Measure of dispersion or variation:

Introduction:
The degree to which numerical data tend to spread about on
average value is called dispersion or variation.

Measure of dispersion or variation:

- Range. (‫ بةكارديَت‬ungrouped data ‫(تةنها بؤ‬
- The mean deviation.
- The variance & standard deviation.
- Coefficient of variation.

1) Range:
Range = maximum value – minimum value
Range = X max – X min

• Ex. A: Xi = 2, 20, 1, 18
Range = 20 – 1 → Range = 19

• Ex. B: Xi = 12, 7, 6, 1, 3, 15, 10, 18, 15, 2, 20

Range = 20 – 1 → Range = 19

➔ Now we can say the R (range) is equal in two groups (A,

B) but the deviate is deference in two groups, because the
deviate in group A more than group B.

2) The mean deviation:

A)Ungrouped data:
 Let Xi = X1 , X2 ………Xn be a set of data then the mean
deviation is:
∑/𝐱𝐢−𝐗 ′ /
M.D = 𝐧
Ex: let Xi = 9, 8, 6, 5, 7 find the mean deviation (M.D)

∑/𝐱𝐢−𝐗 ′ / ∑ 𝐗𝐢
Sol: M.D = 𝐧
, 𝐗′ = 𝐧

𝟗+𝟖+𝟔+𝟓+𝟕
X' = → X' = 7
𝟓

∑/𝟗−𝟕/ + /𝟖−𝟕/ + /𝟔−𝟕/ + /𝟓−𝟕/ + /𝟕−𝟕/

M.D = 𝟓

𝟔
M.D = 𝟓 → M.D = 1.2

B) Grouped data:
If X1, X2, X3…………Xn are mid-point with frequency f1,
f2, f3……fn then mean deviation is:-
∑ 𝐅𝐢/𝐗 𝐢 −𝐗 ′ / ∑ 𝐅𝐢.𝐗𝐢
M.D = ∑ 𝐅𝐢
, 𝐗′ = ∑ 𝐅𝐢
Ex:
Class Fi Xi Fi.Xi (Xi – X') Fi /Xi – X'/
60 – 62 5 61 305 -6.45 32.25
63 – 65 18 64 1150 -3.45 62.1
66 – 68 42 67 2814 -0.45 18.9
69 – 71 27 70 1890 2.55 68.85
72 - 74 8 73 584 5.55 44
∑ 𝐅𝐢 =100 ∑ 𝐅𝐢. 𝐗𝐢 = 𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟓 ∑ 𝐅𝐢/𝐗𝐢 − 𝐗′ /= 𝟐𝟐𝟓. 𝟗

∑ 𝐅𝐢/𝐗 𝐢 −𝐗 ′ / ∑ 𝐅𝐢.𝐗𝐢
Sol: M.D = ∑ 𝐅𝐢
, 𝐗′ = ∑ 𝐅𝐢
 𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟓
𝐗′ = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
→ X' = 67.45

∑ 𝐅𝐢/𝐗 𝐢 −𝐗 ′ / 𝟐𝟐𝟓.𝟗
M.D = ∑ 𝐅𝐢
→ M.D = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
→ M.D = 2.259

3) The variation & Standard deviation:

The variance of a set of value is a measure of variation
equal to the square of the standard deviation and
denoted by (S2).

A)Ungrouped data:
Ex: Xi = 2, 3, 4, 5 find the variance for this data.
2 ∑(𝐗𝐢−𝐗 ′ )𝟐 ∑ 𝐗𝐢
S = 𝐧−𝟏
, 𝐗′ = 𝐧

Sol:
∑ 𝐗𝐢 𝟏𝟒
𝐗′ = → X' = = 3.5
𝐧 𝟒

2 (𝟐−𝟑.𝟓)𝟐 +(𝟑−𝟑.𝟓)𝟐 +(𝟒−𝟑.𝟓)𝟐 +(𝟓−𝟑.𝟓)𝟐

S =
𝟒−𝟏

𝟓
S2 = 𝟑
→ S2 = 1.66 .: variance = 1.66

The standard deviation of a set of sample value is a measure of

variation of value about the mean. It is a type of average
deviation of value from the mean that’s calculated by using:

