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Class -XI Chapter-4 [Working with Lists and Dictionaries] Subject:IP

4.1 Introduction to List

● List is a collection of items/values/elements, in which items are separated by
commas and enclosed in square brackets [ ]
● List can have items of different data types such as integer, float, string, tuple or even
another list
● List is mutable [ we can change the element of list anytime]

Ex:

#list1 is the list of six even numbers

>>> list1 = [2,4,6,8,10,12] #list2 is the list of vowels
>>> print(list1) >>> list2 = ['a','e','i','o','u']
[2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12] >>> print(list2)
['a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u']

#list3 is the list of mixed data types

>>> list3 = [100,23.5,'Hello'] —-------> It can be either ‘Hello’ or “Hello”
>>> print(list3)
[100, 23.5, 'Hello']

#list4 is the list of lists called nested list

>>> list4 =[['Physics',101],['Chemistry',202], ['Mathematics',303]]
>>> print(list4)
[['Physics', 101], ['Chemistry', 202], ['Mathematics', 303]]

4.1.1 Accessing Elements in a List

● Each element in the list is accessed using a value called index.
● The first index value is 0, the second index is 1 and so on.
● Elements in the list are assigned index values in increasing order starting from 0
● We may also use negative index value to access elements starting from the last
element in the list, having index value -0
Ex:1

>>>myList[0]
3 //first element of list ‘myList’
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>>>myList[-2]
10 //4th element of list ‘myList’

Ex:2

#initialling a list named list1

>>> list1 = [2,4,6,8,10,12]
>>> list1[0] #returns first element of list1
2
>>> list1[3] #returns fourth element of list1 8

#Out of range index value for the list returns error

>>> list1[15]
IndexError: list index out of range

#an expression resulting in an integer index

>>> list1[1+4]
12
>>> list1[-1] #return first element from right or last element of the list
12

#length of the list1 is assigned to n

>>> n = len(list1) Note : len( ) -> return length or total number of elements of list
>>> print(n)
6
#Get the last element of the list1
>>> list1[n-1]
12

4.1.2 Lists are Mutable

In Python, lists are mutable. It means that the elements/values/items of the list can be
changed after it has been created.
Ex:
#List list1 of colours
>>> list1 = ['Red','Green','Blue','Orange']
#change/override the fourth element of list1
>>> list1[3] = 'Black' #Third element of list ‘Blue’ will be replaced by ‘Black’ element
>>> list1 #print the modified list ‘list1’
['Red', 'Green', 'Blue', 'Black']

4.2 List Operations

The data type list allows manipulation of its contents through various operations as shown
below.
4.2.1 Concatenation
Python allows us to join two or more lists using the concatenation operator +.

#list1 is list of first five odd integers

>>> list1 = [1,3,5,7,9]
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#list2 is list of first five even integers

>>> list2 = [2,4,6,8,10] #Get elements of list1 followed by list2

>>> list1 + list2 ‘

[1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

Ex:2
>>> list3 = ['Red','Green','Blue']
>>> list4 = ['Cyan', 'Magenta', 'Yellow' ,'Black']
>>> list3 + list4
['Red','Green','Blue','Cyan','Magenta', 'Yellow','Black']

Ex:3 '+’ requires that the operands should be of list type only
>>> list1 = [1,2,3] ← list1 is type of list
>>> str1 = "abc" ← str1 is type of str
>>> list1 + str1
TypeError: can only concatenate list (not "str") to list

LAB Exercise
What will be the output of following python programs

● >>>str1 =”Hello” ● >>> a = “Hi”

>>>str2 = “World!” >>> b = 3
str1 + str2 a+b

4.2.2 Repetition
Python allows us to replicate the contents of a list using repetition operator * .
>>> list1 = ['Hello']

#elements of list1 repeated 4 times

>>> list1 * 4
['Hello', 'Hello', 'Hello', 'Hello']

4.2.3 Membership
The membership operator (in) checks if the element is present in the list and returns True,
else returns False.
>>> list1 = ['Red','Green','Blue']
>>> 'Green' in list1
True
Operator (not in) returns True if the element is not present in the list, else it returns False.
>>> list1 = ['Red','Green','Blue']
>>> 'Cyan' not in list1
True

