Fig. 2.

1 Block Diagram of Existing System

2.2 DRAWBACKS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM

1. Internet Dependency:

The system heavily relies on internet connectivity for cloud-based operations, making it
vulnerable to disruptions in remote areas with poor network coverage.

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2. Security Risks:

The use of RFID technology may expose the system to cloning and unauthorized access
if robust encryption methods are not implemented.

3. Limited Scalability:

The reliance on the ATmega 2560 microcontroller may limit scalability in terms of
handling more complex operations or larger systems.

4. No Backup System:

In case of cloud service or microcontroller failure, there is no fallback mechanism for

offline operation or data recovery.

5. Potential Latency:

Cloud-based data handling may introduce latency during peak usage, affecting
transaction speeds.

6. Maintenance Requirements:

Sensors like the ultrasonic and fire sensors require regular calibration and maintenance to
ensure accuracy and reliability.

7. Limited User Interface:

The LCD display provides limited interaction, and more intuitive interfaces (e.g.,
touchscreens or mobile apps) could enhance usability.

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 CHAPTER III

PROPOSED SYSTEM

The proposed system, titled "IoT-Based Cashless Fuel Management System with
RFID Technology," aims to automate fuel dispensing and payment processes using
RFID readers and the Arduino Uno (Atmega 328) microcontroller. The system is
powered by an AC main supply, which is converted to a stable DC voltage using a step-
down transformer, bridge rectifier, and capacitive filter. A voltage regulator ensures the
power supply remains stable, providing reliable operation of all components. The
integration of IoT and RFID technology enables a modernized, cashless fuel
management process.

The core functionality of the system revolves around RFID-based authentication.

RFID readers are connected to the Arduino to scan RFID tags and identify registered
users. Once the tag is authenticated, the user’s details, such as account balance, are
verified, and the fuel dispensing process is initiated. The keypad allows users to input the
desired fuel quantity, providing flexibility and control during transactions. The Arduino
processes user inputs and controls the relay driver, which activates the fuel pump for the
specified amount of fuel.

By automating fuel dispensing, this proposed system eliminates the need for
manual cash handling and human intervention. It ensures accurate transactions, enhances
security, and speeds up the payment process. Additionally, the system provides real-time
monitoring capabilities through an ESP32 module, which sends notifications about
transactions to the user’s registered email. Overall, this system offers a reliable, efficient,
and modern approach to fuel management using IoT and RFID technologies.

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF IoT BASED CASHLESS FUEL
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM USING RFID

Fig. 3.1:Block diagram

The proposed system utilizes RFID readers, an Arduino UNO (Atmega 328),
and a relay driver to automate fuel dispensing and payment processes. The AC main
power is stabilized using a step-down transformer, bridge rectifier, and capacitive filter,
with a voltage regulator ensuring reliable operation. RFID readers validate user
credentials, while the keypad allows manual input for authentication. The Arduino
processes data from these components and controls the relay driver to initiate fuel
dispensing. This system ensures a cashless, automated fuel management process with
improved efficiency and security.

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 CHAPTER IV

DESCRPTION OF COMPONENTS

4.1 ARDUINO

Overview The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328

(datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs),
6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP
header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller;
simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter
or battery to get started. The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use
the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2
up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. Revision 2 of the Uno
board has a resistor pulling the 8U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into
DFU mode. Revision 3 of the board has the following new features:
 1.0 pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two
other new pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt
to the voltage provided from the board. In future, shields will be compatible both with
the board that use the AVR, which operate with 5V and with the Arduino Due that
operate with 3.3V. The second one is a not connected pin, that is reserved for future
purposes.
 Stronger RESET circuit.
 ATmega 16U2 replace the 8U2. "Uno" means one in Italian and is named to
mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version 1.0 will be the
reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of USB
Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for a comparison
with previous versions, see the index of Arduino boards.

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 Fig. 4.1.1:Arduino UNO

Table 4.1.1 Arduino UNO Specifications

From the fig 4.1.1

1.USB Interface:

Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from your computer. All you
need to do is connect the USB cable to the USB connection

2.External power supply:

Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC mains power supply by connecting
it to the power supply (Barrel Jack)

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3.Voltage Regulator:

The function of the voltage regulator is to control the voltage given to the Arduino board
and stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements.

4.Crystal Oscillator:

The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time issues. How does Arduino
calculate time? The answer is, by using the crystal oscillator. The number printed on top
of the Arduino crystal is 16.000H9H. It tells us that the frequency is 16,000,000 Hertz or
16 MHz.

5,17.Arduino Reset:

It can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your program from the beginning. It can reset
the UNO board in two ways. First, by using the reset button (17) on the board. Second,
you can connect an external reset button to the Arduino pin labelled RESET (5).

