CSM 165: Lecture 1

Kwame Atta Gyamfi (PhD)

Dept. of Mathematics
KNUST

March 16, 2022

Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Summary of topics

1 Logic: Statements basics

2 Logic: Forming new statements

3 Conjunctions

4 Disjunctions

5 Negations

6 Conditional

7 Biconditional

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Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Introduction
Logic is the study of arguments.
An argument is a sequence of statements of which one is
intended as a conclusion and the others, the premises.
Premise is intended to prove or at least provide some
evidence for the conclusion.
A statement is anything we can say, write or otherwise
express as either TRUE or FALSE.
The following statements are examples of statements:
- ”Fred Smith is twenty years old.”
- ”Abedi Ayew Pele is a former Ghanaian footbal player.”
- ”Ghana shall win the the 2022 AFCON.”
Precision and succint is very important when making
statements of mathematical significance.
- ”Fred Smith’s age is twenty years.”
- ”Fred Smith is twenty years old.”
- ”Fred and Susan are married.”
2 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Introduction
Logic is the study of arguments.
An argument is a sequence of statements of which one is
intended as a conclusion and the others, the premises.
Premise is intended to prove or at least provide some
evidence for the conclusion.
A statement is anything we can say, write or otherwise
express as either TRUE or FALSE.
The following statements are examples of statements:
- ”Fred Smith is twenty years old.”
- ”Abedi Ayew Pele is a former Ghanaian footbal player.”
- ”Ghana shall win the the 2022 AFCON.”
Precision and succint is very important when making
statements of mathematical significance.
- ”Fred Smith’s age is twenty years.”
- ”Fred Smith is twenty years old.”
- ”Fred and Susan are married.”
2 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Introduction
Logic is the study of arguments.
An argument is a sequence of statements of which one is
intended as a conclusion and the others, the premises.
Premise is intended to prove or at least provide some
evidence for the conclusion.
A statement is anything we can say, write or otherwise
express as either TRUE or FALSE.
The following statements are examples of statements:
- ”Fred Smith is twenty years old.”
- ”Abedi Ayew Pele is a former Ghanaian footbal player.”
- ”Ghana shall win the the 2022 AFCON.”
Precision and succint is very important when making
statements of mathematical significance.
- ”Fred Smith’s age is twenty years.”
- ”Fred Smith is twenty years old.”
- ”Fred and Susan are married.”
2 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Introduction
Logic is the study of arguments.
An argument is a sequence of statements of which one is
intended as a conclusion and the others, the premises.
Premise is intended to prove or at least provide some
evidence for the conclusion.
A statement is anything we can say, write or otherwise
express as either TRUE or FALSE.
The following statements are examples of statements:
- ”Fred Smith is twenty years old.”
- ”Abedi Ayew Pele is a former Ghanaian footbal player.”
- ”Ghana shall win the the 2022 AFCON.”
Precision and succint is very important when making
statements of mathematical significance.
- ”Fred Smith’s age is twenty years.”
- ”Fred Smith is twenty years old.”
- ”Fred and Susan are married.”
2 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Introduction
Logic is the study of arguments.
An argument is a sequence of statements of which one is
intended as a conclusion and the others, the premises.
Premise is intended to prove or at least provide some
evidence for the conclusion.
A statement is anything we can say, write or otherwise
express as either TRUE or FALSE.
The following statements are examples of statements:
- ”Fred Smith is twenty years old.”
- ”Abedi Ayew Pele is a former Ghanaian footbal player.”
- ”Ghana shall win the the 2022 AFCON.”
Precision and succint is very important when making
statements of mathematical significance.
- ”Fred Smith’s age is twenty years.”
- ”Fred Smith is twenty years old.”
- ”Fred and Susan are married.”
2 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Introduction
Logic is the study of arguments.
An argument is a sequence of statements of which one is
intended as a conclusion and the others, the premises.
Premise is intended to prove or at least provide some
evidence for the conclusion.
A statement is anything we can say, write or otherwise
express as either TRUE or FALSE.
The following statements are examples of statements:
- ”Fred Smith is twenty years old.”
- ”Abedi Ayew Pele is a former Ghanaian footbal player.”
- ”Ghana shall win the the 2022 AFCON.”
Precision and succint is very important when making
statements of mathematical significance.
- ”Fred Smith’s age is twenty years.”
- ”Fred Smith is twenty years old.”
- ”Fred and Susan are married.”
2 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Introduction
Logic is the study of arguments.
An argument is a sequence of statements of which one is
intended as a conclusion and the others, the premises.
Premise is intended to prove or at least provide some
evidence for the conclusion.
A statement is anything we can say, write or otherwise
express as either TRUE or FALSE.
The following statements are examples of statements:
- ”Fred Smith is twenty years old.”
- ”Abedi Ayew Pele is a former Ghanaian footbal player.”
- ”Ghana shall win the the 2022 AFCON.”
Precision and succint is very important when making
statements of mathematical significance.