∑(𝐗𝐢−𝐗 ) ′ 𝟐
√𝐒𝟐 = S.d = √ 𝐧−𝟏
Short method:
∑(𝐗𝐢)𝟐
∑ 𝐗𝐢𝟐 −
S2 = 𝐧−𝟏
𝐧

Xi 9 6 8 5 7 ∑ 𝑿𝒊 = 𝟑𝟓

Xi2 81 36 64 25 49 ∑ 𝐗𝐢𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓𝟓

∑(𝐗𝐢)𝟐 (𝟑𝟓)𝟐
∑ 𝐗𝐢𝟐 − 𝟐𝟓𝟓 −
S2 = 𝐧−𝟏
𝐧
→ S2 = 𝟓−𝟏
𝟓

𝟐𝟓𝟓−𝟐𝟒𝟓
S2 = 𝟒
→ S2 = 2.5 → variance = 2.5

S.d = √𝟐. 𝟓 → S.d = 1.58

→ Standard deviation = 1.58

B) Grouped data:

∑(𝐅𝐢.𝐗𝐢)𝟐
∑ 𝐅𝐢.𝐗𝐢𝟐 −
∑ 𝐅𝐢
S2 = ∑ 𝐅𝐢−𝟏
 ∑(𝐅𝐢.𝐗𝐢)𝟐
∑ 𝐅𝐢.𝐗𝐢𝟐 −
S.d = √ ∑ 𝐅𝐢−𝟏
∑ 𝐅𝐢

Ex: complete the variance and standard deviation for the

following frequency distribution table:
Class Fi Xi (Xi)2 Fi (Xi)2 Fi.Xi
60 – 62 5 61 3721 18605 305
63 – 65 18 64 4096 73728 1150
66 – 68 42 67 4489 188538 2814
69 – 71 27 70 4900 132300 1890
72 - 74 8 73 5329 42632 584
∑ 𝐅𝐢 =100 ∑ 𝐅𝐢(Xi)2 ∑ 𝐅𝐢. 𝐗𝐢
= 𝟒𝟓𝟓𝟖𝟎𝟑 = 𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟓

(𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟓)𝟐
𝟒𝟓𝟓𝟖𝟎𝟑−
𝟏𝟎𝟎
S2 = S2 = 8.61
𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟏

S.d = √𝟖. 𝟔𝟏 → S.d = 2.93

 ∑ 𝐅𝐢.(𝐗𝐢−𝐗 ′ )𝟐
Another way: - → S2 = ∑ 𝐅𝐢−𝟏

Class Fi Xi (Xi – X') (Xi - X')2 Fi.Xi Fi(Xi - X')2

60 – 62 5 61 -6.45 41.6 305 208
63 – 65 18 64 -3.45 11.9 1150 214.2
66 – 68 42 67 -0.45 0.2 2814 8.4
69 – 71 27 70 2.55 6.5 1890 175.5
72 – 74 8 73 5.55 30.8 584 246.4
∑ 𝐅𝐢 =100 ∑ 𝐅𝐢. 𝐗𝐢 ∑. = 𝟖𝟓𝟐. 𝟓
= 𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟓

∑ 𝐅𝐢.𝐗𝐢 𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟓
𝐗′ = ∑ 𝐅𝐢
→ 𝐗′ = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
→ X' = 67.45

∑ 𝐅𝐢.(𝐗𝐢−𝐗 ′ )𝟐 𝟖𝟓𝟐.𝟓
S2 = ∑ 𝐅𝐢−𝟏
→ S2 = → S2 = 8.61
𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟏

S .d = √𝟖. 𝟔𝟏 = 2.93

4) Coefficient of variation:

𝐒
C.V = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐗′

𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐝𝐞𝐯𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Coefficient of variation =
𝐀𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧

Ex: the result of final examination in statistics & programming were as

follow:
Statistics Programming
X' 78 73
S 8.0 7.6

Which subject has higher dispersion

 𝐒
Sol: C.V = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐗′

𝟖.𝟎
Statistics =
𝟕𝟖
∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 10.25%

𝟕.𝟔
Programming = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 10.41%
𝟕𝟑

Programming has higher than statistics

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Standardized Scores:

𝐗𝐢−𝐗 ′
Z=
𝐒

Ex: The result of the student in final examination in two subjects was as
follow:
Student mark X' (for class) S (for class)
Math 90 82 16
Statistics 84 76 10

In which subject the ability of the student it was better?

𝐗𝐢−𝐗 ′ 𝟗𝟎−𝟖𝟐
Math: Z=
𝐒
→ Z= 𝟏𝟔

→ Z = 0.5

𝐗𝐢−𝐗 ′ 𝟖𝟒−𝟕𝟔
Statistics: Z=
𝐒
→ Z= 𝟏𝟎

→ Z = 0.8
In statistics the ability of student is better.