE 10.3 (Thermodynamics, Electromagnetism, Optics, & Modern Physics ) Date:___________________
Type of Activity:
Concept Notes Laboratory Report Formal Theme Others:
z
Skills: Exercise/ Drill Drawing/ Art Informal Theme
Activity Title: Efficacy rate of the carnot engine
Learning Target: To solve for the efficacy rate of a carnot engine
Reference: Arciaga, M. E. and Rara, B.H. Exploring Science & Technology IV. pages. 183-184

Carnot Cycle
Use this formula for this cycle:
TC
e  1
TH

For example: A steam engine boiler is maintained at 250°C and water is converted into steam. This
steam is used to do work and heat is ejected to the surrounding air at temperature 300K. Calculate the
maximum efficiency it can have? (The steam engine is not a Carnot engine, because all the processes
involved in the steam engines are not perfectly reversible. But we can calculate the maximum possible
efficiency of the steam engine by considering it as a Carnot engine)

Given: TC
e 1
Tc= 300K TH
TH= 250oC=523K 300 K
e 1
523 K Therefore, the steam engine can have maximum
e  1  0.57 possible 43% of efficiency, implying this steam
e  0.43 engine can convert 43% of input heat into
e  43% useful work and remaining 57% is ejected as
heat. In practice the efficiency is even less
than 43%

Solve the following problem:

There are two Carnot engines A and B operating in two different temperature regions. For
Engine A, the temperatures of the two reservoirs are 250°C and 150°C. For engine B, the
temperatures of the reservoirs are 300°C and 250°C. Which engine has lesser efficiency?

RC AKICFI-SLS OBILP Revised Learning Activity Sheet 2023

 RC- AL KHWARIZMI INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION INC.
SCIENCE LABORATORY SCHOOL
Barrio Marawi, National Highway, Marawi City
School ID: 478017
S.Y. 2023-2024

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET LAS No. 37

Name: ___________________________________________________
Grade Level and Section: 10 -_________________ Score: __________________
Subject: SCIENCE 10.3 (Thermodynamics, Electromagnetism, Optics, & Modern Physics ) Date:___________________
Type of Activity:
Concept Notes Laboratory Report Formal Theme Others:
z
Skills: Exercise/ Drill Drawing/ Art Informal Theme
Title: Electric Charge
Learning Target: To complete the analogies with the information about the electric charge
References: Silverio, Angelina,.Exploring Life through Science-Physics, pages.222-223; Bagtilay, Nigel Niel N., AKIC SLS
OBILP LAS, pg. 20

Electric Charge
A charge is a fundamental quantity of all electrical phenomena and the smallest unit of
electricity at rest. It can be positive or negative.
Electrostatics- is the study of all phenomena associated with charged bodies at rest.
Basic Law of Electrostatics: “Like charges repel, unlike charges attract.”
Electricity began with man’s curiosity on the peculiar ability of amber and lodestone to attract other
materials.
 Lodestone - known today as magnetized iron ore.
 Amber - translucent yellowish- brown fossil resin.
 Thales of Miletus (600 BC) - first recorded investigator of such ability of amber
 William Gilbert (later in 1600) - found out that many other substances when rubbed against another
substance have this ability of amber. He called these substances electrics, derived from the Greek
word elektron meaning amber.
 Benjamin Franklin (1752) – demonstrated that lightning is a form of electricity using kite.
The object is said to be electrified or said to have acquired charge when an object attracts
smaller pieces of matter after being rubbed together. Since the charge is at rest, it is often referred
to as static electricity.

Write the word, group of words, or number that will make the following analogies
true.

1.) Benjamin Franklin : 1752 :: William Gilbert : _______________________

2.) ________________ : William Gilbert :: kite : Benjamin Franklin

3.) 600 BC : ____________ :: 1752 : Benjamin Franklin

4.) like charges : repel :: unlike charges : _______________

RC AKICFI-SLS OBILP Revised Learning Activity Sheet 2023

 RC- AL KHWARIZMI INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION INC.
SCIENCE LABORATORY SCHOOL
Barrio Marawi, National Highway, Marawi City
School ID: 478017
S.Y. 2023-2024

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET LAS No. 38

Name: ___________________________________________________
Grade Level and Section: 10 -_________________ Score: __________________
Subject: SCIENCE 10.3 (Thermodynamics, Electromagnetism, Optics, & Modern Physics ) Date:___________________
Type of Activity:
Concept Notes Laboratory Report Formal Theme Others:
z
Skills: Exercise/ Drill Drawing/ Art Informal Theme
Activity Title: Conductors, Insulators, and Induced Charges
Learning Target: To define conductor and insulator; to give examples of conductor and insulator
Reference: Freedman, Roger A. and Young, Hugh D.,University Physics:13th Edition., pg. 691 – 693

Conductors, Insulators, and Induced Charges

Some materials permit electric charge to move easily from one region of the
material to another, while others do not. In fact, most materials can be divided into two
groups based on how easily charges travel through the material.
 Conductors permit the easy movement of charge through them. Example: copper wire
 Insulators are a material in which charges cannot easily move. Example: wood
 Semiconductors are intermediate in their properties between good conductors and good
insulators.

Charging by induction

Induced charges are the excess charges in an induction.

Answer the following questions.

