(AS 1)

SURVEYING
Engr. Edmar C. Toledo
Course Title Surveying

Course Code AS 1

No. of units 3 units (2 unit lecture and 1 unit Lab) = 5 hours

Semester & SY 1st semester (SY 2024-2025)

Schedule Arki 2D – 7:00AM to 12:00NN (Monday)

COURSE OUTLINE:
AS 1 –Surveying
A.) Introduction of Surveying
a.1) Definition of Surveying
a.2) Classification and Types of surveying
a.3) History of Surveying

a.4) Surveying Instruments

a.5) Surveying Field notes and Survey Party
B.) Surveying Errors and Mistakes:
b.1) Accuracy and Precision in measurements
b.1.1) Most probable value
b.1.2) Probable error
b.1.3) Relative precision
b.1.4) Weighted observation
b.1.5) Interrelationship of errors
b.1.6) Corrections and Adjustments
COURSE OUTLINE:
AS 1 –Surveying
C.) Measurement of Horizontal Distances
c.1) Methods of Measuring Horizontal Distances
c.1.1) Distance by Pacing

c.1.2) Distance by Taping

c.2) Corrections in Taping

c.2.1) Slope Surface
c.2.2) Incorrect Tape Length
c.2.3) Temperature
c.2.4) Pull or Tension
c.2.5) Sag
c.2.6) Slope Surface
c.2.7) Combined Corrections
COURSE OUTLINE:
AS 1 –Surveying
D.) Leveling
d.1) Basic Definition
d.2) Leveling Staffs

d.3) Methods of Leveling

d.4) Differential Leveling

d.5) Two Peg Test
E.) Measurement of Angles, Directions and Magnetic Declination

e.1) Meridian
e.2) Units of Angular Measurement
e.3) Angles
e.4) Bearings (forward & back bearing)
e.5) Azimuths (forward & back azimuth)
e.6) Magnetic Declination
COURSE OUTLINE:
AS 1 –Surveying
F.) Traversing and Traverse Computations
f.1) Balancing the Traverse

f.2) Area of Traverse and Omitted Measurements

G.) Area Computations

g.1) Area by triangles

g.2) Area by coordinates

g.3) Double meridian distance (DMD)

g.4) Double parallel distance (DPD)

g.5) Area by offset from straight line
g.4) Trapezoidal rule
g.5) Simpson’s of one third rule
COURSE OUTLINE:
AS 1 –Surveying
H.) Earths Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction

I.) Horizontal Curves

k.1) Simple Curve
k.2) Compound Curve
k.3) Reverse Curve
k.4) Spiral Curve
COURSE REQUIREMENTS:
PERIODIC EXAMINATIONS (Middle Term and Final Term)
ACTIVITY MODULE (Fieldwork)
GROUP ACTIVITY (QUIZ SHOW)
QUIZZES/EXERCISES
ACTIVE PARTICIPATION IN CLASS
LECTURE NOTEBOOK
SYSTEM OF COMPUTING GRADES:
PERIODIC EXAMINATIONS – 40%
ACTIVITY MODULE – 20%
QUIZZES/EXERCISES – 15%
GROUP QUIZ SHOW – 15%
PROMPTNESS/ACTIVE PARTICIPATION/NOTEBOOK - 10%
Total: 100%

NOTE: Final Grade: Average Grade of Midterm and Final Term

Other Terms/Rules/Regulations
❖ Attendance is not included in System of Computing Grades, but still
be monitoring time to time (As per handbook)
❖ In case of being absent, student must present an excuse letter signed
by parent/guardian and medical certificate (if possible). As much as
possible do not absent.
❖ AS 1 subject will follow the board exam approach
❖ Lecture presentation will be provided (e-copy uploaded in Google
classroom/Group Chat)
❖ Base rating is 50%, with apassing Grade of 75% or 3.0. Students who
got 75% below will automatically receive 5.0 grade on that term.
❖ Submit all requirements on time. 10 points deduction will be
imposed for a late submission within 1-2 days after the deadline. 20
points if 3-5 days after the deadline. Submissions submitted 6 or
more days after the deadline will not be accepted.
Other Terms/Rules/Regulations
❖ In case of cancellation of classes…..
❖ COMMUNICATION
The created Messenger group will be the system of our communication.
Here, I will post lecture notes and announcements regarding the
subject.
You can reach me in my messenger until 10 PM. Please send direct-to-
the-point messages regarding your concerns related to the subject
matter.
(Example: Greeting + question or concern: Good eve, Sir. Ano po ang
coverage ng exam bukas?)
Assignment #1
• What is Surveying? It’s types and
Characteristics?
• What are the different Surveying
Instruments?
 Land Surveying is spoken of in
the Bible?