- ”Fred Smith’s age is twenty years.”
- ”Fred Smith is twenty years old.”
- ”Fred and Susan are married.”
2 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Introduction
Logic is the study of arguments.
An argument is a sequence of statements of which one is
intended as a conclusion and the others, the premises.
Premise is intended to prove or at least provide some
evidence for the conclusion.
A statement is anything we can say, write or otherwise
express as either TRUE or FALSE.
The following statements are examples of statements:
- ”Fred Smith is twenty years old.”
- ”Abedi Ayew Pele is a former Ghanaian footbal player.”
- ”Ghana shall win the the 2022 AFCON.”
Precision and succint is very important when making
statements of mathematical significance.
- ”Fred Smith’s age is twenty years.”
- ”Fred Smith is twenty years old.”
- ”Fred and Susan are married.”
2 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Introduction
Logic is the study of arguments.
An argument is a sequence of statements of which one is
intended as a conclusion and the others, the premises.
Premise is intended to prove or at least provide some
evidence for the conclusion.
A statement is anything we can say, write or otherwise
express as either TRUE or FALSE.
The following statements are examples of statements:
- ”Fred Smith is twenty years old.”
- ”Abedi Ayew Pele is a former Ghanaian footbal player.”
- ”Ghana shall win the the 2022 AFCON.”
Precision and succint is very important when making
statements of mathematical significance.
- ”Fred Smith’s age is twenty years.”
- ”Fred Smith is twenty years old.”
- ”Fred and Susan are married.”
2 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Introduction
Logic is the study of arguments.
An argument is a sequence of statements of which one is
intended as a conclusion and the others, the premises.
Premise is intended to prove or at least provide some
evidence for the conclusion.
A statement is anything we can say, write or otherwise
express as either TRUE or FALSE.
The following statements are examples of statements:
- ”Fred Smith is twenty years old.”
- ”Abedi Ayew Pele is a former Ghanaian footbal player.”
- ”Ghana shall win the the 2022 AFCON.”
Precision and succint is very important when making
statements of mathematical significance.
- ”Fred Smith’s age is twenty years.”
- ”Fred Smith is twenty years old.”
- ”Fred and Susan are married.”
2 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Introduction
Logic is the study of arguments.
An argument is a sequence of statements of which one is
intended as a conclusion and the others, the premises.
Premise is intended to prove or at least provide some
evidence for the conclusion.
A statement is anything we can say, write or otherwise
express as either TRUE or FALSE.
The following statements are examples of statements:
- ”Fred Smith is twenty years old.”
- ”Abedi Ayew Pele is a former Ghanaian footbal player.”
- ”Ghana shall win the the 2022 AFCON.”
Precision and succint is very important when making
statements of mathematical significance.
- ”Fred Smith’s age is twenty years.”
- ”Fred Smith is twenty years old.”
- ”Fred and Susan are married.”
2 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Introduction
Logic is the study of arguments.
An argument is a sequence of statements of which one is
intended as a conclusion and the others, the premises.
Premise is intended to prove or at least provide some
evidence for the conclusion.
A statement is anything we can say, write or otherwise
express as either TRUE or FALSE.
The following statements are examples of statements:
- ”Fred Smith is twenty years old.”
- ”Abedi Ayew Pele is a former Ghanaian footbal player.”
- ”Ghana shall win the the 2022 AFCON.”
Precision and succint is very important when making
statements of mathematical significance.
- ”Fred Smith’s age is twenty years.”
- ”Fred Smith is twenty years old.”
- ”Fred and Susan are married.”
2 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Introduction
Logic is the study of arguments.
An argument is a sequence of statements of which one is
intended as a conclusion and the others, the premises.
Premise is intended to prove or at least provide some
evidence for the conclusion.
A statement is anything we can say, write or otherwise
express as either TRUE or FALSE.
The following statements are examples of statements:
- ”Fred Smith is twenty years old.”
- ”Abedi Ayew Pele is a former Ghanaian footbal player.”
- ”Ghana shall win the the 2022 AFCON.”
Precision and succint is very important when making
statements of mathematical significance.
- ”Fred Smith’s age is twenty years.”
- ”Fred Smith is twenty years old.”
- ”Fred and Susan are married.”
2 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Introduction
Logic is the study of arguments.
An argument is a sequence of statements of which one is
intended as a conclusion and the others, the premises.
Premise is intended to prove or at least provide some
evidence for the conclusion.
A statement is anything we can say, write or otherwise
express as either TRUE or FALSE.
The following statements are examples of statements:
- ”Fred Smith is twenty years old.”
- ”Abedi Ayew Pele is a former Ghanaian footbal player.”
- ”Ghana shall win the the 2022 AFCON.”
Precision and succint is very important when making
statements of mathematical significance.
- ”Fred Smith’s age is twenty years.”
- ”Fred Smith is twenty years old.”
- ”Fred and Susan are married.”
2 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Exercises

Classify the following expressions as statements or not.