1. What is an electrical conductor? Give three examples.

2. What is an insulator? Give three examples.

RC AKICFI-SLS OBILP Revised Learning Activity Sheet 2023

 RC- AL KHWARIZMI INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION INC.
SCIENCE LABORATORY SCHOOL
Barrio Marawi, National Highway, Marawi City
School ID: 478017
S.Y. 2023-2024

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET LAS No. 39

Name: ___________________________________________________
Grade Level and Section: 10 -_________________ Score: __________________
Subject: SCIENCE 10.3 (Thermodynamics, Electromagnetism, Optics, & Modern Physics ) Date:___________________
Type of Activity:
Concept Notes Laboratory Report Formal Theme Others:
z
Skills: Exercise/ Drill Drawing/ Art Informal Theme
Activity Title: Coulomb’s Law
Learning Target: To identify the term being described or defined related to Coulomb’s law
Reference: Rabago, Lilia and Henry Ramos, Practical and Explorational Physics, pp. 250-251

Coulomb’s Law
A French scientist Charles Augustin de Coulomb conducted the first quantitative work
with electric charges. He studied the magnitude and the direction of the force between two
charged spheres in relation to the magnitude of the charges and the distance between
them.

Coulomb’s law states that “for charged particles or objects that are small compared with the
distance between them, the force between the charges varies directly as the product of the charges
and inversely as the square of the distance between them.”

Combining the relationship, you can have the equation:

𝑞1 𝑞2 Where; F - electrical force, K - constant of proportionality which when

𝐹=k 2 measured in vacuum has a value very close to 9x109 Nm2/C2, q1 & q2 - the
𝑟 charges of object 1 and 2, r - distance between the two object.

Force is in Newton (N), distance is in meters (m), and charge is in coulomb (C).
Note that Coulomb’s law is an inverse-square relation. The interaction is greater if the charges are
nearer. If the distance is doubled, their interaction decreases down to one-fourth of the original.
The electrical force can be attractive or repulsive, unlike the gravitational force which is always
attractive.

Answer the following questions briefly and concisely.

1. What does Coulomb’s law mean?

2. What is the relationship between the force acted between the two charges and the product
of their magnitude?

RC AKICFI-SLS OBILP Revised Learning Activity Sheet 2023

 RC- AL KHWARIZMI INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION INC.
SCIENCE LABORATORY SCHOOL
Barrio Marawi, National Highway, Marawi City
School ID: 478017
S.Y. 2023-2024

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET LAS No. 40

Name: ___________________________________________________
Grade Level and Section: 10 -_________________ Score: __________________
Subject: SCIENCE 10.3 (Thermodynamics, Electromagnetism, Optics, & Modern Physics ) Date:___________________
Type of Activity:
Concept Notes Laboratory Report Formal Theme Others:
z
Skills: Exercise/ Drill Drawing/ Art Informal Theme
Activity Title: Calculating Electric Force using Coulomb’s Law (Part I)
Learning Target: To calculate the electric force exerted on a point charge using Coulomb’s Law
Reference: Freedman, Roger A. and Young, Hugh D.,University Physics:13th Edition., pg. 697

Calculating Electric force using Coulomb’s Law

Sample Problem: Two point charges, q1 = + 25 x 10 -9 C and q2 = - 75 x 10 -9 C,

are separated by a distance r = 3.0 cm. Find the magnitude and direction of
the electric force (a) that q1 exerts on q2 and (b) that q2 exerts on q1

Given: Formula:
q1 = + 25 x 10 -9 C 𝑞1 𝑞2
q2 = - 75 x 10 -9 C 𝐹=k 2
r = 3.0 cm = 0.030 m 𝑟
Solution:
(a) What force does q1 exerts on q2 ? FBD of F 1 on 2 :
𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹1 𝑜𝑛 2 =k 2
𝑟

Note: The negative and positive

signs only denote the direction of
𝑭𝟏 𝒐𝒏 𝟐 = 0.019 N
the charges.

Calculate the electric force exerted by q2 on q1 ?

Suppose that two point charges, each with a charge of +1.00 Coulomb are separated by a
distance of 1.00 meter. Determine the magnitude of the electrical force of repulsion between them.

RC AKICFI-SLS OBILP Revised Learning Activity Sheet 2023

 RC- AL KHWARIZMI INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION INC.
SCIENCE LABORATORY SCHOOL
Barrio Marawi, National Highway, Marawi City
School ID: 478017
S.Y. 2023-2024

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET LAS No. 41

Name: ___________________________________________________
Grade Level and Section: 10 -_________________ Score: __________________
Subject: SCIENCE 10.3 (Thermodynamics, Electromagnetism, Optics, & Modern Physics ) Date:___________________
Type of Activity:
Concept Notes Laboratory Report Formal Theme Others:
z
Skills: Exercise/ Drill Drawing/ Art Informal Theme
Activity Title: Calculating Electric Force using Coulomb’s Law (Part II)
Learning Target: To calculate the electric force using Coulomb’s Law
Reference: Cutnell, John D. and Johnson, Kenneth W., Physics 8e: Eighth Edition., pg.541

Calculating Electric force using Coulomb’s Law

Sample Problem: Three Charges on the Line

Figure 18.12a shows three point charges that lie
along the x axis in a vacuum. Determine the
magnitude and direction of the net electrostatic force on q1

Given: Formula:
q1 = +3.0μC = +3.0 x 10 -9 C
q2 = - 4.0μC = - 4.0 x 10 -9 C
𝑞1 𝑞2
q2 = +3.0μC = +3.0 x 10 -9 C
𝐹=k 2
𝒓𝟏𝒐𝒏𝟐 = 0.20 m
𝑟
𝒓𝟏𝒐𝒏𝟑 = 0.15 m

Solve the problem below. Show your solutions.

The figure below shows three point charges that lie along the x-axis. Determine the
magnitude and direction of the net electrostatic force on q1.

RC AKICFI-SLS OBILP Revised Learning Activity Sheet 2023