You shall not move your neighbor’s

Cursed be anyone who moves his
landmark, which the men of old have
set, neighbor’s landmark. And all the
people
in the inheritance that you will hold in
shall say, Amen.
the land that the LORD your God is
Deuteronomy 27:17 (ESV)
giving you to possess.
Deuteronomy 19:14 (ESV)
 And the one who spoke with me had a
Land Surveying is spoken of in measuring rod of gold to measure the
city
the Bible?
and its gates and walls. The city lies
foursquare, its length the same as its
width.
Do not move the ancient landmark
And he measured the city with his rod,
that your fathers have set. 12,000 stadia. Its length and width and
Proverbs 22:28 (ESV) height are equal. He also measured its
wall, 144 cubits by human
measurement,
which is also an angel’s measurement.
Revelation 21:15-17 (ESV)
Learning Outcomes:
❑Define what is Surveying
❑Know the importance of Surveying in Engineering phases
❑Understand the different types of Surveying
❑Understand the History of Surveying
❑Identify the different Surveying instruments
and its uses
Introduction to Surveying
What is Surveying?
➢ art and science of taking field measurements, distances,
angles and positions, on or near the surface of the Earth

➢ include horizontal and slope distances, vertical distances, and

horizontal and vertical angles

➢ activities involved in the planning and execution of surveys

for the location, design, construction, operation and
maintenance of civil and other engineering projects
Introduction to Surveying
What is Surveying?
➢ art and science of taking field measurements, distances,
angles and positions, on or near the surface of the Earth

➢ include horizontal and slope distances, vertical distances, and

horizontal and vertical angles

➢ technique of determining the relative position of different

features on, above or beneath the surface of the earth by
means of direct or indirect measurements and finally
representing them on a sheet of paper known as plan or map.
Introduction to Surveying
Who is a Surveyor?
➢ is a professional person with the
academic qualifications and technical
expertise to conduct estimates or
measures the dimensions of land

➢ Estimates property boundaries and

measures land features for construction
projects, mapmaking, mining and legal
purposes
5 Phases of the work of Surveyor:

1. Decision Making
2. Fieldwork & Data Collection
3. Computing & Data Processing
4. Mapping or Data Representation
5. Stakeout
Why do we need Surveying?
Construction of a
Building/Structure
➢ Site Selection

➢ Knowledge of topography (map)

– physical and natural features of
land
Why do we need Surveying?
Construction of a
Building/Structure
➢ Site Selection

➢ Knowledge of topography (map)

➢ Planning building on it
➢ Transfer the building into the site
Surveying in Construction

❑ They are the first people on any

constructions site, measuring
and mapping the land :

❑ Primary measurements are used

by architects to understand and
make the most of the unique
landscape when designing
Surveying in Construction
❑ Civil Engineers and Architecs
make structural and
architectural design
accurately, and safely,
ensuring buildings not only fit
with the landscape but are to
be constructed
Mistakes Due to Incorrect
Surveying
Why Surveying?
❑ To ensure everything is in the right place,
on the right alignment where they are
intended to be.
❑ To have no conflict
especially in property lines
Classification of Surveying
Classification Based on Accuracy of Work
a. Plane Surveying
- the reference base for field work and computations
is assumed to be a flat horizontal surface

- deals with small areas on the surface of the earth, So

curvature of the earth is neglected

- Applicable to areas of some thousands of square

kilometers in extent
Classification of Surveying
Classification Based on Accuracy of Work
b. Geodetic Surveying
-the curvature of the earth is taken into account
-deals with vast areas, which take into account
the spheroidal shape of the earth
-calculations involve mathematics particularly
spherical trigonometry, calculus, and some
applications of the theory of least squares
Classification of Surveying
Classification Based on Use or Purpose of Resulting Maps :

a. Land/Boundary/or Cadastral Surveys

b. City Surveys
c. Construction Surveys
d. Hydrographic Surveys
e. Forestry Surveys
f. Industrial Surveys
g. Astronomical Surveys
Classification of Surveying
Classification Based on Use or Purpose of Resulting Maps :

h. Mine Surveys
i. Route Surveys
j. Photogrammetric Survey
k. Topographic Surveys
Classification of Surveying
Classification Based on Use or Purpose of Resulting Maps :

a. Land/Boundary/or Cadastral Surveys

- usually closed surveys which are undertaken in
urban and rural locations for the purpose of
determining and defining property line and
boundaries, corners and areas.