1 Today is a nice day.
2 Is it going to snow tomorrow?
3 If you like to eat fufu, then you often dream about traveling
to Kumasi.
4 4<3
5 If x ≥ 2 then x 3 ≥ 1.
6 (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
7 y < 7.

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Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Statements

The Law of the Excluded Middle: Every statement is either

true or false, but not both.
New (complex) statements can be formed out of old
(component) statements.
We shall discuss FIVE ways of doing this:
1 conjunction, ∧.
2 disjunction, ∨.
3 negation, ∼.
4 conditional, →.
5 biconditional, ↔.

We use P and Q to represent statements.

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Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Statements

The Law of the Excluded Middle: Every statement is either

true or false, but not both.
New (complex) statements can be formed out of old
(component) statements.
We shall discuss FIVE ways of doing this:
1 conjunction, ∧.
2 disjunction, ∨.
3 negation, ∼.
4 conditional, →.
5 biconditional, ↔.

We use P and Q to represent statements.

4 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Statements

The Law of the Excluded Middle: Every statement is either

true or false, but not both.
New (complex) statements can be formed out of old
(component) statements.
We shall discuss FIVE ways of doing this:
1 conjunction, ∧.
2 disjunction, ∨.
3 negation, ∼.
4 conditional, →.
5 biconditional, ↔.

We use P and Q to represent statements.

4 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Statements

The Law of the Excluded Middle: Every statement is either

true or false, but not both.
New (complex) statements can be formed out of old
(component) statements.
We shall discuss FIVE ways of doing this:
1 conjunction, ∧.
2 disjunction, ∨.
3 negation, ∼.
4 conditional, →.
5 biconditional, ↔.

We use P and Q to represent statements.

4 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Statements

The Law of the Excluded Middle: Every statement is either

true or false, but not both.
New (complex) statements can be formed out of old
(component) statements.
We shall discuss FIVE ways of doing this:
1 conjunction, ∧.
2 disjunction, ∨.
3 negation, ∼.
4 conditional, →.
5 biconditional, ↔.

We use P and Q to represent statements.

4 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Statements

The Law of the Excluded Middle: Every statement is either

true or false, but not both.
New (complex) statements can be formed out of old
(component) statements.
We shall discuss FIVE ways of doing this:
1 conjunction, ∧.
2 disjunction, ∨.
3 negation, ∼.
4 conditional, →.
5 biconditional, ↔.

We use P and Q to represent statements.

4 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Statements

The Law of the Excluded Middle: Every statement is either

true or false, but not both.
New (complex) statements can be formed out of old
(component) statements.
We shall discuss FIVE ways of doing this:
1 conjunction, ∧.
2 disjunction, ∨.
3 negation, ∼.
4 conditional, →.
5 biconditional, ↔.

We use P and Q to represent statements.

4 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Statements

The Law of the Excluded Middle: Every statement is either

true or false, but not both.
New (complex) statements can be formed out of old
(component) statements.
We shall discuss FIVE ways of doing this:
1 conjunction, ∧.
2 disjunction, ∨.
3 negation, ∼.
4 conditional, →.
5 biconditional, ↔.

We use P and Q to represent statements.

4 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Statements

The Law of the Excluded Middle: Every statement is either

true or false, but not both.
New (complex) statements can be formed out of old
(component) statements.
We shall discuss FIVE ways of doing this:
1 conjunction, ∧.
2 disjunction, ∨.
3 negation, ∼.
4 conditional, →.
5 biconditional, ↔.

We use P and Q to represent statements.

