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DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLE USING

MATLAB-SIMULINK

Article in Journal of Technology · March 2024

DOI: 10.61350/v14-105483

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 Journal Of Technology || Issn No:1012-3407 || Vol 14 Issue 3

DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF BATTERY ELECTRIC

VEHICLE USING MATLAB- SIMULINK
1B. Anil Kumar,2G. Jhansi Rani
1*
PG Student, Department of Electrical Engineering, University College of Engineering, Osmania
University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, University College of Engineering,
Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Abstract:
The usage of Electric Vehicles is increasing day by day because they won’t release any
greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. So, EV manufacturers accepting the challenge to
increase the range and reliability. This paper presents the design and performance analysis of
electric vehicle by using a particular drive cycle. In this article, Electric vehicle with less run
time is discussed and performance parameters like State of charge of the battery, speed and
current are analyzed. Electric Vehicles are designed and simulated by using MATLAB
software. It was most widely used by the students for design and its performance analysis. Step-
by-step approach to design an EV is discussed in detail in this paper.

Keywords: Electric Vehicle, Longitudinal Driver, H-bridge converter, State of charge, PMDC
motor, vehicle body.

I. Introduction:
Fossil fuels play dominant role in the transport sector. Due to large demand vehicles for
transportation, the usage of fossil fuels has been increasing. When the fossil fuels are burned,
CO2 will be released into the atmosphere which leads to Global Warming i.e., increase of earth
average surface temperature. So, it is necessary to shift our focus to another alternative fuel to
run the vehicle. According to the Energy Policy Act of 1992, Electricity is considered as one
of the alternative fuels. The sources of Electrical energy include solar energy, Wind Energy,
nuclear energy. The concept of Electric vehicle is introduced into the market which uses
electricity for its propulsion. Electric vehicles reduce greenhouse emissions, fuel costs and
improves fuel economy. [1]

Electric vehicles are classified into many types. They are Battery Electric Vehicles, Plug in
Hybrid electric vehicle and Hybrid Electric vehicle. Battery Electric vehicles are driven by
electric motor using electrical energy stored in the battery. BEV’s have a driving range of 150
to 400 miles. These vehicles don’t use gasoline for propulsion [2]. Vehicle propulsion was
purely done by the battery. Plug in Hybrid electric vehicles are driven by both electric motor
and internal combustion engines. In electric zone, these vehicles can travel 20 to 40 miles of
distance and then it runs with gasoline. Hybrid Electric vehicles (HEV’s) are driven IC engine
and one or more electric motors. In this vehicle, Internal combustion engine is operated by
gasoline and through regenerative braking battery gets charged without plugging in.

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 Journal Of Technology || Issn No:1012-3407 || Vol 14 Issue 3

Demand for electric vehicle has been increased because of high cost of fossil fuels.
According to the Wikipedia report, 13.6 million electric vehicles are sold all around the world
in 2023. Definitely the numbers increase in the next financial year.

In this paper, detailed approach to design an electric vehicle will be shown in

MATLAB/SIMULINK.MATLAB software is used by many manufacturers to predict the
performance of the electric vehicle under different environments. To design a complete EV
model, there are different steps. It includes design of drive cycle, Driver controller, vehicle
body, motor and motor controller. The Block diagram for complete EV model is shown in the
following figure.

Fig.1. Block Diagram used for design

For the design and Performance analysis of electric vehicle, specifications of 2019 Tesla
Model 3 standard range RWD are taken.

II. SPECIFICATIONS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE USED IN THIS

DESIGN
For design and analysis, certain reference data is required. The simulation used in this
study is based on the 2019 Tesla Model 3 Standard Range RWD specifications. [3]
TABLE I. Specifications used for EV design

Parameters Values Units

Full body mass(M) 1611 Kg

Frontal Area 2.22 m2

Drag Coefficient 0.23 -

Area of the Vehicle 6.62 m2

No. of wheels per axle 2 -

Gear ratio 9 -

Wheel size 235/45R18 -

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 Journal Of Technology || Issn No:1012-3407 || Vol 14 Issue 3

Coefficient of rolling 0.01 -

resistance

Air Density 1.225 Kg/m3

Rolling Resistance Force 158 N

Aerodynamic Drag force 246.10 N

Tractive Force 404.139 N

Battery Voltage 360 Volts

Battery Capacity 52.4 kWh

Motor Power 239 KW

Motor Torque 420 N-m

Acceleration 0-100 KM 5.90 Sec

Vehicle range per charge 354 KM

In this vehicle design, Lithium-ion battery of rated capacity 139 Ah is used. The type of
motor used is Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor in the Simulation study. But the PMDC
motor is suitable for EV application because of its advantages like less pollution and fuel
consumption and power to volume ratio is more.

