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Lecture 2

The document discusses the differences between analog and digital data, defining analog data as continuous and digital data as discrete. It explains signals as functions of independent variables, such as time and position, and categorizes them into periodic and nonperiodic types. Additionally, it covers the characteristics of periodic analog signals, including amplitude, frequency, and phase.

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Anisur Rahman Zihad
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29 views18 pages

Lecture 2

The document discusses the differences between analog and digital data, defining analog data as continuous and digital data as discrete. It explains signals as functions of independent variables, such as time and position, and categorizes them into periodic and nonperiodic types. Additionally, it covers the characteristics of periodic analog signals, including amplitude, frequency, and phase.

Uploaded by

Anisur Rahman Zihad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2 - Analog and

digital signals and data

1
Analog and Digital Data
Data can be analog or digital. The term analog data refers to
information that is continuous; digital data refers to information that has
discrete states.

For example, an analog clock that has hour, minute, and second hands
gives information in a continuous form; the movements of the hands are
continuous. On the other hand, a digital clock that reports the hours and
the minutes will change suddenly from 8:05 to 8:06.

2
Signal
A signal is formally defined as a function of one or more independent
variables that conveys information on the nature of a physical
phenomenon. Examples of independent variables are time, distance,
position, temperature and pressure.

Example:
•Speech and music signals represent air pressure as a function of time at
point in space.

•A black and white is a representation of light intensity as a function of


two spatial coordinates.

•The video signal in television consists of a sequence of images, called


frames and is a function of three variables: two spatial coordinates and
time.
3
Types of independent variables
Time is often the independent
variable. Example: Electrical
activity of the heart recorded
with the electrocardiogram
(ECG).

The independent variable may be a spatial


(position) variable such as in image. Here
grayscale information is specified as a
function of position.

Figure: MRI (Magnetic


4
Resonance Imaging)
Independent Variable Dimensionality

Signals are represented mathematically as functions of one or more


independent variables. For example as speech signal can be represented
mathematically by acoustic pressure as a function of time.
Mathematically the signals is described as s=f(t), where s is the value of
the signal and t is the independent variable. A picture can be
represented by brightness as a function of two spatial variables
(position). It can be mathematically written as z=f(x,y).

5
Analog and Digital Signal

Signals can be analog or digital. Analog signals can have an infinite


number of values in a range; digital signals can have only a limited
number of values.

6
Periodic and Nonperiodic (Aperiodic) Signals

•A periodic signal completes a pattern within a measurable time frame,


called a period, and repeats that pattern over subsequent identical
periods. The completion of one full pattern is called a cycle.

•A nonperiodic signal changes without exhibiting a pattern or cycle that


repeats over time. Both analog and digital signals can be periodic or
nonperiodic.

7
Periodic and Nonperiodic (Aperiodic) Signals Cont.

Figure: Periodic Signal

8
Periodic and Nonperiodic (Aperiodic) Signals Cont.

Figure: Aperiodic Signal

9
Periodic Analog Signals
Periodic analog signals can be classified as simple or composite. A
simple periodic analog signal, a sine wave, cannot be decomposed into
simpler signals. A composite periodic analog signal is composed of
multiple sine waves.

Sine Wave:

A sine wave can be represented by three parameters: the peak amplitude,


the frequency, and the phase. These three parameters fully describe a
sine wave.

10
Periodic Analog Signals Cont.
Peak Amplitude
Periodic

11
Periodic Analog Signals Cont.
Frequency
•Frequency is the rate of change with respect to time.
•Change in a short span of time means high frequency.
•Change over a long span of time means low frequency.
•If a signal does not change at all, its frequency is zero
•If a signal changes instantaneously, its frequency is infinite
Frequency and Period

Frequency and period are the inverse of each other.

Period refers to the amount of time, in seconds, a signal needs to


complete 1 cycle. Frequency refers to the number of periods in
1s.
12
Periodic Analog Signals Cont.
Units of Period and Frequency

13
Periodic Analog Signals Cont.
Two signals with the same amplitude, but different frequencies

Period is formally expressed in seconds. Frequency is formally expressed


in Hertz (Hz), which is cycle per second.
14
Periodic Analog Signals Cont.
Example
The power we use at home has a frequency of 60 Hz. What is the
period of this sine wave?

The power we use at home has a frequency of 60 Hz. What is the period of this sine wave?

Example
The period of a signal is 100 ms. What is its frequency in
kilohertz?

15
Periodic Analog Signals Cont.
Phase
•Phase describes the position of the waveform relative to time 0.
•A phase shift of 360° corresponds to a shift of a complete period; a
phase shift of 180° corresponds to a shift of one-half of a period; and a
phase shift of 90° corresponds to a shift of one-quarter of a period.

16
Periodic Analog Signals Cont.
Three sine waves with the same amplitude and frequency, but
different phases

17
Periodic Analog Signals Cont.
Example
A sine wave is offset 1/6 cycle with respect to time 0. What is its phase
in degrees and radians?

Solution

We know that 1 complete cycle is 360°. Therefore, 1/6 cycle is

18

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