4.2.4 Slicing
Slicing operations allow us to create new list by taking out elements from an existing list.
>>> list1 =['Red','Green','Blue','Cyan', 'Magenta','Yellow','Black']
#subject from indexes 2 to 5 of list 1
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>>> list1[2:6] # first index = 2 , second index = 6

['Blue', 'Cyan', 'Magenta', 'Yellow']

>>>list1[2:40] #second index is out of range

['Blue', 'Cyan', 'Magenta', 'Yellow', 'Black']

>>> list1[7:2] #first index > second index

[ ] #results in an empty list

#return sublist from index 0 to 4

>>> list1[:5] #first index missing
['Red','Green','Blue','Cyan','Magenta']
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4.4 List Methods and Built-in Functions

The data type list has several built-in methods that
are useful in programming. Some of them are listed in
Table 4.1.

Table 4.1 Built-in functions for list manipulation

Method Description Example

len() Returns the length of the list passed as >>> list1 = [10,20,30,40,50]
the argument >>> len(list1)
5

list() Creates an empty list if no argument is >>> list1 = list()

passed >>> list1
[ ]

>>> str1= 'aeiou'

Creates a list if a sequence is passed as >>> list1 = list(str1)
an argument >>> list1
['a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u']

append() Appends a single element passed as an >>> list1 = [10,20,30,40]

argument at the end of the list >>> list1.append(50)
>>> list1
A list can also be appended as an ele- [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
ment to an existing list >>> list1 = [10,20,30,40]
>>> list1.append([50,60])
>>> list1
[10, 20, 30, 40, [50, 60]]

extend() Appends each element of the list passed >>> list1 = [10,20,30]
as argument at the end of the given list >>> list2 = [40,50]
>>> list1.extend(list2)
>>> list1
[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

insert() Inserts an element at a particular index >>> list1 = [10,20,30,40,50]

in the list #inserts element 25 at index value 2
>>> list1.insert(2,25)
>>> list1
[10, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50]
>>> list1.insert(0,100)
>>> list1
[100, 10, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50]

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Working with Lists and Dictionaries 61

count() Returns the number of times a given >>> list1 = [10,20,30,10,40,10]

element appears in the list >>> list1.count(10)
3
>>> list1.count(90)
0

find() Returns index of the first occurrence of >>> list1 = [10,20,30,20,40,10]

the element in the list. If the element is >>> list1.index(20)
not present, ValueError is generated 1
>>> list1.index(90)
ValueError: 90 is not in list
remove() Removes the given element from the >>> list1 = [10,20,30,40,50,30]
list. If the element is present multi- >>> list1.remove(30)
ple times, only the first occurrence is >>> list1
removed. If the element is not present, [10, 20, 40, 50, 30]
then ValueError is generated >>> list1.remove(90)
ValueError:list.remove(x):x not in
list

pop() Returns the element whose index is >>> list1 = [10,20,30,40,50,60]

passed as argument to this function >>> list1.pop(3)
and also removes it from the list. If no 40
argument is given, then it returns and >>> list1
removes the last element of the list [10, 20, 30, 50, 60]
>>> list1 = [10,20,30,40,50,60]
>>> list1.pop()
60
>>> list1
[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
reverse() Reverses the order of elements in the >>> list1 = [34,66,12,89,28,99]
given list >>> list1.reverse()
>>> list1
[ 99, 28, 89, 12, 66, 34]

>>> list1 = [ 'Tiger' ,'Zebra' ,

'Lion' , 'Cat' ,'Elephant' ,'Dog']
>>> list1.reverse()
>>> list1
['Dog', 'Elephant', 'Cat', 'Lion',
'Zebra', 'Tiger']
sort() Sorts the elements of the given list in >>>list1 = ['Tiger','Zebra','Lion',
place 'Cat', 'Elephant' ,'Dog']
>>> list1.sort()
>>> list1
['Cat', 'Dog', 'Elephant', 'Lion',
'Tiger', 'Zebra']