6-9.Pins (3.3, 5, GND, Vin):

3.3V (6): Supply 3.3 output volt

5V (7): Supply 5 output volt

Most of the components used with Arduino board works fine with 3.3 volt
and 5 volt.

GND (8)(Ground): There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which can be
used to ground your circuit.

Vin (9): This pin also can be used to power the Arduino board from an external power
source, like AC mains power supply.

10.Analog pins:

The Arduino UNO board has five analog input pins A0 through A5. These pins can read
the signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or temperature sensor and
convert it into a digital value that can be read by the microprocessor.

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11.Main microcontroller:

Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller (11). You can assume it as the
brain of your board. The main IC (integrated circuit) on the Arduino is slightly different
from board to board. The microcontrollers are usually of the ATMEL Company. You
must know what IC your board has before loading up a new program from the Arduino
IDE. This information is available on the top of the IC. For more details about the IC
construction and functions, you can refer to the data sheet. The IC pins names are shown
in fig 4.2.2

The Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. "Uno" means "One"

in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and
version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the
latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino
platform; for a comparison with previous versions, see the index of Arduino boards

Fig. 4.1.2: Arduino UNO Pin diagram

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4.2 POWER SUPPLY

The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input
i.e., 230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a
rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to
get a pure d.c voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any
a.c components present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage
regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltage.

Fig. 4.2.1:Block Diagram of Power supply

Fig. 4.2.2:Circuit Diagram of Power supply

4.2.1 Step down Transformer:

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 Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and
these voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be obtained directly. Thus
the a.c input available at the mains supply i.e., 230V is to be brought down to the
required voltage level. This is done by a transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is
employed to decrease the voltage to a required level.

4.2.2 Rectifier:

The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into
pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a
bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave
rectification.

4.2.3 Filter:

Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of
rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the
mains voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied,
D.C. voltage received at this point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output
stage.

4.2.4 Voltage Regulator:

As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator
is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In
this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage
levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage
regulators are to be used. The first number 78 represents positive supply and the
numbers 05, 12
represent the required output voltage levels.
Features:

• Output Current up to 1A.

• Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V.

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 • Thermal Overload Protection.

• Short Circuit Protection.

• Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection.

4.3 BATTERY

Batteries consist of one or more cells where chemical reactions generate a flow of
electrons. They have three main components: an anode ('-'), a cathode ('+'), and an
electrolyte, which facilitates the chemical reaction. When connected to a circuit,
reactions at the anode and cathode create electron flow. Once the anode or cathode
material is exhausted, the battery becomes "dead."

Primary batteries are disposable, while secondary batteries can be recharged.

Batteries enable portable energy storage, powering devices like quadcopters and
controllers. Their invention is credited to Alessandro Volta, originating from a surprising
accident involving a frog dissection.

Fig. 4.3.1:Battery

Batteries come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and chemistries.

4.4 RFID SYSTEM

The RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) system utilized in our automated

gasoline pump project is designed to streamline fuel dispensing while enhancing security
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and efficiency. The primary components of this system include the RFID reader and
RFID tags/cards, each integral to the overall functionality.

Fig. 4.4:RFID System

4.4.1. RFID Reader

The RFID reader enables communication between the RFID system and tags. It
plays a crucial role in identifying users by scanning the unique IDs stored in RFID tags.

Operation: It emits radio frequency signals to create an electromagnetic field. When a

passive tag enters, the field powers it and retrieves its unique identification data, enabling
secure access and authentication.

Type: A 125 kHz low-frequency reader is used, suitable for short-range communication,
common in access control and payment systems. This frequency ensures reliable
detection even in environments with interference.

Data Processing: Connected to an Arduino microcontroller, it processes tag data to

verify credentials and control the fuel pump. The Arduino compares the scanned tag ID
with pre-stored authorized IDs to approve or deny access.

Interface: Uses serial data transmission for efficient communication with the
microcontroller. The reader sends the tag information in real-time, ensuring that fuel
dispensing happens only after valid authentication is completed.
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 Fig. 4.4.1:RFID Reader

4.4.2. RFID Card/Tag

RFID tags are the identification elements of the system, containing unique
information that can be read by the RFID reader. In our project, we use the following
types of RFID tags:

Passive RFID Tags: The RFID cards used are passive tags, meaning they do not
have an internal power source. Instead, they derive power from the electromagnetic field
generated by the RFID reader. This feature enhances their longevity and reduces
maintenance needs.

Data Storage: Each RFID tag is embedded with a unique identification number,
which is essential for tracking and authorizing users. The data storage capacity of these
tags is sufficient for our application, as they primarily store user IDs and related
information.

