PM Shri Kendriya Vidyalaya - No.

2 AFS
Jalahalli (East)

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

TOPIC: AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT

Submitted by - Rishabh Singh Bhadaureya

Name: Rishabh, Abhijit, Sarthak, Priyanshu

Roll no:

Class: XII A
 CERTIFICATE

The Investigatory project entered in this journal

has been satisfactorily performed by:

Name: Rishabh Singh Bhadaureya

Studying in PM Shri Kendriya Vidyalaya - No.2

Jalahalli East of class XII-A

Roll no:

During the academic year: 2024-25

____________________
External's signature

____________________ __________________
Teacher's signature Principal signature
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express a deep gratitude to my project

guide Mr. S N V Harinath Babu sir for guiding me
throughout the project. His constructive advice and
constant motivation have been responsible for the
completion of the project.

My sincere thanks goes to our principal ma'am Mrs.

JYOTI SHARMA for her coordination in extending
every possible support for the completion of the
project. I would also like to thank my parents and
classmates for their help and support in completing
this project.

Finally, thank you to everyone else who has helped

me directly or indirectly with the completion of this
project.
 CONTENTS

1. OVERVIEW
2. OBJECTIVE
3. WORKING PRINCIPLE
4. REQUIREMENTS
• Light Dependent Resistor
• Light Emitting Diode
• Nine Volt Battery
• Resistor
• Transistor
5. PROCEDURE
6. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
7. ADVANTAGES
8. CONCLUSION
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 OVERVIEW

● It is a simple and powerful concept, which

uses a transistor (NPN) as a switch to switch
ON and OFF the street light system
automatically.

● It automatically switches ON light when the

sunlight goes below the visible region of our
eyes (e.g. in the evening after sunset).

● It automatically switches OFF lights when

sunlight falls on it (i.e. on LDR) e.g. in the
morning, by using a sensor called LDR (Light
Dependent Resistor) which senses the light
just like our eyes.
 OBJECTIVE

The main considerations in the present field of

technologies are automation, power consumption
and cost-effectiveness. Automation is intended to
reduce manpower with the help of intelligent
systems. Power saving is the main consideration
forever as the source of power (thermal, hydro etc.) is
getting diminished due to various reasons. The main
aim of the project is an Automatic Street system with
LDR; to save power. We want to save power
automatically instead of doing it manually. So, it's
easy to make it cost-effective. This saved power can
be used for some other purposes. So, in villages,
towns, etc. we can design intelligent systems for
streetlights.
It needs no manual operation to switch ON and OFF.
It can detect whether there is a need for light or not.
When darkness rises to a certain value, then the light
is switched ON automatically.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE

This is a simple circuit. The transistor performs the

switching operation to switch ON and OFF the LED
based on which the LED will glow. Here, the transistor
switches ON the circuit and activates the LED to emit
light when sunlight doesn't fall on LDR.

● It automatically switches ON lights when the

sunlight goes below the visible region of our eyes
(e.g. in the evening after sunset)

● It automatically switches OFF lights when sunlight

falls on it (i.e. on LDR) e.g. in the morning, by
using a sensor called LDR (Light Dependent
Resistor) which senses light just like our eyes.
 REQUIREMENTS

• Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

• Transistor (NPN Transistor - BC548)

• Two 4V Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

• Connecting wires (single-core plastic-coated

wire of 0.6mm diameter)

• Power supply (6V or 9V)

 LIGHT-DEPENDENT RESISTOR (LDR)
A photoresistor or light-dependent resistor (LDR) or photocell is a
light-controlled variable resistor. The resistance of a photoresistor
decreases with increasing light intensity; in other words, it
exhibits photoconductivity. A photoresistor can be applied in
light-sensitive detector circuits, and light and dark-activated
switching circuits.

A photoresistor is made of high-resistance semiconductor. In the

dark, a photoresistor can have a resistance as high as several
mega ohms (ΜΩ), while in the light, a photoresistor can have a
resistance as low as a few hundred ohms. Photoresistors come in
many types. Inexpensive cadmium sulphide cells can be found
in many consumer items such as cameras, lights, meters, clocks,
radios, alarm devices (as the detector for a light beam), night
lights, outdoor clocks, solar streetlamps and solar road studs,
etc. Photoresistors can be placed in streetlights to control when
the light is on. Ambient light falling on the photoresistor causes
the streetlight to turn off. Thus, energy is saved by ensuring that
the light is only on during the hours of darkness.
 TRANSISTOR

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or

switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is
composed of semiconductor material with at least three
terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or
current applied to one pair of transistor's terminals changes
the current through another pair of terminals. Since the
controlled (output) power can be higher than the
controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal.
Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but
many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.

The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern

electronic devices and is ubiquitous in modern electronic
systems. The transistor's low cost, flexibility, and reliability
have made it a ubiquitous device.

Transistor Transistor Symbol

 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)

Anode Cathode
Light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light
source. It is a p-n junction diode, which emits light when
activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads,
electrons can recombine with electron holes within the device,
releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called
electroluminescence, and the colour of the light (corresponding
to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band
gap of the semiconductor. LEDs have many advantages over
incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption,
longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and
faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are now used in
applications as diverse as aviation, automotive headlamps,
advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera flashes and
lighted wallpaper.
 RESISTOR

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component

that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element.
Resistors act to reduce current flow, and at the same time,
act to lower voltage levels within the circuit.

High-power resistors, that can dissipate many watts of

electrical power as heat, may be used as part of motor
controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for
generators. Fixed resistors can have resistances that only
change slightly with temperature, time or operating
voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit
elements (such as volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as
sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical
activity.
 NINE VOLT BATTERY

The nine-volt battery, in its most common form, was

introduced for the early transistor radios. It has a rectangular
prism shape with round edges and a polarized snap
connector at the top. This type is commonly used in clocks
and smoke detectors. They are also used as backup power
to keep the time in certain electronic clocks.

The battery has both terminals in a snap connector on one

end. The smaller circular (male) terminal is positive, and the
larger hexagonal or octagonal (female) terminal is the
negative contact. An advantage is that several nine-volt
batteries can be connected in series to provide higher
voltages.
 PROCEDURE
● LDR has two sides. One side connects with the transistor
base terminal and another side connects with the
transistor emitter terminal.

● One side of the R2 330K resistor connects to one side of

the base terminal and another side connects with R1
150R Ohm resistor.

● R1 resistor has two sides. One side connects with R2,

and positive side of the battery and another side
connects with the positive side of LED.
● One side of a D1 LED diode connects with R2 resistor,
and another side connects with a transistor collector
terminal.
● The transistor base terminal connects with LDR and R2
resistor. The collector connects with LED negative side
and the emitter terminal connects with LDR and the
negative side of the battery.

● The positive side of the battery connects with R1 resistor

and the negative side connects with the transistor
emitter terminal.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 ADVANTAGES

● By using this automatic system for streetlight

controlling, we can reduce energy consumption
because the manually operated streetlights are
not switched off properly even in the presence of
sunlight and often not switched on before sunset.

● In sunny and rainy days, ON and OFF time differ

noticeably which is one of the major
disadvantages of using timer circuits or manual
operation for switching the street light system.
 CONCLUSION

The project "automatic street light system with LDR"

has been successfully designed and tested. Here, we
are saving a lot of power without any wastage. With
these advanced technologies, we can design many
more systems which can be done by solar lights and
through these solar lights, we have a vast usage and
at the same time, we can do automatic systems
instead of doing it manually like with LDRs.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

● en.wikipedia.org

● https://www.slideshare.net/

● www.electronicshub.org

● https://www.google.com/