>>> list1 = [34,66,12,89,28,99]

>>> list1.sort(reverse = True)
>>>list1
[99,89,66,34,28,12]

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sorted() It takes a list as parameter and creates >>>list1 = [23,45,11,67,85,56]

a new list consisting of the same ele- >>> list2 = sorted(list1)
ments but arranged in ascending order >>> list1
[23, 45, 11, 67, 85, 56]
>>> list2
[11, 23, 45, 56, 67, 85]
min() Returns minimum or smallest element >>> list1 = [34,12,63,39,92,44]
of the list >>> min(list1)
12
max() Returns maximum or largest element of >>> max(list1)
the list 92
sum() Returns sum of the elements of the list >>> sum(list1)
284

4.5 List Manipulation

In this chapter, we have learnt to create a list and the different ways to
manipulate lists. In the following programs, we will apply the various list
manipulation methods.

Program 4-1 Write a program to allow user to perform any those list operation
given in a menu. The menu is:
1. Append an element
2. Insert an element
3. Append a list to the given list
4. Modify an existing element
5. Delete an existing element from its position
6. Delete an existing element with a given value
7. Sort the list in the ascending order
8. Sort the list in descending order
9. Display the list.
#Program 4-1
#Menu driven program to do various list operations
myList = [22,4,16,38,13] #myList having 5 elements
choice = 0
For attempt in range (3): print ("Attempt number:", attempt)
print("The list 'myList' has the following elements", myList)
print("\nL I S T O P E R A T I O N S")
print(" 1. Append an element")
print(" 2. Insert an element at the desired position")
print(" 3. Append a list to the given list")
print(" 4. Modify an existing element")
print(" 5. Delete an existing element by its position")
print(" 6. Delete an existing element by its value")

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Working with Lists and Dictionaries 63

print(" 7. Sort the list in ascending order")

print(" 8. Sort the list in descending order")
print(" 9. Display the list")
choice = int(input("ENTER YOUR CHOICE (1-9): "))

#append element
if choice == 1:
element = eval(input("Enter the element to be appended: "))
myList.append(element)
print("The element has been appended\n")

#insert an element at desired position

elif choice == 2:
element = eval(input("Enter the element to be inserted: "))
pos = int(input("Enter the position:"))
myList.insert(pos,element)
print("The element has been inserted\n")

#append a list to the given list

elif choice == 3:
newList = eval(input("Enter the list to be appended: "))
myList.extend(newList)
print("The list has been appended\n")

#modify an existing element

elif choice == 4:
i = int(input("Enter the position of the element to be
modified: "))
if i < len(myList):
newElement = eval(input("Enter the new element: "))
oldElement = myList[i]
myList[i] = newElement
print("The element",oldElement,"has been modified\n")
else:
print("Position of the element is more then the length
of list")

#delete an existing element by position

elif choice == 5:
i = int(input("Enter the position of the element to be
deleted: "))
if i < len(myList):
element = myList.pop(i)
print("The element",element,"has been deleted\n")
else:
print("\nPosition of the element is more then the length
of list")

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#delete an existing element by value

elif choice == 6:
element = int(input("\nEnter the element to be deleted: "))
if element in myList:
myList.remove(element)
print("\nThe element",element,"has been deleted\n")
else:
print("\nElement",element,"is not present in the list")

#list in sorted order

elif choice == 7:
myList.sort()
print("\nThe list has been sorted")

#list in reverse sorted order

elif choice == 8:
myList.sort(reverse = True)
print("\nThe list has been sorted in reverse order")

#display the list

elif choice == 9:
print("\nThe list is:", myList)
else:
print("Choice is not valid")
Output:
The list 'myList' has the following elements [22, 4, 16, 38, 13]
Attempt number : 1
L I S T O P E R A T I O N S
1. Append an element
2. Insert an element at the desired position
3. Append a list to the given list
4. Modify an existing element
5. Delete an existing element by its position
6. Delete an existing element by its value
7. Sort the list in ascending order
8. Sort the list in descending order
9. Display the list
ENTER YOUR CHOICE (1-10): 8