4 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

conjunction, ∧
Denoted P ∧ Q and pronounced as P and Q.
Formally, we say: ’the conjunction of P and Q.’
The precise definition of
P ∧ Q is also given by the
Definition ’truth table.’
The conjunction of P and Q is P Q P ∧Q
[intuitively] true if both P and T T T
Q are true, and is false T F F
otherwise. F T F
F F F
Let P = ” it is raining today,” and Q = ”we are playing a
soccer game tonight.”
P ∧ Q” formally writes ”it is raining today and we are
playing a soccer game tonight.”
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Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

conjunction, ∧
Denoted P ∧ Q and pronounced as P and Q.
Formally, we say: ’the conjunction of P and Q.’
The precise definition of
P ∧ Q is also given by the
Definition ’truth table.’
The conjunction of P and Q is P Q P ∧Q
[intuitively] true if both P and T T T
Q are true, and is false T F F
otherwise. F T F
F F F
Let P = ” it is raining today,” and Q = ”we are playing a
soccer game tonight.”
P ∧ Q” formally writes ”it is raining today and we are
playing a soccer game tonight.”
5 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

conjunction, ∧
Denoted P ∧ Q and pronounced as P and Q.
Formally, we say: ’the conjunction of P and Q.’
The precise definition of
P ∧ Q is also given by the
Definition ’truth table.’
The conjunction of P and Q is P Q P ∧Q
[intuitively] true if both P and T T T
Q are true, and is false T F F
otherwise. F T F
F F F
Let P = ” it is raining today,” and Q = ”we are playing a
soccer game tonight.”
P ∧ Q” formally writes ”it is raining today and we are
playing a soccer game tonight.”
5 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

conjunction, ∧
Denoted P ∧ Q and pronounced as P and Q.
Formally, we say: ’the conjunction of P and Q.’
The precise definition of
P ∧ Q is also given by the
Definition ’truth table.’
The conjunction of P and Q is P Q P ∧Q
[intuitively] true if both P and T T T
Q are true, and is false T F F
otherwise. F T F
F F F
Let P = ” it is raining today,” and Q = ”we are playing a
soccer game tonight.”
P ∧ Q” formally writes ”it is raining today and we are
playing a soccer game tonight.”
5 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

disjunction, ∨.
We say P and Q to mean P ∨ Q.
More formally, we say: ’the disjunction of P and Q.’
The precise definition of
P ∨ Q is also given by the
Definition ’truth table.’
The disjunction of P and Q is P Q P ∨Q
[intuitively] TRUE if either P is T T T
true or Q is true, or both are T F T
true and false otherwise. F T T
F F F
Let P = ”my car is red,” and Q = ”it will rain today.”
P ∨ Q” formally writes ”my car is red or it will rain today.”
disjunction is inclusive. Everyday use of the word is
exclusive.
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Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

disjunction, ∨.
We say P and Q to mean P ∨ Q.
More formally, we say: ’the disjunction of P and Q.’
The precise definition of
P ∨ Q is also given by the
Definition ’truth table.’
The disjunction of P and Q is P Q P ∨Q
[intuitively] TRUE if either P is T T T
true or Q is true, or both are T F T
true and false otherwise. F T T
F F F
Let P = ”my car is red,” and Q = ”it will rain today.”
P ∨ Q” formally writes ”my car is red or it will rain today.”
disjunction is inclusive. Everyday use of the word is
exclusive.
6 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

disjunction, ∨.
We say P and Q to mean P ∨ Q.
More formally, we say: ’the disjunction of P and Q.’
The precise definition of
P ∨ Q is also given by the
Definition ’truth table.’
The disjunction of P and Q is P Q P ∨Q
[intuitively] TRUE if either P is T T T
true or Q is true, or both are T F T
true and false otherwise. F T T
F F F
Let P = ”my car is red,” and Q = ”it will rain today.”
P ∨ Q” formally writes ”my car is red or it will rain today.”
disjunction is inclusive. Everyday use of the word is
exclusive.
6 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

disjunction, ∨.
We say P and Q to mean P ∨ Q.
More formally, we say: ’the disjunction of P and Q.’
The precise definition of
P ∨ Q is also given by the
Definition ’truth table.’
The disjunction of P and Q is P Q P ∨Q
[intuitively] TRUE if either P is T T T
true or Q is true, or both are T F T
true and false otherwise. F T T
F F F
Let P = ”my car is red,” and Q = ”it will rain today.”
P ∨ Q” formally writes ”my car is red or it will rain today.”
disjunction is inclusive. Everyday use of the word is
exclusive.
6 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

disjunction, ∨.
We say P and Q to mean P ∨ Q.
More formally, we say: ’the disjunction of P and Q.’
The precise definition of
P ∨ Q is also given by the
Definition ’truth table.’
The disjunction of P and Q is P Q P ∨Q
[intuitively] TRUE if either P is T T T
true or Q is true, or both are T F T
true and false otherwise. F T T
F F F
Let P = ”my car is red,” and Q = ”it will rain today.”
P ∨ Q” formally writes ”my car is red or it will rain today.”
disjunction is inclusive. Everyday use of the word is
exclusive.
6 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

disjunction, ∨.
We say P and Q to mean P ∨ Q.
More formally, we say: ’the disjunction of P and Q.’
The precise definition of
P ∨ Q is also given by the
Definition ’truth table.’
The disjunction of P and Q is P Q P ∨Q
[intuitively] TRUE if either P is T T T
true or Q is true, or both are T F T
true and false otherwise. F T T
F F F
Let P = ”my car is red,” and Q = ”it will rain today.”
P ∨ Q” formally writes ”my car is red or it will rain today.”
disjunction is inclusive. Everyday use of the word is
exclusive.
6 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Avoiding confusion with ’OR’

