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Phase 2 of the document outlines the data preprocessing and model design for contextual language understanding using transformer models. It details steps such as data cleaning, feature engineering, dimensionality reduction, and the design of transformer models, including training and validation processes. The phase emphasizes the importance of preparing textual data effectively to leverage the strengths of models like BERT, GPT, and T5 for various NLP tasks.

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2 views5 pages

Phase 2 Ibm

Phase 2 of the document outlines the data preprocessing and model design for contextual language understanding using transformer models. It details steps such as data cleaning, feature engineering, dimensionality reduction, and the design of transformer models, including training and validation processes. The phase emphasizes the importance of preparing textual data effectively to leverage the strengths of models like BERT, GPT, and T5 for various NLP tasks.

Uploaded by

shruthi.parvam
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Contextual Language Understanding with Transformer Models: NLP

Capabilities
Phase 2: Data Preprocessing and Model Design
2.1 Overview of Data Preprocessing
Effective contextual language understanding in NLP involves preparing the textual data for
transformer-based models. This phase includes cleaning and transforming text data to create
robust and meaningful input for training. It covers handling noise, encoding text efficiently,
and preparing the data to leverage the strengths of transformer architectures like BERT, GPT,
or T5.

2.2 Data Cleaning: Handling Noise, Missing Values, and Inconsistencies


Cleaning textual data ensures that the input to the NLP model is meaningful and free of
distractions.
Noise Removal: Unnecessary elements like HTML tags, special characters, and irrelevant
content were removed using techniques like regex and specialized text-processing libraries.
Handling Missing Values: Missing textual data was treated as follows:
Complete Deletion: For instances where entire texts were missing and their exclusion
wouldn’t bias the dataset.
Imputation: Short descriptions or placeholder texts (e.g., "No data available") were
replaced with contextually relevant information when feasible.
Normalization: Converting text to lowercase, expanding contractions (e.g., "don’t" to "do
not"), and standardizing abbreviations to improve consistency.
Tokenization Validation: Ensuring tokenization processes align with the transformer model
requirements (e.g., proper sentence splitting for models like BERT).
Code for Data Cleaning:

import pandas as pd

# Sample dataset
data = pd.DataFrame({
"text": ["This is a sample.", None, "Another example text.", ""]
})

# Replace missing values with a placeholder


data["text"].fillna("[No Text Provided]", inplace=True)
# Replace empty strings with placeholder
data["text"] = data["text"].replace("", "[No Text Provided]")
print(data)
Screenshot:
2.3 Feature Engineering: Text Tokenization and Encoding
Transformers rely on tokenized and encoded text data for input. The following steps were
undertaken:
Tokenization:
- Employed subword tokenizers like WordPiece (used in BERT) or Byte Pair Encoding (used
in GPT) to manage vocabulary size and represent rare words effectively.
- Ensured token sequences respected model-specific maximum length constraints by
truncating or padding sequences.
Special Tokens:
- Added special tokens as required by transformer models (e.g., [CLS] for classification
tasks, [SEP] for separating sentences).
Embedding Preparation:
- Leveraged pre-trained embeddings (e.g., from BERT or GPT) for contextualized token
representation, which captures syntactic and semantic nuances of text.
Code for feature encoding:

from transformers import AutoTokenizer

def encode_texts(texts, model_name="bert-base-uncased"):


tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name)
encoded_inputs = tokenizer(
texts,
max_length=128,
padding="max_length",
truncation=True,
return_tensors="pt"
)
return encoded_inputs

sample_texts = ["Transformers are powerful models.", "Tokenization is a critical step."]


encoded_texts = encode_texts(sample_texts)
print(encoded_texts)
Screenshot:

2.4 Dimensionality Reduction and Optimization


Transformer models often operate on high-dimensional embeddings, making efficient data
handling critical:
Sequence Length Reduction:
- For tasks involving long documents, segment-level embeddings or hierarchical attention
mechanisms were used to retain essential context while reducing input size.
Feature Selection:
- Focused on selecting salient features (e.g., keywords or named entities) to reduce noise in
contextual analysis tasks.
Code for Dimensionality Reduction and optimization:

from sklearn.decomposition import PCA


# Example: Reducing feature dimensionality with PCA
embedded_features = np.random.rand(100, 768) # Simulated embeddings
pca = PCA(n_components=100)
reduced_features = pca.fit_transform(embedded_features)
print(f"Reduced dimensions: {reduced_features.shape}")

Screenshot:
2.5 Transformer Model Design
The transformer model was chosen for its attention mechanism, which captures long-range
dependencies in text effectively. The following architecture and design considerations were
adopted:
Model Selection:
- Selected pre-trained transformer models such as BERT (for bidirectional encoding), GPT
(for generative tasks), or T5 (for text-to-text transformations) based on task requirements.
Fine-Tuning Setup:
- Added task-specific heads, such as classification heads for sentiment analysis or question-
answering heads for contextual queries.
Loss Function and Optimization:
- Used cross-entropy loss for classification tasks and mean squared error (MSE) for
regression tasks.
- Employed the AdamW optimizer for efficient gradient-based optimization.
2.6 Model Training and Validation
Training involved fine-tuning the pre-trained transformer model on the task-specific dataset:
Data Splitting:
- Split data into training, validation, and test sets (e.g., 70-15-15 split).
- Ensured balanced class distributions for classification tasks.
Training Configuration:
- Batch size: 16-32.
- Learning rate: 5e-5 to 1e-4 (adjusted via warm-up scheduling).
- Epochs: 3-10, depending on convergence and overfitting checks.
Validation and Metrics:
- Monitored accuracy, F1-score, and perplexity during training.
- Evaluated generalization using validation loss and test performance.
Code for Model Training and Validation:

import torch
from torch.optim import AdamW
from transformers import get_scheduler
Optimizer and scheduler
optimizer = AdamW(model.parameters(), lr=5e-5)
scheduler = get_scheduler(
"linear", optimizer=optimizer, num_warmup_steps=0, num_training_steps=10
)

# Training loop
for epoch in range(3):
model.train()
for batch in data_loader:
input_ids, labels = batch
outputs = model(input_ids, labels=labels)
loss = outputs.loss
loss.backward()
optimizer.step()
scheduler.step()
optimizer.zero_grad()

print("Training complete.")
Screenshot:

2.7 Conclusion of Phase 2


Phase 2 focused on preparing and modeling textual data for contextual understanding using
transformers. This included robust preprocessing, tokenization, and leveraging the pre-
trained transformer’s capabilities. The fine-tuning process enabled the model to adapt
effectively to specific tasks, laying a strong foundation for evaluating and deploying
contextual NLP applications in subsequent phases

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