- made to fix the boundaries of municipalities,

towns, and provincial jurisdictions
Classification of Surveying
Classification Based on Use or Purpose of Resulting Maps :

b. City Surveys

- Surveys of the areas in near a city for the

purpose of planning expansions or
improvements, locating property lines, fixing
reference monuments, determining the
physical features and configuration of the
land and preparing maps
Classification of Surveying
Classification Based on Use or Purpose of Resulting Maps :

c. Construction Surveys

- These are surveys which are undertaken at

a construction site to provide data regarding
grades, reference lines, dimensions, ground
configuration, and the location and
elevation of structures which are of concern
to engineers, architects and builders.
Classification of Surveying
Classification Based on Use or Purpose of Resulting Maps :

d. Hydrographic Surveys

- Refer to surveying streams, lakes, reservoirs,

harbors, oceans and other bodies of water.
- Made to map shore lines, and measure the
shape of areas underlying water surfaces and
measure the flow of streams.
Classification of Surveying
Classification Based on Use or Purpose of Resulting Maps :

e. Forestry Surveys

- Executed in connection with forest management and mensuration, and the

production and conservation of forest lands.
Classification of Surveying
Classification Based on Use or Purpose of Resulting Maps :

f. Industrial Surveys

- Sometimes known as optical tooling,

refers to the use of surveying techniques in
ship building, construction and assembly
of aircraft, layout and installation of heavy
and complex machinery.
Classification of Surveying
Classification Based on Use or Purpose of Resulting Maps :

g. Astronomical Surveys
- is a general map or image of
a region of the sky that lacks
a specific observational target
Classification of Surveying
Classification Based on Use or Purpose of Resulting Maps :

h. Mine Surveys
- Are surveys which are performed to
determine the position of all underground
excavations and surface mine structures, to fix
surface boundaries of mining claims,
determine geological formations, to calculate
excavated volumes, and establish lines and
grades for other related mining work.
Classification of Surveying
Classification Based on Use or Purpose of Resulting Maps :

i. Route Surveys
- Involves the determination of alignment,
grades, earthwork quantities, location of
natural and artificial objects in connection
with the planning, design, and construction of
high ways, railroads, pipelines, canals,
transmission lines, and other linear projects.
Classification of Surveying
Classification Based on Use or Purpose of Resulting Maps :

j. Photogrammetric Surveys

- Makes use of photographs taken with

specially designed cameras either from
airplanes or ground stations. Measurements
are obtained from the photographs which are
used in conjunction with limited ground
surveys.
Classification of Surveying
Classification Based on Use or Purpose of Resulting Maps :

k. Topographic Surveys

- Are those surveys made for determining the

shape of the ground, and the location and
elevation of natural and artificial features
upon it. Features include hills, mountains,
rivers, lakes, relief of the ground surface and
works of man such as roads, buildings, ports,
towns, cities and bridges.
Classification of Surveying
Classification Based on Position of Instruments :

a. Measurement done on the ground

➢ Chain, Tape, Electronic Distance Measuring Equipment

b. Measurement done on the Air

➢ Aerial Survey (Photographic observations are taken from
air, airplane)
Aerial Surveying
History of Surveying
• Surveying had its beginning in Egypt
about 1400 BC
Egyptians were one of the first known
people to use some form
of chaining in both land surveying and
construction surveying
“Rope Stretchers”
Egyptian surveyors were created to
relocate the land divisions (measurements
were made with ropes having knots
at unit distances).
History of Surveying
• Surveying had its beginning in Egypt
about 1400 BC
The Great Pyramid of Gizeh (2900
B.C.) was constructed with an error
of 8 inches in its 750 foot base.
History of Surveying
• Greeks: expanded Egyptian work and
developed Geometry dioptra (an angle and level
instrument)
Heron the Elder – A greek who lived
in Alexandria (150-100BC)
• applying science to surveying
• describes the method used in determining
the area of triangle from the lengths of
three sides
History of Surveying
Romans: developed surveying into a science
to create the Roman roads, aqueducts, and
land division systems. “Groma” (laying out right angles,
adapted from an Egyptian
• more interested in practical applications of device)
mathematics and surveying for civil and military works

• For long distance measurement,

b/w cities, they had an ingenious
invention the “hodometer”
Surveying Instruments

• Tapes (Steel/Fiber glass)

Available in lengths up to 300
meters, used in measuring distance

• Electronic Distance Measurement

Very useful in measuring distances
that are difficult to access or long
distances
Surveying Instruments
• Measuring Wheels
Also called Perabulator

• Theodolite
instrument with a rotating telescope
for measuring horizontal and
vertical angles.
Surveying Instruments
• Total Station
integrated with electronic distance
measurement (EDM) to measure both vertical
and horizontal angles and the slope distance
from the instrument to a particular point

• Level Rod/Level Staff

determine the difference in height
between points or heights of points
above a vertical datum. It cannot be
used without a leveling instrument.
Total Stations and Accessories
Surveying Instruments
Surveying Supplies
Surveying Supplies

Field Notebook
Should be of good quality rag paper, with stiff
board or leather cover made to withstand
hard usage, and of pocket size