Example
1. ”Tonight I will see a play, or I will watch a movie.”
Everyday usage
Mathematical usage Exclusive means either I
Inclusive: Either I will see will see a play or I will
a play, or I will watch a watch a movie but not
movie or both. both.
How should you exclude How should you express
the possibility that I might the possibility that I might
do both activities? see both a play and
watch a movie?
Example
2. ”When I was in france, I enjoyed eating the local fromage, or
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Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Avoiding confusion with ’OR’

Example
1. ”Tonight I will see a play, or I will watch a movie.”
Everyday usage
Mathematical usage Exclusive means either I
Inclusive: Either I will see will see a play or I will
a play, or I will watch a watch a movie but not
movie or both. both.
How should you exclude How should you express
the possibility that I might the possibility that I might
do both activities? see both a play and
watch a movie?
Example
2. ”When I was in france, I enjoyed eating the local fromage, or
7 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Avoiding confusion with ’OR’

Example
1. ”Tonight I will see a play, or I will watch a movie.”
Everyday usage
Mathematical usage Exclusive means either I
Inclusive: Either I will see will see a play or I will
a play, or I will watch a watch a movie but not
movie or both. both.
How should you exclude How should you express
the possibility that I might the possibility that I might
do both activities? see both a play and
watch a movie?
Example
2. ”When I was in france, I enjoyed eating the local fromage, or
7 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Avoiding confusion with ’OR’

Example
1. ”Tonight I will see a play, or I will watch a movie.”
Everyday usage
Mathematical usage Exclusive means either I
Inclusive: Either I will see will see a play or I will
a play, or I will watch a watch a movie but not
movie or both. both.
How should you exclude How should you express
the possibility that I might the possibility that I might
do both activities? see both a play and
watch a movie?
Example
2. ”When I was in france, I enjoyed eating the local fromage, or
7 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Negation, ¬

The negation of statement P, is denoted by ¬P or P .

Let P = ”Susan likes mushy bananas.” How do you
express ¬P?
¬P = ”Not Susan likes mushy bananas.”
¬P = ”It is not the case that Susan likes mushy bananas.”
simply put ¬P = ”Susan does not like mushy bananas.”
The precise definition of ¬P is also given by the truth table as
follows:
P ¬P
T F
F T

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Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Negation, ¬

The negation of statement P, is denoted by ¬P or P .

Let P = ”Susan likes mushy bananas.” How do you
express ¬P?
¬P = ”Not Susan likes mushy bananas.”
¬P = ”It is not the case that Susan likes mushy bananas.”
simply put ¬P = ”Susan does not like mushy bananas.”
The precise definition of ¬P is also given by the truth table as
follows:
P ¬P
T F
F T

8 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Negation, ¬

The negation of statement P, is denoted by ¬P or P .

Let P = ”Susan likes mushy bananas.” How do you
express ¬P?
¬P = ”Not Susan likes mushy bananas.”
¬P = ”It is not the case that Susan likes mushy bananas.”
simply put ¬P = ”Susan does not like mushy bananas.”
The precise definition of ¬P is also given by the truth table as
follows:
P ¬P
T F
F T

8 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Negation, ¬

The negation of statement P, is denoted by ¬P or P .

Let P = ”Susan likes mushy bananas.” How do you
express ¬P?
¬P = ”Not Susan likes mushy bananas.”
¬P = ”It is not the case that Susan likes mushy bananas.”
simply put ¬P = ”Susan does not like mushy bananas.”
The precise definition of ¬P is also given by the truth table as
follows:
P ¬P
T F
F T

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Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Negation, ¬

The negation of statement P, is denoted by ¬P or P .

Let P = ”Susan likes mushy bananas.” How do you
express ¬P?
¬P = ”Not Susan likes mushy bananas.”
¬P = ”It is not the case that Susan likes mushy bananas.”
simply put ¬P = ”Susan does not like mushy bananas.”
The precise definition of ¬P is also given by the truth table as
follows:
P ¬P
T F
F T

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Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Negation, ¬

The negation of statement P, is denoted by ¬P or P .