III. STEPS TO DESIGN AN EV

STEP 1: Drive cycle Setup
Open the MATLAB software and SIMULINK file that appears on the top. Select the drive
cycle block from MATLAB library. Design of EV starts with drive cycle setup. Drive cycle is
the pre-defined input to the vehicle. It is speed Vs time data. There different types of Drive
cycle sources available in MATLAB like FTP75, EUDC, Japanese 10 mode, Artemis
Motorway etc. In this design WLTP Class 1 drive cycle is used as predefined input to the
vehicle [4].

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 Journal Of Technology || Issn No:1012-3407 || Vol 14 Issue 3

Fig.2. WLTP Class 1 Drive Cycle

Fig.3. Pre-defined input to the vehicle

STEP 2: Design of Driver Controller

Select the Longitudinal Driver block from the MATLAB library. It compares the reference
speed and vehicle speed [5]. Longitudinal driver has inbuilt PI controller. Drive cycle is
connected to it. Drive cycle source is the speed data. It should be converted into acceleration.
Thus, longitudinal driver block is required. If the reference speed is greater than actual speed,
driver press accelerator. If the reference speed is less than actual speed, driver press brakes.

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Fig.4. Longitudinal driver block

STEP 3: Design of Motor Controller

For a vehicle's propulsion, an electric motor is crucial. It needs to be managed more effectively.
From the Simulink library, choose the H-Bridge converter. Thus, it manages the motor and
regenerates electric power when it decelerates. Regenerated power is stored in the battery.
Longitudinal driver block can generate both acceleration command and deceleration command.

H-Bridge converter receives the signal from the Controlled PWM voltage block and vehicle
moves. Similarly, it also receives deceleration signal so that the motor stops. Regenerative
Braking process takes place when the motor speed slows down [5]. All the references are
connected to the ground.

Fig.5. Design of motor controller

The parameters of H- bridge are shown in the figure below
TABLE II: H- bridge parameter setting

H- Bridge Settings in Simulink

Simulation Mode & Load Assumptions
Power Supply Internal
Simulation Mode Averaged

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 Journal Of Technology || Issn No:1012-3407 || Vol 14 Issue 3

Regenerative braking Always enabled (suitable for linearization)

Load current characteristics Smoothed
Input Thresholds
Enable threshold voltage 2.5V
PWM signal amplitude 5.0V
Reverse threshold voltage 2.5V
Braking threshold voltage 2.5V
Bridge Parameters
Output voltage amplitude 360V
Total bridge on resistance 0.1Ω
Freewheeling diode on resistance 0.05 Ω

In the simulation mode, averaged is selected to run the simulation faster.

STEP 4: BATTERY SETUP DESIGN

In this design, Lithium-Ion battery is considered. Its Nominal voltage is 360V, Rated
capacity is 139Ah, Initial State of Charge of battery is 100% and Battery response time is 30
seconds. H bridge converter is connected to the battery through the current sensor and
controlled current source blocks [5] [6].The measurement port of the battery is connected to
the Bus Selector to observe the variation in voltage and current through the Scope and
Display.

Fig.6. Battery Setup design

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 Journal Of Technology || Issn No:1012-3407 || Vol 14 Issue 3

Table III: Battery parameter setting

Battery Settings in Simulink

Type of battery Lithium-Ion battery
Nominal voltage (V) 360
Rated capacity (Ah) 139
Initial state of charge (%) 100
Battery response time (s) 30

STEP 5: MOTOR DESIGN

In 2019 Tesla Model 3 Standard range RWD, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor is
used. But in this design, PMDC motor is used. Because of its benefits, which include lower
fuel consumption, pollution, and a higher power to volume ratio. The PMDC motor's positive
and negative terminals are linked to the positive and negative terminals of the H-bridge. The
gear box and the motor's shaft are linked.

Fig.7. Motor design

TABLE IV: PMDC motor parameter setting

DC motor settings in Simulink

Electrical Torque
Field type Permanent magnet
Model parameterization By rated load and speed
Armature inductance 2.4 H
No-load speed 4000 rpm
Rated speed (at rated load) 1900 rpm
Rated speed (mechanical power) 163 kW
Rated DC voltage 360 V
Rotor damping parameterization By damping value

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 Journal Of Technology || Issn No:1012-3407 || Vol 14 Issue 3

Mechanical
Rotor inertia 0.65 kg*m^2
Rotor damping 0 N*m*s/rad
Initial rotor speed 0 rpm

STEP 6: DESIGN OF VEHICLE BODY

Select the vehicle body block from MATLAB library. This block has 6 ports.