Design and Durability: The RFID tags are designed to be durable and compact,
allowing them to be easily carried by users. This convenience is crucial for a system that
aims to provide a quick and seamless fuel dispensing experience.

Applications: In our system, RFID tags function as prepaid cards, enabling users
to access fuel based on their available balance. This cashless approach not only enhances
convenience but also reduces the risk of human error and fraud at the fuel station.

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 Fig. 4.4.2:RFID Tag

4.5 LCD DISPLAY

16 * 2 Alphanumeric LCD

Description
An LCD is a thin, flat display using liquid crystals that require a light source as
they don't emit light directly. It offers high flexibility for displaying user-defined data.

Fig. 4.5.1:Block Diagram of LCD Display

Memory Types:

Display Data RAM (DDRAM): Stores 8-bit character codes. It has an 80x8-bit
capacity, with visible characters limited to the display size (e.g., 16 for a 1x16 LCD).
Non-visible data remains in DDRAM.

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 Fig. 4.5.2:DDRAM Address for 2 Line LCD

Character Generator ROM (CGROM): Converts ASCII values into 5x8 or

5x10 dot patterns. It supports 208 standard and 32 user-defined character patterns,
allowing custom symbols for specific applications. This enhances flexibility in
displaying various characters and icons on the LCD screen.

Busy Flag: Indicates the LCD’s current status to ensure proper synchronization
with the microcontroller. BF = 1 means the LCD is busy processing a command, while
BF = 0 means it is ready to accept new instructions. This avoids data loss by ensuring the
microcontroller only sends data when the LCD is available.

Instruction Register (IR) and Data Register (DR): The Instruction Register
(IR) holds control commands like clearing the display or setting the cursor position. The
Data Register (DR) stores data written to DDRAM or CGRAM and latches it for display
upon receiving the enable signal. These registers play a key role in managing both
instructions and displayed content efficiently.

Features:

 Built-in HD44780 controller for easy interfacing with microcontrollers.

 61x15.8 mm viewing area with a 5x7 dot matrix format for clear visibility.

 Displays 224 symbols with low power consumption (1 mA typical) and supports
both TTL/CMOS logic levels, making it suitable for embedded systems.

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Schematic

Fig. 4.5.3:LCD

Specifications

Table 4.5.1: LCD Specifications

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Circuit Description

Fig. 4.5.2:Circuit Schematic of LCD

Above is the quite simple schematic. The LCD panel's Enable and Register
Select is connected to the Control Port. The Control Port is an open collector / open drain
output. While most Parallel Ports have internal pull-up resistors, there are a few which
don't. Therefore by incorporating the two 10K external pull up resistors, the circuit is
more portable for a wider range of computers, some of which may have no internal pull
up resistors.

We make no effort to place the Data bus into reverse direction. Therefore we hard
wire the R/W line of the LCD panel, into write mode. This will cause no bus conflicts on
the data lines. As a result we cannot read back the LCD's internal Busy Flag which tells
us if the LCD has accepted and finished processing the last instruction. This problem is
overcome by inserting known delays into our program.

The 10k Potentiometer controls the contrast of the LCD panel. You can use a
bench power supply set to 5v or use a onboard +5 regulator. Remember a few de-
coupling capacitors, especially if you have trouble with the circuit working properly.The

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2 line x 16 character LCD modules are available from a wide range of manufacturers and
should all be compatible with the HD44780.

4.6 KEYPAD

The keypad is an essential input device for the RFID-based automated gasoline
pump system, enabling user interaction.

Functionality

 User Input: Used for entering fuel amounts and PINs for secure access.

 Microcontroller Interface: Connected to an Arduino, which scans and processes

keypress signals.

 Compact Design: Space-saving design fits seamlessly into the fuel pump
interface.

Durability and Usability

 Durability: Built to withstand frequent use in high-traffic environments.

 User-Friendly Layout: Intuitive design with clearly labeled keys for quick and
accurate input.

4.7 RELAY DRIVER

The relay driver controls high-power devices like the fuel pump using low-power
signals from the microcontroller.

Functionality

 Signal Amplification: Amplifies low-voltage signals from the

microcontroller to control high-voltage circuits.

 Relay Activation: Energizes the relay coil, closing contacts to power the
fuel pump.

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  Isolation: Electrically isolates high-voltage circuits from low-voltage
microcontroller components for safety.

Integration with Other Components

 Microcontroller
Connection: Operates based on signals from the microcontroller, triggered by valid
inputs.

 Power Supply: Shares power with the pump or uses a separate source,
depending on design.

Durability and Design

 Robust Construction: Built for demanding environments like fuel

stations.