Let P = ”Susan likes mushy bananas.” How do you
express ¬P?
¬P = ”Not Susan likes mushy bananas.”
¬P = ”It is not the case that Susan likes mushy bananas.”
simply put ¬P = ”Susan does not like mushy bananas.”
The precise definition of ¬P is also given by the truth table as
follows:
P ¬P
T F
F T

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Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Negation, ¬

The negation of statement P, is denoted by ¬P or P .

Let P = ”Susan likes mushy bananas.” How do you
express ¬P?
¬P = ”Not Susan likes mushy bananas.”
¬P = ”It is not the case that Susan likes mushy bananas.”
simply put ¬P = ”Susan does not like mushy bananas.”
The precise definition of ¬P is also given by the truth table as
follows:
P ¬P
T F
F T

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Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Conditional, →
We read P → Q as ”If P The precise definition is given
then Q.” in the truth table:
More formally, we say the P Q P→Q
conditional from P to Q. T T T
Intuitively, the statement T F F
P → Q is true if it is F T T
never the case that P is F F T
true and Q is false.
Compare the truth table of P ∧ Q with that of P → Q.
Let P = ” It will rain today,” Q = ”I will see a movie this
evening”
P → Q = ”If it rains today, then I will see a movie this
evening.”
Here, there’s a clear distinction between reality and truth.
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Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Conditional, →
We read P → Q as ”If P The precise definition is given
then Q.” in the truth table:
More formally, we say the P Q P→Q
conditional from P to Q. T T T
Intuitively, the statement T F F
P → Q is true if it is F T T
never the case that P is F F T
true and Q is false.
Compare the truth table of P ∧ Q with that of P → Q.
Let P = ” It will rain today,” Q = ”I will see a movie this
evening”
P → Q = ”If it rains today, then I will see a movie this
evening.”
Here, there’s a clear distinction between reality and truth.
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Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Conditional, →
We read P → Q as ”If P The precise definition is given
then Q.” in the truth table:
More formally, we say the P Q P→Q
conditional from P to Q. T T T
Intuitively, the statement T F F
P → Q is true if it is F T T
never the case that P is F F T
true and Q is false.
Compare the truth table of P ∧ Q with that of P → Q.
Let P = ” It will rain today,” Q = ”I will see a movie this
evening”
P → Q = ”If it rains today, then I will see a movie this
evening.”
Here, there’s a clear distinction between reality and truth.
9 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Conditional, →
We read P → Q as ”If P The precise definition is given
then Q.” in the truth table:
More formally, we say the P Q P→Q
conditional from P to Q. T T T
Intuitively, the statement T F F
P → Q is true if it is F T T
never the case that P is F F T
true and Q is false.
Compare the truth table of P ∧ Q with that of P → Q.
Let P = ” It will rain today,” Q = ”I will see a movie this
evening”
P → Q = ”If it rains today, then I will see a movie this
evening.”
Here, there’s a clear distinction between reality and truth.
9 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Conditional, →
We read P → Q as ”If P The precise definition is given
then Q.” in the truth table:
More formally, we say the P Q P→Q
conditional from P to Q. T T T
Intuitively, the statement T F F
P → Q is true if it is F T T
never the case that P is F F T
true and Q is false.
Compare the truth table of P ∧ Q with that of P → Q.
Let P = ” It will rain today,” Q = ”I will see a movie this
evening”
P → Q = ”If it rains today, then I will see a movie this
evening.”
Here, there’s a clear distinction between reality and truth.
9 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Conditional, →
We read P → Q as ”If P The precise definition is given
then Q.” in the truth table:
More formally, we say the P Q P→Q
conditional from P to Q. T T T
Intuitively, the statement T F F
P → Q is true if it is F T T
never the case that P is F F T
true and Q is false.
Compare the truth table of P ∧ Q with that of P → Q.
Let P = ” It will rain today,” Q = ”I will see a movie this
evening”
P → Q = ”If it rains today, then I will see a movie this
evening.”
Here, there’s a clear distinction between reality and truth.
9 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Conditional, →
We read P → Q as ”If P The precise definition is given
then Q.” in the truth table:
More formally, we say the P Q P→Q
conditional from P to Q. T T T
Intuitively, the statement T F F
P → Q is true if it is F T T
never the case that P is F F T
true and Q is false.
Compare the truth table of P ∧ Q with that of P → Q.
Let P = ” It will rain today,” Q = ”I will see a movie this
evening”
P → Q = ”If it rains today, then I will see a movie this
evening.”
Here, there’s a clear distinction between reality and truth.
9 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Conditional, →
We read P → Q as ”If P The precise definition is given
then Q.” in the truth table:
More formally, we say the P Q P→Q
conditional from P to Q. T T T
Intuitively, the statement T F F
P → Q is true if it is F T T
never the case that P is F F T
true and Q is false.
Compare the truth table of P ∧ Q with that of P → Q.
Let P = ” It will rain today,” Q = ”I will see a movie this
evening”
P → Q = ”If it rains today, then I will see a movie this
evening.”
Here, there’s a clear distinction between reality and truth.
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Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Conditional, →