H stands for hub. The hub terminal of wheels (Tire Magic Formula) is connected to main
vehicle body through this terminal. V stands for velocity output of the vehicle. W stands for
wind velocity against the vehicle. NR & NS terminals are connected to the rare and front
wheels. Beta terminal is the input port for inclination.

Four wheels are necessary to model a four-wheeler. Rear wheel drive is achieved by
connecting two wheels to the front axle and two wheels to the rear axle. The rear axle is
where the motor's power is connected. [4] [6]
Ports of the wheel include:

H stands for Hub, S is tire slip, N is the normal force applied to the tire, A is axle connection.
Gear should connect to the rear wheel.

6.1. CALCULATION OF ROLLING RADIUS

The Size of the wheel used for the design is 235/45R18
Here 235mm indicates width of the tire (W).

45 indicates Aspect ratio (%). It gives the relationship between width of the tire and height of
sidewall.
18 inches (457.2mm) indicates rim diameter (D)
Rim radius and tire side wall height should be known in to calculate wheel’s diameter [7].
Tire side wall height(H) = [ Aspect ratio (AR)*W]/100
= 105.75mm
Wheel diameter (dw) =Rim diameter (D) +2(height of the tire)
= 668.7mm

Wheel radius (rw) = dw/2 = 0.33435 mm

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 Journal Of Technology || Issn No:1012-3407 || Vol 14 Issue 3

Fig.8. Vehicle body design

TABLE V: Vehicle body parameter setting

Vehicle Body settings in Simulink

Main
Mass 1611 kg
Number of wheels per axle 2
Horizontal distance from CG to front axle 1.4m
Horizontal distance from CG to rear axle 1.6m
CG height above ground 0.5m
Externally-defined additional mass Off
Gravitational acceleration 9.81 m/s^2
Negative normal force warning Off
Drag
Frontal Area 2.22 m^2
Drag Coefficient 0.23
Air density 1.225 kg/m^3
Pitch
Pitch dynamics Off

The distance travelled by the electric vehicle is obtained by connecting the velocity output
port of vehicle body to an integrator. The integrator is connected to the gain block convert the

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 Journal Of Technology || Issn No:1012-3407 || Vol 14 Issue 3

distance from meters to kilometers. Velocity port of the main vehicle body is connected to the
velocity feedback terminal of longitudinal driver block in order to match vehicle speed with
the reference speed. The following Figure shows the Simulink model of EV.

Fig.8. Complete EV design

IV. RESULTS AND ITS ANALYSIS

A Continuous Solver block should be added before simulating the EV model. The pre-
defined input to the vehicle id WLTP Class 1 drive cycle. Its simulation run time is 1022
seconds. Set the simulation run time as 1022 seconds. The electric car covered 8 km after the
Simulink model ran for 1022 seconds, and the battery's state of charge was 98.37%.

Fig.9. Drive Cycle and Vehicle speed V/s time

The WLTP Class 1 drive cycle is shown in red in the above picture, while the vehicle
speed is shown in blue. The high gear ratio and drag coefficient are the cause of the
discrepancy between the vehicle speed and the drive cycle.

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 Journal Of Technology || Issn No:1012-3407 || Vol 14 Issue 3

Fig.10 State of charge V/s time

The vehicle travelled 8KM with the given drive cycle. The state of charge of the battery is
reduced from 100% to 98.37%. This is due to high battery capacity of the vehicle i.e., 139Ah.
The spikes in the graph indicates Regenerative braking.

Fig.11. Distance travelled v/s time

The vehicle travelled for 17 minutes and the distance covered is 8Km.

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 Journal Of Technology || Issn No:1012-3407 || Vol 14 Issue 3

V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, step-by-step approach to design an Electric vehicle has been discussed. By
using the MATLAB/Simulink as the design tool, the performance of electric vehicle has been
observed. An electric vehicle covered 8 km in 17 minutes for a specific drive cycle (WLTP
Class 1). The battery has a 98.37% state of charge. In this way the manufacturers can analyze
the performance of EV with a pre-defined velocity profile and can predict the vehicle
operation in real world environment.

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