 Ease of Use: Simplifies operation of high-power devices, ensuring

reliability.

Fig. 4.7: Relay Driver

4.8 ESP32 MODULE

The ESP32 module facilitates wireless communication in the RFID-based

gasoline pump system, enabling real-time monitoring and control.

Overview

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  Purpose: Connects the system to Wi-Fi for remote access and cloud-
based monitoring of fuel usage and transactions.

 Functionality: Transmits data like fuel levels, user transactions, and

safety alerts to a server or app.

Key Features of ESP32

 Dual-Core Processor: Runs up to 240 MHz for efficient multitasking.

 Wi-Fi and Bluetooth: Supports 802.11 b/g/n, Bluetooth Classic, and

BLE.

 I/O Pins: Up to 34 GPIO, 12-bit ADC channels for sensor input.

 Low Power Consumption: Sleep modes for extended battery life.

 Development Ecosystem: Arduino IDE and Espressif IoT Development

Framework compatible.

 Communication Protocols: Supports MQTT, HTTP, WebSocket for

cloud integration.

 Security: WPA/WPA2 and hardware encryption for secure

communication.

 Built-in Sensors: Includes a hall effect sensor and temperature sensor.

 Community Support: Extensive resources, libraries, and forums.

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 Fig. 4.8 : ESP32 Module

4.9 LED

An LED (Light Emitting Diode) is a semiconductor light source with two leads.
When current flows through, it produces light through electroluminescence, where
electrons recombine with electron holes. The light's color depends on the
semiconductor's energy band gap. LEDs are small (less than 1 mm²) and can be modified
with optical components to adjust radiation patterns. First introduced in 1962, LEDs
originally emitted infrared light, but now they are available in visible, UV, and infrared
spectrums with high brightness.

Fig.
4.9.1:Light Emitting Diode

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 CHAPTER V

INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS

5.1 Introduction:

The Internet of Things (IoT) connects physical objects and sensors to the Internet
via wireless and wired connections, enabling data exchange between devices. Initially
conceptualized by Kevin Ashton in the early 2000s, IoT has evolved with technological
advancements like smaller, cheaper wireless radios, IPv6, and improved mobile data
coverage. Today, IoT connects a wide range of devices, from industrial equipment to
everyday objects, using various communication protocols like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and
cellular networks.

IoT enables sensors to monitor conditions like location, temperature, and motion,
providing valuable data for systems and people. This data allows objects to communicate
their status, leading to automation, better decision-making, and improved efficiency. The
IoT also transforms business operations by enhancing communication, control, and cost
savings, and has a profound impact on areas like public safety, transportation, and
healthcare.

5.2 The Three Causes of IoT

Communication: IoT enables real-time data communication, such as the status of

equipment or a person’s vital signs. Previously inaccessible or manually collected
information can now be monitored continuously. For example, IoT-enabled HVAC
systems can report air filter status, and GPS-enabled assets track location and movement.
In healthcare, IoT helps hospitals track equipment like wheelchairs and defibrillators,
while in transportation, it tracks parcels and shipping containers.

Control and Automation: IoT allows businesses and consumers to remotely

control devices. For example, companies can turn equipment on/off, and consumers can

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remotely unlock cars or start appliances. IoT also automates responses to anomalies,
such as notifying a company when truck brake pads need maintenance.

Cost Savings: IoT helps businesses save money by providing real-time data on
equipment performance and health. This reduces unexpected failures, allowing for
planned maintenance. It also reduces operational costs, such as fuel and wear and tear,
and provides insights into energy consumption for cost savings.

5.3 How To Get Started:

To leverage IoT for business, follow these steps:

1. Define objectives: Identify the specific data you need to enhance business
processes. For instance, sensor data on equipment vibration can help predict
failures and reduce downtime. Clear goals ensure that the data collected drives
actionable insights.

2. Build a secure IoT network: Connect devices through high-performance IP

networks for reliability. Prioritize security by implementing encryption, physical
safeguards for devices, and robust identity/authentication systems that are
regularly updated to prevent breaches.

3. Collect and manage data: IoT systems generate large volumes of data, so use
scalable tools like Hadoop or NoSQL to collect, store, and analyze this data
efficiently. Focus on data that is both relevant for immediate needs and valuable
for future analysis.

4. Evaluate IoT providers: Research vendors offering sensors, M2M device

management, and platforms. Form a team to assess their financial stability,
partnerships, and ability to meet your business requirements, ensuring they can
support your IoT strategy effectively.

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5.4 Advantages

Data: More information helps in making better decisions, like knowing what to
buy without checking yourself. It saves time and adds convenience.

