Foundation of Special and

Inclusive Education

Understanding Inclusion and Special

Education

RHEA B. ABERGOS
Assistant Professor
 • Define inclusion, special and
inclusive education
• Understand accessible and
I Objectives accessibility, equality and
equity
• Explain modification
According to • an estimate of over a billion people or
the World 157 of the world's population live with
some form of disability.
Health
• In the Philippines, 15 million out of 1OO
Organization million Filipino children, youth and adults
and World have disabilities (WHO, 2011).
Bank (2011), • 3.3 million of this population are in
schools (UNICEF, 2016).
 Getting all children in school
and learning

Inclusive Education
(UNICEF)
Inclusive education is the most
effective way to give all children
a fair chance to go to school,
learn and develop the skills
they need to thrive.
 Inclusive education means all children
in the same classrooms, in the same
Inclusive schools. It means real learning
opportunities for groups who have
Education traditionally been excluded – not only
children with disabilities, but speakers
of minority languages too.
 inclusion

• the action or state of including or of

being included within a group or
structure
• the practice or policy of providing
equal access to opportunities and
resources for people who might
otherwise be excluded or
marginalized, such as those who
have physical or intellectual
disabilities and members of other
minority groups
 Inclusion refers to "the act or
practice of including and
accommodating people who have
historically been excluded (because
of their race, gender, sexuality, or
ability).
inclusion -merriam webster
 Accessible or accessibility
• refers to appropriate measures to ensure that
persons with disabilities have access, on an equal
basis with others, to the physical environment, to
transportation, to information and communications,
including information and communications
technologies and systems, and to other facilities
and services open or provided to the public, both in
urban and in rural areas (UNCRDP, Article 9,2006).
Equality and Equity
• Equity refers to the provision of varying levels of
support—based on specific needs—to achieve
greater fairness of treatment and outcomes.
• The National Academy of Public Administration
defines equity as “The fair, just and equitable
management of all institutions serving the public
directly or by contract; the fair, just and equitable
distribution of public services and implementation of
public policy; and the commitment to promote
fairness, justice, and equity in the formation of public
policy.”
• In essence, equity can be defined as a means of
achieving equality.
 Approach that expresses how to change
educational structures and other learning
atmospheres to meet the needs of the
variety of learners (UNESCO, 2005)

Inclusive It also means putting the right education

for everyone regardless of their identity
Education and cultural background.

With this special education is under the

umbrella term inclusive education as it
tries to include learners with disabilities to
learn together with the rest of the students.
 1. effective inclusion improves the educational system
for all learners by placing them together in a general
education classroom.

Principles of
2. effective inclusion involves sensitivity to and
effective acceptance of individual strengths and challenges and
inclusion diversity.
(Salend, 2016)
3. Effective inclusion requires reflective educators to
examine their attitudes and efficacy and to employ
universally designed, culturally responsive and
evidence-based practices to differentiate their
assessment, teaching, and classroom management
practices.
• 4. effective inclusion involves establishing a community
based on collaboration and communication among
educators, others professionals, students, families, and
community agencies.
 • refers to a set of educational
programs and/or services
designed to address the needs
Special of learners with disabilities
Education through educational plans and
(SPED) instruments which will bring
them to the highest level of
their potential and capacity
(Handbook for SPED, 1987).
 • Education that is intended to facilitate the
learning of individuals with disabilities and
exceptionalities with a variety of additional
support to accommodate their needs in an
appropriate learning environment.
Special • -first component is to design instruction that
fits the demands of learners with special
Education needs (LSN)
• Instruction must be developmentally
appropriate to LSN in collaboration with
other expert professionals who can
contribute in the development and delivery
program in special education.
Second component is to provide additional
support such as psychological services,
counseling, occupational therapy and physical
therapy.

Third component refers to placement option of

learner with disability (LWD). Whether to be
placed n an inclusive classroom, self contained
room or resources room which is dependent on
assessments results and recommendation of
professionals without compromising the quality
of education the LWD will receive.
 Special Education
Teacher
refers to a professional licensed teacher with
a specialization on Special Education.
 • may be used to describe changes in
the curriculum.
• Modifications are made "for
learners with disabilities who are
Modification unable to comprehend all of the
content an instructor is teaching"
• (Disabilities, Opportunities,
Internetworking, and Technology,
2O2l, par. 21
Learner
• refers to any individual, regardless of age, sex, gender,
disability, ethnicity, cultures, and religion, enrolled in
basic education to enhance his/her knowledge, skills,
and values to improve the quality of his/her life and to
develop his/her potentials (Sec. IV, 6 (d) of the Policy
Framework on Inclusive Education in Basic Education).
Learners with Disabilities LWDs-
• shall refer to those who have long term physical,
mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in
interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and
effective participation in society on equal basis with
others (Sec. 4 (o) of RA 1 1 5 10).
Learning
Environment

• refers to learning facilities, resources

and technology, means of teaching,
modes of learning, and connections
to community, societal and global
contexts towards the development of
the learner
• (Sec. 6(e) of the Policy Framework
on Inclusive Education in Basic
Education).
 At risk_ individuals who are more likely to be
diagnosed with a disability of the
characteristic of a disability manifest within
the individual.

Disability- inability of the individual to

Let us perform a task like the rest( reading,
define walking, listening) sometimes a result of
impairment( can not read due to low vision)
terms
Exclusion- when students are directly or
indirectly prevented from or denied access
to education in any form. (UN 2016, par.11)
 Handicap- challenges that an impaired
individual or person with disability may
encounter when interacting with their
environment. An outdated term in special
education due to its emphasis on the
person’s limitation instead of abilities.
Let us define
terms
Impairment- reduced function or loss of a
body part (visual impairment, hearing
impairment)
 Integration- process of placing persons
with disabilities in existing mainstream
educational institutions as long as they ca
adjust to the standard requirement of the
institutions.(UN, 2016: par 11)
Let us
define Segregation is when the education of
terms students with disabilities is provided in
separate environments designed or used
to respond to a particular or various
impairments, in isolation form students
without disabilities. (UN 2016:par 11)
THANK YOU