The list has been sorted in reverse order

The list 'myList' has the following elements [38, 22, 16, 13, 4]
Attempt number : 2
L I S T O P E R A T I O N S
1. Append an element

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Working with Lists and Dictionaries 65

2. Insert an element at the desired position

3. Append a list to the given list
4. Modify an existing element
5. Delete an existing element by its position
6. Delete an existing element by its value
7. Sort the list in ascending order
8. Sort the list in descending order
9. Display the list
ENTER YOUR CHOICE (1-9) 5
Enter the position of the element to be deleted: 2
The element 16 has been deleted

The list 'myList' has the following elements [38, 22, 13, 4]
Attempt number : 3
L I S T O P E R A T I O N S
1. Append an element
2. Insert an element at the desired position
3. Append a list to the given list
4. Modify an existing element
5. Delete an existing element by its position
6. Delete an existing element by its value
7. Sort the list in ascending order
8. Sort the list in descending order
9. Display the list
ENTER YOUR CHOICE (1-9) 10
choice is not valid

Program 4-2 A program to calculate average marks

of n students where n is entered by
the user.
#Program 4-2
#create an empty list
list1 = []
print("How many students marks you want to enter: ")
n = int(input())
for i in range(0,n):
print("Enter marks of student",(i+1),":")
marks = int(input())
#append marks in the list
list1.append(marks)
#initialize total
total = 0
for marks in list1:

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#add marks to total

total = total + marks
average = total / n
print("Average marks of",n,"students is:",average)
Output:
How many students marks you want to enter:
5
Enter marks of student 1:
45
Enter marks of student 2:
89
Enter marks of student 3:
79
Enter marks of student 4:
76
Enter marks of student 5:
55
Average marks of 5 students is: 68.8

Program 4-3 Write a program to check if a number is

present in the list or not. If the number
is present, print the position of the
number. Print an appropriate message if
the number is not present in the list.
#Program 4-3
list1 = [] #Create an empty list
print("How many numbers do you want to enter in the list: ")
maximum = int(input())
print("Enter a list of numbers: ")
for i in range(0,maximum):
n = int(input())
list1.append(n) #append numbers to the list
num = int(input("Enter the number to be searched: "))

position = -1
for i in range (0, lin (list1)
if list1[i] == num: #number is present
position = i+1 #save the position of number
if position == -1 :
print("Number",num,"is not present in the list")
else:
print("Number",num,"is present at",position + 1, "position")
Output:
How many numbers do you want to enter in the list
5

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Enter a list of numbers: 23 567 12 89 324

Enter the number to be searched:12
Number 12 is present at 3 position

4.6 Introduction to Dictionaries

● It is a mapping between a set of keys and a set of values.
● The key-value pair is called an item.
● A key is separated from its value by a colon(:) and consecutive items are separated
by commas.
● Items in dictionaries are unordered, so we may not get back the data in the same
order in which we had entered the data initially in the dictionary.

4.6.1 Creating a Dictionary

● The keys in the dictionary must be unique and should be of any data type i.e.
number, string or tuple.
● The values can be repeated and can be of any data type.
Example 4.2
#dict1 is an empty dictionary
>>> dict1 = {}
>>> dict1
{}

#dict3 is the dictionary that maps names of the students to marks in percentage
>>> dict3 = {'Mohan':95,'Ram':89,'Suhel':92, 'Sangeeta':85}
>>> dict3
{'Mohan': 95, 'Ram': 89, 'Suhel': 92, 'Sangeeta': 85}

4.6.2 Accessing Items in a Dictionary

The items of a dictionary are accessed via the keys rather than via their relative positions or
indices. Each key serves as the index and maps to a value.