Tracking: IoT tracks product quality and expiration dates, improving safety and
ensuring you never run out of essentials.

Time: Saves significant time by reducing manual monitoring and unnecessary

trips.

Money: Reduces costs by replacing human monitoring and supply maintenance

with automation..

5.5 The Internet of Things applications

 Smart home:Smart Home clearly stands out, ranking as highest Internet of

Things application on all measured channels.

 Wearable’s.

 Smart City.

 Smart grids.

 Industrial internet.

 Connected car.

 Connected Health (Digital health/Telehealth/Telemedicine).

 Smart retail.

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 CHAPTER VI

ARDUINO SOFTWARE
Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is required to program the
Arduino Uno board. Download it here.

PROGRAMMING ARDUINO

After installing the IDE, connect the Arduino board to your computer via USB.
Open the IDE, select the correct board (Tools > Boards > Arduino/Genuino Uno), and
choose the correct port (Tools > Port). To blink the built-in LED, go to Files > Examples
> Basics > Blink. Upload the code by clicking the upload button. The LED will blink
once the upload is complete.

ARDUINO – INSTALLATION

To set up the Arduino IDE, follow these steps:

Step 1:Have your Arduino board and USB cable (standard USB A to B for
Arduino Uno, Nano, Mega, etc.).

If using Arduino Nano, you'll need an A to Mini-B cable.

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 Step 2: Download Arduino IDE software from the official website, choosing the
version compatible with your operating system (Windows, macOS, or Linux). After
downloading, unzip

Step 3: Power up your board.

Arduino Uno, Mega, Duemilanove, and Nano draw power from the USB connection or
an external power supply. If using an Arduino Diecimila, ensure it's configured to draw
power from the USB connection by setting the jumper correctly. The green power LED
(PWR) should glow once connected

Step 4: Launch Arduino IDE.

After unzipping the downloaded Arduino IDE folder, double-click the application icon
(application.exe) to start the IDE.

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 Step 5: Open your first project.

Once the software starts, you have two options:

 Create a new project.

 Open an existing project example.

To create a new project, select File --> New

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To open an existing project example, select File -> Example -> Basics -> Blink.

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 Here, we are selecting just one of the examples with the name Blink. It turns the
LED on and off with some time delay. You can select any other example from the list.

Step 6: Select your Arduino board.

To avoid any error while uploading your program to the board, you must select
the correct Arduino board name, which matches with the board connected to your
computer.

Go to Tools -> Board and select your board.

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 Here, we have selected Arduino Uno board according to our tutorial, but you
must select the name matching the board that you are using.

Step 7: Select your serial port.

Select the serial device of the Arduino board. Go to Tools -> Serial Port menu.
This is likely to be COM3 or higher (COM1 and COM2 are usually reserved for
hardware serial ports). To find out, you can disconnect your Arduino board and re-open
the menu, the entry that disappears should be of the Arduino board. Reconnect the board
and select that serial port.

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 Step 8: Upload the program to your board.

Before explaining how we can upload our program to the board, we must
demonstrate the function of each symbol appearing in the Arduino IDE toolbar

A- Used to check if there is any compilation error.

B- Used to upload a program to the Arduino board.

C- Shortcut used to create a new sketch.

D- Used to directly open one of the example sketch.

E- Used to save your sketch.

F- Serial monitor used to receive serial data from the board and send the serial
data to the board.

Now, simply click the "Upload" button in the environment. Wait a few seconds;
you will see the RX and TX LEDs on the board, flashing. If the upload is successful, the
message "Done uploading" will appear in the status bar.
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 Note: If you have an Arduino Mini, NG, or other board, you need to press the
reset button physically on the board, immediately before clicking the upload button on
the Arduino Software.

ARDUINO – PROGRAM STRUCTURE

We will study in depth, the Arduino program structure and we will learn more
new terminologies used in the Arduino world. The Arduino software is open-source. The
source code for the Java environment is released under the GPL and the C/C++
microcontroller libraries are under the LGPL.

Sketch: The first new terminology is the Arduino program called “sketch”.

Structure Arduino programs can be divided in three main parts: Structure, Values
(variables and constants), and Functions. In this tutorial, we will learn about the Arduino
software program, step by step, and how we can write the program without any syntax or
compilation error.

Let us start with the Structure. Software structure consist of two main functions:

 Setup( ) function

 Loop( ) function

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 PURPOSE: The setup() function is called when a sketch starts. Use it to initialize
the variables, pin modes, start using libraries, etc. The setup function will only run once,
after each power up or reset of the Arduino board.

INPUT: -

OUTPUT: -

RETURN:

PURPOSE: After creating a setup() function, which initializes and sets the initial
values, the loop() function does precisely what its name suggests, and loops
consecutively, allowing your program to change and respond. Use it to actively control
the Arduino board.