Order of writing does not count, but rather the logical

relationship.
Q ← P is same as P → Q.
Other variations of P → Q.
1 If P, Q;
2 Q if P;
3 P only if Q;
4 Q provided P;
5 Assuming that P, then Q;
6 Q given that P;
7 P is sufficient for Q;
8 Q is necessary for P.

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Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Conditional, →

Order of writing does not count, but rather the logical

relationship.
Q ← P is same as P → Q.
Other variations of P → Q.
1 If P, Q;
2 Q if P;
3 P only if Q;
4 Q provided P;
5 Assuming that P, then Q;
6 Q given that P;
7 P is sufficient for Q;
8 Q is necessary for P.

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Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Conditional, →

Order of writing does not count, but rather the logical

relationship.
Q ← P is same as P → Q.
Other variations of P → Q.
1 If P, Q;
2 Q if P;
3 P only if Q;
4 Q provided P;
5 Assuming that P, then Q;
6 Q given that P;
7 P is sufficient for Q;
8 Q is necessary for P.

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Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Conditional, →

Order of writing does not count, but rather the logical

relationship.
Q ← P is same as P → Q.
Other variations of P → Q.
1 If P, Q;
2 Q if P;
3 P only if Q;
4 Q provided P;
5 Assuming that P, then Q;
6 Q given that P;
7 P is sufficient for Q;
8 Q is necessary for P.

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Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Conditional, →

Order of writing does not count, but rather the logical

relationship.
Q ← P is same as P → Q.
Other variations of P → Q.
1 If P, Q;
2 Q if P;
3 P only if Q;
4 Q provided P;
5 Assuming that P, then Q;
6 Q given that P;
7 P is sufficient for Q;
8 Q is necessary for P.

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Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Conditional, →

Order of writing does not count, but rather the logical

relationship.
Q ← P is same as P → Q.
Other variations of P → Q.
1 If P, Q;
2 Q if P;
3 P only if Q;
4 Q provided P;
5 Assuming that P, then Q;
6 Q given that P;
7 P is sufficient for Q;
8 Q is necessary for P.

10 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Conditional, →

Order of writing does not count, but rather the logical

relationship.
Q ← P is same as P → Q.
Other variations of P → Q.
1 If P, Q;
2 Q if P;
3 P only if Q;
4 Q provided P;
5 Assuming that P, then Q;
6 Q given that P;
7 P is sufficient for Q;
8 Q is necessary for P.

10 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Conditional, →

Order of writing does not count, but rather the logical

relationship.
Q ← P is same as P → Q.
Other variations of P → Q.
1 If P, Q;
2 Q if P;
3 P only if Q;
4 Q provided P;
5 Assuming that P, then Q;
6 Q given that P;
7 P is sufficient for Q;
8 Q is necessary for P.

10 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Conditional, →

Order of writing does not count, but rather the logical

relationship.
Q ← P is same as P → Q.
Other variations of P → Q.
1 If P, Q;
2 Q if P;
3 P only if Q;
4 Q provided P;
5 Assuming that P, then Q;
6 Q given that P;
7 P is sufficient for Q;
8 Q is necessary for P.

10 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Conditional, →

Order of writing does not count, but rather the logical

relationship.
Q ← P is same as P → Q.
Other variations of P → Q.
1 If P, Q;
2 Q if P;
3 P only if Q;
4 Q provided P;
5 Assuming that P, then Q;
6 Q given that P;
7 P is sufficient for Q;
8 Q is necessary for P.

10 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Conditional, →

Order of writing does not count, but rather the logical

relationship.
Q ← P is same as P → Q.
Other variations of P → Q.
1 If P, Q;
2 Q if P;
3 P only if Q;
4 Q provided P;
5 Assuming that P, then Q;
6 Q given that P;
7 P is sufficient for Q;
8 Q is necessary for P.

