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Linux

The document provides an overview of Linux, detailing its architecture, types of applications, and key components such as the kernel and bootloader. It contrasts Linux with Unix and Windows, highlighting Linux's open-source nature and security features. Additionally, it covers the Linux file system structure, process states, installation methods, and remote access tools.

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10 views

Linux

The document provides an overview of Linux, detailing its architecture, types of applications, and key components such as the kernel and bootloader. It contrasts Linux with Unix and Windows, highlighting Linux's open-source nature and security features. Additionally, it covers the Linux file system structure, process states, installation methods, and remote access tools.

Uploaded by

kamalkhokher804
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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### Linux Overview

#### How Does the Internet Work?


**ISP (Internet Service Provider):** Provides internet access via optical fiber
cables and assigns IP addresses.

**Server and Client:**


- **Server:** Serves information.
- **Client:** Requests information from the server.

**DNS (Domain Name Server):** Translates domain names into IP addresses.

#### Web Server and Application Server


- **Web Server:** Provides static content, e.g., Nginx.
- **Application Server:** Provides dynamic content.

#### Types of Applications


- **Standalone Server:** Operates independently without external support.
- **Web Application:** Operates with the support of other servers, e.g., email or
databases.

#### Application Support and Maintenance


- **Support:** Ensures smooth application operation, addressing any issues that
arise.
- **Maintenance:** Fixes problems and keeps the application updated.

#### What is Linux?


- Developed in 1991.
- No antivirus required.
- Known for its high level of security.

#### Unix vs. Linux


- **Unix:** Commercial and paid, e.g., macOS.
- **Linux:** Free and open-source for all users.

#### What is the Kernel?


- **Linux Kernel:** Developed in C programming language.

**How to Communicate with the Kernel:**


- Use shell commands.

#### What is a Bootloader?


- Executes before the operating system starts, stored in the kernel.
- **GRUB Bootloader:** GRand Unified Bootloader.

#### Linux System Architecture


- **Apps > Shell > Kernel > Hardware**

#### Commands
- **CPU:** `top`
- **Hard Disk:** `df -h`
- **RAM:** `free`

#### Linux File System


| Directory | Purpose
|
|-----------------|----------------------------------------------------------------
---------|
| `/` | Root filesystem, essential for booting.
|
| `/boot` | Contains static kernel and bootloader files.
|
| `/bin` | Includes user executable files.
|
| `/dev` | Contains device files for all hardware devices.
|
| `/etc` | Contains local system configuration files.
|
| `/lib` | Shared library files needed for starting the system.
|
| `/home` | User directories for storing personal files.
|
| `/mnt` | Temporary mount point for basic filesystems.
|
| `/media` | Mount point for external media devices like USB drives.
|
| `/opt` | Contains optional vendor-supplied applications.
|
| `/root` | Home directory for the root user.
|
| `/tmp` | Temporary directory for OS and program files.
|
| `/sbin` | System binary files for administration.
|
| `/usr` | Read-only files, including binaries, libraries, and
documentation. |
| `/var` | Stores variable data like logs, databases, and web server
files. |

#### Process States in Linux


- **Running**
- **Stopped**
- **Killed**
- **Sleeping**
- **Terminated**

#### How to Install Linux


- **WSL:** Windows Subsystem for Linux.
- **Virtual Box:** Using VMware.
- **AWS/Azure:** Create a Linux virtual machine.
- **Vagrant:** Install Vagrant to run Linux.

#### Differences Between Linux and Windows


- **Windows:** Commercial use, requires licenses, frequent updates.
- **Linux:** General Public License, focused on programming and scripting, bi-
annual updates, e.g., Kali Linux, Ubuntu.

#### Remote Location Tools


- **RDP:** Remote Desktop Protocol.
- **SSH:** Secure Shell.

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