INPUT: -

OUTPUT: -

RETURN:

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 CHAPTER VII

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

7.1 OUTPUT SCREENS

Fig. 7.1.1: Output kit

The output kit of the proposed system includes essential components such as
RFID tags, Relay Driver, EM-18 RFID Reader, Arduino UNO, Keypad, and LCD.
These components work together to automate the process of fuel dispensing and payment
by ensuring secure user identification and real-time fuel monitoring. Below is a detailed
description of each component and how they function in the output kit setup.

1. RFID Tags
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 The system uses RFID tags as unique user identification tools. Each RFID tag is
preloaded with a prepaid balance and assigned to a specific user. When the tag is brought
near the RFID reader, it transmits its unique ID, allowing the system to recognize the
user. This ensures secure and cashless fuel transactions.

Functionality:

 Acts as a digital wallet for fuel payments.

 Stores prepaid balance to deduct fuel charges automatically.

 Enables faster and contactless authentication.

2. EM-18 RFID Reader

The EM-18 RFID Reader is responsible for scanning RFID tags. It generates a
radio frequency field to power passive RFID tags and read their unique identification
data. Once the RFID tag is scanned, the reader sends the tag's ID to the Arduino UNO for
verification.

Functionality:

 Identifies registered users by scanning RFID tags.

 Sends tag data to the Arduino for processing.

 Initiates the authentication process.

3. Arduino UNO (ATmega 328)

The Arduino UNO is the central processing unit of the system. It handles all
input and output operations by receiving data from the RFID reader, keypad, and relay
driver, and displaying the output on the LCD.

Functionality:

 Verifies RFID credentials and ensures only authorized users can access the fuel.

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  Manages user inputs from the keypad to calculate the fuel to be dispensed.

 Sends real-time data to the LCD for display.

4. Keypad

The keypad is used by the user to enter the amount of fuel they want to dispense.
It allows manual input of the fuel quantity in liters, ensuring that the system is flexible
and user-friendly.

Functionality:

 Accepts input from the user to specify the fuel quantity.

 Provides a secure way to enter authentication PINs, if required.

 Communicates directly with the Arduino for data processing.

5. Relay Driver

The Relay Driver acts as a switch to control the fuel pump. Once the RFID tag is
authenticated and the fuel quantity is entered via the keypad, the Arduino triggers the
relay driver to start dispensing fuel. The relay driver ensures that the fuel pump operates
safely and efficiently.

Functionality:

 Controls the fuel pump based on the instructions from the Arduino.

 Ensures that fuel dispensing starts only after successful authentication.

 Provides electrical isolation to safeguard the circuit.

6. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

The LCD is a critical output component that displays real-time data to the user.
Once the RFID tag is authenticated, the LCD shows the available balance on the tag and

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the remaining fuel quantity in the tank. After the user enters the desired fuel amount
via the keypad, the LCD displays the live dispensing of fuel in liters.

Functionality:

 Displays user details, balance, and fuel quantity in real time.

 Shows the progress of fuel dispensing with continuously updating values.

 Provides user-friendly feedback to ensure transparency.

Fig. 7.1.2:Scans RFID Tag

7.2 Working Flow of the Output

1. User Authentication: The process begins when the user places their RFID tag
near the RFID reader. The reader scans the tag and sends its unique ID to the

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 Arduino for verification. If the tag is authorized, the available balance and
remaining fuel in the tank are displayed on the LCD.

2. Fuel Quantity Input: After authentication, the user enters the desired amount of
fuel to be dispensed through the keypad. The Arduino receives this input and
calculates the fuel quantity in liters.

3. Fuel Dispensing: Once the user confirms the fuel quantity, the Arduino triggers
the relay driver to activate the fuel pump. The relay driver ensures that the pump
operates safely and begins dispensing fuel into the tank.

4. Real-Time Display: As the fuel is dispensed, the LCD shows the live progress in
liters, updating the user on the quantity of fuel delivered. The balance on the
RFID tag is also updated in real time.

5. Completion: After the desired fuel quantity is dispensed, the pump automatically
stops, and the LCD shows the remaining balance on the RFID tag, ensuring that
the user has a record of their transaction.

7.3 APPLICATIONS
➢ Fleet Management – Tracks fuel usage and prevents misuse in vehicle fleets.
➢ Fuel Station Optimization :Automates fuel dispensing to reduce delays
➢ Customer Loyalty Programs – Uses RFID tags to promote cashless transactions.
➢ Environmental Monitoring – Prevents wastage and manages fuel efficiently.
➢ Remote Monitoring and Control – Enables owners to track fuel usage remotely.