>>> dict3 = {'Mohan':95,'Ram':89,'Suhel':92, 'Sangeeta':85}

>>> dict3['Ram']
89
>>> dict3['Sangeeta']
85
#using unspecified key
>>> dict3['Shyam'] ←- key ‘Shyam’ is not present in dict3, it will throw an error
KeyError: 'Shyam'

4.6.4 Dictionaries are Mutable

Dictionaries are mutable which implies that the contents of the dictionary can be changed
after it has been created
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dict() Creates a dictionary from a pair1 = [('Mohan',95),('Ram',89),

sequence of key-value pairs ('Suhel',92),('Sangeeta',85)]
>>> pair1
[('Mohan', 95), ('Ram', 89), ('Suhel',
92), ('Sangeeta', 85)]
>>> dict1 = dict(pair1)
>>> dict1
{'Mohan': 95, 'Ram': 89, 'Suhel': 92,
'Sangeeta': 85}

keys() Returns a list of keys in the >>> dict1 = {'Mohan':95, 'Ram':89,

dictionary 'Suhel':92, 'Sangeeta':85}
>>> dict1.keys()
dict_keys(['Mohan', 'Ram', 'Suhel',
'Sangeeta'])

values() Returns a list of values in the >>> dict1 = {'Mohan':95, 'Ram':89,

dictionary 'Suhel':92, 'Sangeeta':85}
>>> dict1.values()
dict_values([95, 89, 92, 85])

items() Returns a list of tuples (key — >>> dict1 = {'Mohan':95, 'Ram':89,

value) pair 'Suhel':92, 'Sangeeta':85}
>>> dict1.items()
dict_items([( 'Mohan', 95), ('Ram', 89),
('Suhel', 92), ('Sangeeta', 85)])

get() Returns the value corresponding >>> dict1 = {'Mohan':95, 'Ram':89,

to the key passed as the argument 'Suhel':92, 'Sangeeta':85}
>>> dict1.get('Sangeeta')
If the key is not present in the 85
dictionary it will return None
>>> dict1.get('Sohan')
>>>
update() appends the key-value pair of >>> dict1 = {'Mohan':95, 'Ram':89,
the dictionary passed as the 'Suhel':92, 'Sangeeta':85}
argument to the key-value pair of >>> dict2 = {'Sohan':79,'Geeta':89}
the given dictionary >>> dict1.update(dict2)
>>> dict1
{'Mohan': 95, 'Ram': 89, 'Suhel': 92,
'Sangeeta': 85, 'Sohan': 79, 'Geeta': 89}
>>> dict2
{'Sohan': 79, 'Geeta': 89}

clear() Deletes or clear all the items of >>> dict1 = {'Mohan':95,'Ram':89,

the dictionary 'Suhel':92, 'Sangeeta':85}
>>> dict1.clear()
>>> dict1
{ }

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Working with Lists and Dictionaries 71

del() Deletes the item with the given >>> dict1 = {'Mohan':95,'Ram':89,
key 'Suhel':92, 'Sangeeta':85}
To delete the dictionary from the >>> del dict1['Ram']
memory we write: >>> dict1
del Dict_name
{'Mohan':95,'Suhel':92, 'Sangeeta': 85}

>>> dict1
NameError: name 'dict1' is not defined

4.9 Manipulating Dictionaries

In this chapter, we have learnt how to create a
dictionary and apply various methods to manipulate it.
The following examples show the application of those
manipulation methods on dictionaries.
(a) Create a dictionary ‘ODD’ of odd numbers between
1 and 10, where the key is the decimal number and
the value is the corresponding number in words.
>>> ODD = {1:'One',3:'Three',5:'Five',7:'Seven',9:'Nine'}
>>> ODD
{1: 'One', 3: 'Three', 5: 'Five', 7: 'Seven', 9: 'Nine'}

(b) Display the keys in dictionary ‘ODD’.

>>> ODD.keys()
dict_keys([1, 3, 5, 7, 9])

(c) Display the values in dictionary ‘ODD’.

>>> ODD.values()
dict_values(['One', 'Three', 'Five', 'Seven', 'Nine'])

(d) Display the items from dictionary ‘ODD’

>>> ODD.items()
dict_items([(1, 'One'), (3, 'Three'), (5, 'Five'), (7, 'Seven'), (9,
'Nine')])

(e) Find the length of the dictionary ‘ODD’.