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Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Biconditional, ↔
The precise definition is given
in the truth table:
We read P ↔ Q as ”P if P Q P↔Q
and only if Q.” T T T
The phrase if and only if T F F
is abbreviated as ”iff.” F T F
F F T
E.g. ”I will go for a walk if and only if Fred will join me.”
The truth of this statement is either ”Fred will join me and I
will go for a walk,” or that neither of these things will
happen.
Again, note the reality from truth!!!
P ↔ Q is same as Q ↔ P. Order is not important.
A very common variation is: P is necessary and
sufficient for Q.
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Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Biconditional, ↔
The precise definition is given
in the truth table:
We read P ↔ Q as ”P if P Q P↔Q
and only if Q.” T T T
The phrase if and only if T F F
is abbreviated as ”iff.” F T F
F F T
E.g. ”I will go for a walk if and only if Fred will join me.”
The truth of this statement is either ”Fred will join me and I
will go for a walk,” or that neither of these things will
happen.
Again, note the reality from truth!!!
P ↔ Q is same as Q ↔ P. Order is not important.
A very common variation is: P is necessary and
sufficient for Q.
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Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Biconditional, ↔
The precise definition is given
in the truth table:
We read P ↔ Q as ”P if P Q P↔Q
and only if Q.” T T T
The phrase if and only if T F F
is abbreviated as ”iff.” F T F
F F T
E.g. ”I will go for a walk if and only if Fred will join me.”
The truth of this statement is either ”Fred will join me and I
will go for a walk,” or that neither of these things will
happen.
Again, note the reality from truth!!!
P ↔ Q is same as Q ↔ P. Order is not important.
A very common variation is: P is necessary and
sufficient for Q.
11 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Biconditional, ↔
The precise definition is given
in the truth table:
We read P ↔ Q as ”P if P Q P↔Q
and only if Q.” T T T
The phrase if and only if T F F
is abbreviated as ”iff.” F T F
F F T
E.g. ”I will go for a walk if and only if Fred will join me.”
The truth of this statement is either ”Fred will join me and I
will go for a walk,” or that neither of these things will
happen.
Again, note the reality from truth!!!
P ↔ Q is same as Q ↔ P. Order is not important.
A very common variation is: P is necessary and
sufficient for Q.
11 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Biconditional, ↔
The precise definition is given
in the truth table:
We read P ↔ Q as ”P if P Q P↔Q
and only if Q.” T T T
The phrase if and only if T F F
is abbreviated as ”iff.” F T F
F F T
E.g. ”I will go for a walk if and only if Fred will join me.”
The truth of this statement is either ”Fred will join me and I
will go for a walk,” or that neither of these things will
happen.
Again, note the reality from truth!!!
P ↔ Q is same as Q ↔ P. Order is not important.
A very common variation is: P is necessary and
sufficient for Q.
11 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Biconditional, ↔
The precise definition is given
in the truth table:
We read P ↔ Q as ”P if P Q P↔Q
and only if Q.” T T T
The phrase if and only if T F F
is abbreviated as ”iff.” F T F
F F T
E.g. ”I will go for a walk if and only if Fred will join me.”
The truth of this statement is either ”Fred will join me and I
will go for a walk,” or that neither of these things will
happen.
Again, note the reality from truth!!!
P ↔ Q is same as Q ↔ P. Order is not important.
A very common variation is: P is necessary and
sufficient for Q.
11 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Biconditional, ↔
The precise definition is given
in the truth table:
We read P ↔ Q as ”P if P Q P↔Q
and only if Q.” T T T
The phrase if and only if T F F
is abbreviated as ”iff.” F T F
F F T
E.g. ”I will go for a walk if and only if Fred will join me.”
The truth of this statement is either ”Fred will join me and I
will go for a walk,” or that neither of these things will
happen.
Again, note the reality from truth!!!
P ↔ Q is same as Q ↔ P. Order is not important.
A very common variation is: P is necessary and
sufficient for Q.
11 / 13
Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Biconditional, ↔
The precise definition is given
in the truth table:
We read P ↔ Q as ”P if P Q P↔Q
and only if Q.” T T T
The phrase if and only if T F F
is abbreviated as ”iff.” F T F
F F T
E.g. ”I will go for a walk if and only if Fred will join me.”
The truth of this statement is either ”Fred will join me and I
will go for a walk,” or that neither of these things will
happen.
Again, note the reality from truth!!!
P ↔ Q is same as Q ↔ P. Order is not important.
A very common variation is: P is necessary and
sufficient for Q.
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Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

Exercises

Let X = ”The house is blue”, let F = ”The house is 30 years

old” and G = ”The house is ugly.” Translate the following
statements into symbols.
1 If the house is 30 years old, then it is ugly.
2 If the house is blue, then it is ugly or it is 30 years old.
3 The house is 30 years old if it is blue, and it is not ugly if it
is 30 years old.
4 For the house to be ugly, it is necessary and sufficient that
it is blue and 30 years old.

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Logic: Statements basics Logic: Forming new statements Conjunctions Disjunctions Negations Conditional Biconditional

End of Class.
Thank you.

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