7.4 ADVANTAGES
➢ Enhanced Security – RFID ensures only authorized access to fuel.
➢ Improved Efficiency – Reduces manual tasks and human errors.
➢ Accurate Fuel Dispensing – Delivers the exact fuel quantity requested.
➢ Enhanced Customer Experience – Offers fast, cashless fuel transactions.
➢ Reduced Operational Costs – Lowers labor costs and prevents losses.

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 CHAPTER VIII
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

CONCLUSION

The fuel pump system project successfully achieved its goals by demonstrating
efficient performance in fuel delivery under various conditions. The system met all
specified flow rates and pressure requirements, while design improvements were
identified to enhance durability and efficiency. A cost-benefit analysis revealed long-
term savings through reduced maintenance and improved fuel efficiency. Additionally,
the project complied with all safety regulations, ensuring a reliable and safe operation.
Moving forward, incorporating smart technology for real-time monitoring and
conducting long-term field tests are recommended to further optimize the system and
gather valuable performance data. Overall, this project lays a strong foundation for
developing a robust and efficient fuel pump system.

FUTURE SCOPE

The fuel pump system project includes several promising avenues for
enhancement and innovation. Integrating smart technology, such as IoT sensors, could
enable real-time monitoring of fuel flow and pump health, facilitating predictive
maintenance and improved efficiency. Additionally, exploring design adaptations for
compatibility with alternative fuels like bio fuels and hydrogen will broaden the system’s
applicability in a shifting energy landscape. Researching advanced materials could
enhance durability, while energy-efficient designs and automation strategies would
optimize performance and reduce operational costs. Conducting extensive field tests will
provide valuable real-world insights, and ongoing assessments to ensure regulatory
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compliance and minimize environmental impact will be crucial for the system’s long-
term viability. Overall, these initiatives promise to significantly advance the
functionality and relevance of the fuel pump system.

REFERENCES
[1] Sugumaran S; Jayana Mounika Sowmya; Matireddy Venkata Siva;
Nallamothu Rishitha; Matham Karthikeya Ganesh Siva Sagar; Mogalla Ganesh, “IOT
Enabled Smart Fuel Station Management System” [2024], Published in IEEE,
2024,DOI:10.1109/ICNWC60771.2024.10537573

[2] . S. Chandana,C. J. Dhanyashree,K. L. Ashwini,R. Harini,” Fuel automata:

Smart fuel dispenser using RFID technology and IoT-based monitoring for automotive
applications”[2023],Published in ResearchGate, July 2023, DOI: 10.32629/jai.v6i1.682

[3] S. M. G Mostafa; Abdullah Al Masum; Md Shahidul Islam; Md. Shakib

Hossain; M. Shafiul Alam; Aasim Ullah, “Design and Implementation of a Data-Driven
Fuel Management System”, Published in 2022,DOI:10.1109/STI56238.2022.10103266

[4] E. N. Aba,Oluwafemi Ayodeji Olugboji,Abdulkarim Nasir,Moses

Olutoye,Oluwaseyi Adedipe, “Petroleum pipeline monitoring using an internet of things
(IoT) platform” [2021], Published in ResearchGate, February 2021,
DOI:10.1007/s42452-021-04225-z

[5] Budi Prijo Sembodo, Haris Atmajaya,” Design of Smart Fuel Station and
Management System Based on Arduino and Internet of Things”,[2021], Published in
ResearchGate, March 2021 , DOI:10.36456/best.vol3.no1.3534

[6] Dileep Reddy Bolla; Jijesh J; Satya Srikanth Palle; Mahaveer Penna;
Keshavamurthy; Shivashankar, “An IoT Based Smart E-Fuel Stations Using ESP-32”,
[2020],Published in IEEE, 2020 International Conference on Recent Trends on

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Electronics, Information, Communication & Technology (RTEICT),
DOI:10.1109/RTEICT49044.2020.9315676

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APPENDIX

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

#define b1 7

#define b2 6

#define b3 5

int leter=0;

int water=100;

const int rs = 13, en = 12, d4 = 11, d5 = 10, d6 = 9, d7 = 8,motor=4;

unsigned int key[3];

unsigned int temp=0,card=0,amount=0,cardamount=500;

LiquidCrystal lcd(rs, en, d4, d5, d6, d7);

signed int val=0;

String rfid;

int soil=A0;

void setup()

pinMode(soil,INPUT_PULLUP);

Serial.begin(9600);

delay(1000);

lcd.begin(16, 2);

pinMode(b1, INPUT);