>>> len(ODD)
5

(f) Check if 7 is present or not in dictionary ‘ODD’

>>> 7 in ODD
True

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(g) Check if 2 is present or not in dictionary ‘ODD’

>>> 2 in ODD
False

(h) Retrieve the value corresponding to the key 9

>>> ODD.get(9)
'Nine'

(i) Delete the item from the dictionary, corresponding to the key 9. ‘ODD’
>>> del ODD[9]
>>> ODD
{1: 'One', 3: 'Three', 5: 'Five', 7: 'Seven'}

Program 4-4 σ n number of write a program to enter

names of employees and their salaries
as input and store them in a dictionary.
Here n is to input by the user.
#Program 4-4
#Program to create a dictionary which stores names of employees
#and their salary
num = int(input("Enter the number of employees whose data to be
stored: "))
count = 1
employee = dict() #create an empty dictionary
for count in range (n):
name = input("Enter the name of the Employee: ")
salary = int(input("Enter the salary: "))
employee[name] = salary
print("\n\nEMPLOYEE_NAME\tSALARY")
for k in employee:
print(k,'\t\t',employee[k])
Output:
Enter the number of employees to be stored: 5
Enter the name of the Employee: 'Tarun'
Enter the salary: 12000
Enter the name of the Employee: 'Amina'
Enter the salary: 34000
Enter the name of the Employee: 'Joseph'
Enter the salary: 24000
Enter the name of the Employee: 'Rahul'
Enter the salary: 30000
Enter the name of the Employee: 'Zoya'
Enter the salary: 25000
EMPLOYEE_NAME SALARY
'Tarun' 12000
'Amina' 34000

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Working with Lists and Dictionaries 73

'Joseph' 24000
'Rahul' 30000
'Zoya' 25000

Program 4-5 Write a program to count the number

of times a character appears in a given
string.
#Program 4-5
#Count the number of times a character appears in a given string
st = input("Enter a string: ")
dic = {} #creates an empty dictionary
for ch in st:
if ch in dic: #if next character is already in dic
dic[ch] += 1
else:
dic[ch] = 1 #if ch appears for the first time

for key in dic:

print(key,':',dic[key])
Output:
Enter a string: HelloWorld
H : 1
e : 1
l : 3
o : 2
W : 1
r : 1
d : 1

Program 4-6 Write a program to convert a number

entered by the user into its corresponding
number in words. for example if the input
is 876 then the output should be ‘Eight
Seven Six’.
# Program 4-6
num = input("Enter any number: ") #number is stored as string
#numberNames is a dictionary of digits and corresponding number
#names
numberNames = {0:'Zero',1:'One',2:'Two',3:'Three',4:'Four',\
5:'Five',6:'Six',7:'Seven',8:'Eight',9:'Nine'}

result = ''
for ch in num:
key = int(ch) #converts character to integer
value = numberNames[key]

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result = result + ' ' + value

print("The number is:",num)
print("The numberName is:",result)
Output:
Enter any number: 6512
The number is: 6512
The numberName is: Six Five One Two

Summary
• Lists are mutable sequences in Python, i.e. we can
change the elements of the list.
• Elements of a list are put in square brackets
separated by comma.
• List indexing is same as that of list and starts at 0.
Two way indexing allows traversing the list in the
forward as well as in the backward direction.
• Operator + concatenates one list to the end of other
list.
• Operator * repeats the content of a list by
specified number of times.
• Membership operator in tells if an element is
present in the list or not and not in does the
opposite.
• Slicing is used to extract a part of the list.
• There are many list manipulation methods. Few
are: len(), list(), append(), extend(), insert(), count(),
find(), remove(), pop(), reverse(), sort(), sorted(),
min(), max(), sum().
• Dictionary is a mapping (non scalar) data type. It
is an unordered collection of key-value pair; key-
value pair are put inside curly braces.
• Each key is separated from its value by a colon.
• Keys are unique and act as the index.
• Keys are of immutable type but values can be
mutable.

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Chap 4.indd 74 19-Jul-19 3:31:21 PM