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 pinMode(b2, INPUT);

pinMode(b3, INPUT);

digitalWrite(b1,HIGH);

digitalWrite(b2,HIGH);

digitalWrite(b3,HIGH);

pinMode(motor, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(motor,HIGH);

delay(1000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("FUEL DISPENCER");

delay(2000);

/*lcd.clear();

lcd.print("AT");

Serial.print("AT\r\n");

delay(1000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("ATE0");

Serial.print("ATE0\r\n");

delay(1000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("AT+CMGF=1");

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Serial.print("AT+CMGF=1\r\n");

delay(1000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("AT+CNMI=1,2,0,0");

Serial.print("AT+CNMI=1,2,0,0\r\n");

delay(1000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("SENDING SMS");

delay(1000);

Serial.print("AT+CMGS=");

Serial.print('"');

Serial.print("8309685893");

Serial.print('"');

Serial.print("\r\n");

delay(1000);

Serial.print("welcome message");

delay(100);

Serial.write(0x1A);

delay(10000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("SMS SENT");

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delay(1000);

*/

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("READY TO USE......");

delay(1000);

int keypad()

back:

do

int i=digitalRead(b1);

int d=digitalRead(b3);

int e=digitalRead(b2);

if(i==LOW)

val=val+1;

if(val==10)

val=0;

lcd.setCursor( temp,0);

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lcd.print(val);

delay(500);

if(d==LOW)

val=val-1;

if(val<0)

val=9;

if(val>9)

val=0;

lcd.setCursor(temp,0);

lcd.print(val);

delay(500);

if(e==LOW)

key[temp]=val;

lcd.setCursor(temp,0);

lcd.print(val);

delay(500);

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temp=temp+1;

val=0;

}while(temp<=2);

if(temp==3)

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(3,1);

lcd.print("AMOUNT:=");

delay(1000);

lcd.print(key[0]);

delay(1000);

lcd.print(key[1]);

delay(1000);

lcd.print(key[2]);

delay(1000);

//lcd.print(key[3]);

delay(1000);

//lcd.print(key[4]);

delay(1000);

temp=0;

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 card=0;

amount=((key[0]*100)+(key[1]*10)+(key[2]*1));

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("AMOUNT:");

lcd.print(amount);

delay(5000);

if(amount>cardamount )

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("NOT ENOUGH AMOUNT");

delay(1000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("try again");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("u r bal is: ");

lcd.print(cardamount);

delay(2000);

lcd.clear();

goto back;

int litre=amount/5;

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lcd.clear();

lcd.print("AMOUNT:");

lcd.print(amount);

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("Litre:");

lcd.print(litre);

delay(2000);

if(amount>0)

int i;

for( i=0;i<=litre;i++)

digitalWrite(motor,LOW);

delay(1000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.print(" Liters:");

lcd.print(i);

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("Amount:");

lcd.print(i*5);

delay(2000);

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}

lcd.clear();

lcd.print(" Liters:");

lcd.print(litre);

lcd.print(".");

lcd.print(leter%5);

delay(2000);

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("Amount:");

lcd.print(amount);

delay(2000);

water=water-litre;

delay(1000);

digitalWrite(motor,HIGH);

delay(1000);

leter=0;

delay(1000);

cardamount=cardamount-amount;

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("BALANCE:");

lcd.print(cardamount);

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 delay(1000);

//Serial.print("Balance amount is:");Serial.print(cardamount);delay(100);

if(cardamount<100)

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("PLEASE RECHARGE....");

delay(3000);

if(water<10)

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("PLEASE REFILL FUEL");

delay(1000);

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("FUEL LEVEL LOW");

delay(3000);

String iot="water_"+String(water)
+"_liters_only_available_in_tank_please_refill_water";

delay(1000);

Serial.println(iot);

delay(1000);
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}

else

String iot="water_"+String(water)+"_liters_only_available_in_tank";

delay(1000);

Serial.println(iot);

delay(1000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0 ,0);

lcd.print("READY TO USE......");

delay(1000);

void loop()

lcd.clear();

lcd.print(water);

lcd.print(" Li Of Fuel");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("Available Here");

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delay(2000);

lcd.clear();

while(Serial.available())

String data=Serial.readString();

Serial.print(data);

if(data=="5500141F2A74")

lcd.clear();lcd.print(data);delay(1000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("BALANCE:");

lcd.print(cardamount);

delay(3000);

if(cardamount>=5)

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("ENTER AMOUNT");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("IN 3 DIGITS");

delay(3000);

lcd.clear();

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 keypad();

else

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("LOW BALANCE");

delay(1000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("READY TO USE......");

delay(1000);

else

lcd.clear();

lcd.print(data);

delay(1000);

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("INVALID CARD....");

delay(1000);

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 lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("READY TO USE......");

delay(1000);

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