CALCULUS AND DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (BMATS101)

Module 1 - Calculus

Prerequisites:
Trigonometry

Pythagorean identities Reciprocal ratios

sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1 1
cosec 𝜃 =
sin 𝜃
sec 2 𝜃 − tan2 𝜃 = 1 1
sec 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
𝑐𝑜sec 2 𝜃 − cot 2 𝜃 = 1 1
cot 𝜃 =
tan 𝜃

Sum formulas Difference formulas

sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦 sin(𝑥 − 𝑦) = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦
cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 cos(𝑥 − 𝑦) = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦
tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 tan 𝑥 − tan 𝑦
tan(𝑥 + 𝑦) = tan(𝑥 − 𝑦) =
1 − tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦 1 + tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦
Double angle formulas Triple angle formulas
sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 3𝑥 = 3 sin 𝑥 − 4 sin3 𝑥
cos 2𝑥 = cos 2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥 cos 3𝑥 = 4 cos 3 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥
2 tan 𝑥 3 tan 𝑥 − tan3 𝑥
tan 2𝑥 = tan 3𝑥 =
1 − tan2 𝑥 1 − 3 tan2 𝑥
Half angle formulas Tangent formulas
1 2 tan 𝑥
sin2 𝑥 = (1 − cos 2𝑥) sin 2𝑥 =
2 1 + tan2 𝑥
1 1 − tan2 𝑥
cos2 𝑥 = (1 + cos 2𝑥) cos 2𝑥 =
2 1 + tan2 𝑥
1 − cos 2𝑥 2 tan 𝑥
tan2 𝑥 = tan 2𝑥 =
1 + cos 2𝑥 1 − tan2 𝑥

Standard angle formulas ASTC Rule

𝜃 𝑜° 30° 45° 60° 90°
sin 𝜃 0 1 1 √3 90°
1
2 2
√2 (−, +) (+, +)
√3 1 1
cos 𝜃 1 0 S A
2 √2 2
180° 0°
1
tan 𝜃 0 1 √3 ∞ T C
√3
(−, −) (+, −)
270°

vtucod e.in 1
𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞:
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2 𝜋 1 + tan 𝑥
2 sin2 = 1 − cos 𝑥 (cos + sin ) = 1 + sin 𝑥 tan ( + 𝑥) =
2 2 2 4 1 − tan 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2 𝜋 1 − tan 𝑥
2 cos2 = 1 + cos 𝑥 (cos − sin ) = 1 − sin 𝑥 tan ( − 𝑥) =
2 2 2 4 1 + tan 𝑥

Same ratio formulas:

sin(−𝜃) = − sin 𝜃 sin(2𝜋 − 𝜃) = −sin 𝜃 sin(𝜋 − 𝜃) = sin 𝜃 sin(𝜋 + 𝜃) = − sin 𝜃

cos(−𝜃) = cos 𝜃 cos(2𝜋 − 𝜃) = cos 𝜃 cos(𝜋 − 𝜃) = − cos 𝜃 cos(𝜋 + 𝜃) = − cos 𝜃

tan(−𝜃) = − tan 𝜃 tan(2𝜋 − 𝜃) = − tan 𝜃 tan(𝜋 − 𝜃) = − tan 𝜃 tan(𝜋 + 𝜃) = tan 𝜃

cot(−𝜃) = − cot 𝜃 cot(2𝜋 − 𝜃) = − cot 𝜃 cot(𝜋 − 𝜃) = − cot 𝜃 cot(𝜋 + 𝜃) = cot 𝜃

sec(−𝜃) = sec 𝜃 sec(2𝜋 − 𝜃) = sec 𝜃 sec(𝜋 − 𝜃) = − sec 𝜃 sec(𝜋 + 𝜃) = − sec 𝜃

cosec(−𝜃) = − cosec 𝜃 cosec(2𝜋 − 𝜃) = − cosec 𝜃 cosec(𝜋 − 𝜃) = cosec 𝜃 cosec(𝜋 + 𝜃) = − cosec 𝜃

(IV quadrant) Cos +ve (IV quadrant) Cos +ve (II quadrant) Sin +ve (III quadrant) Tan +ve

Co ratio formulas:
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
sin ( − 𝜃) = cos 𝜃 sin ( + 𝜃) = cos 𝜃 sin ( − 𝜃) = − cos 𝜃 sin ( + 𝜃) = −cos 𝜃
2 2 2 2
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
cos ( − 𝜃) = sin 𝜃 cos ( + 𝜃) = − sin 𝜃 cos ( − 𝜃) = − sin 𝜃 cos ( + 𝜃) = sin 𝜃
2 2 2 2
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
tan ( − 𝜃) = cot 𝜃 tan ( + 𝜃) = − cot 𝜃 tan ( − 𝜃) = cot 𝜃 tan ( + 𝜃) = − cot 𝜃
2 2 2 2
3𝜋 3𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 cot ( − 𝜃) = tan 𝜃 cot ( + 𝜃) = −tan 𝜃
cot ( − 𝜃) = tan 𝜃 cot ( + 𝜃) = − tan 𝜃 2 2
2 2
3𝜋 3𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 sec ( − 𝜃) = − cosec 𝜃 sec ( + 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜 sec 𝜃
sec ( − 𝜃) = cosec 𝜃 sec ( + 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜 sec 𝜃 2 2
2 2
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
cosec ( − 𝜃) = sec 𝜃 cosec ( + 𝜃) = sec 𝜃 cosec ( − 𝜃) = − sec 𝜃 cosec ( + 𝜃) = − sec 𝜃
2 2 2 2
(I quadrant) All +ve (II quadrant) Sin +ve (III quadrant) Tan +ve (IV quadrant) Cos +ve

vtucod e.in 2
 Differentiation of some standard functions

Non Trigonometric Trigonometric Hyperbolic functions Inverse functions

functions functions

(𝒌)′ = 𝟎 (𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙)′ = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒙)′ = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒙 𝟏

(𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙)′ =
√𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐

(𝒙𝒏 )′ = 𝒏 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙)′ = −𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒙)′ = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒙 𝟏

(𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒙)′ = −
√𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐

𝟏 (𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙)′ = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 (𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 𝒙)′ = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉𝟐 𝒙 𝟏

(√𝒙)′ = (𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙)′ =
𝟐√𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐

𝟏 (𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙)′ = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 (𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒙)′ = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉𝟐 𝒙 𝟏

(𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙)′ = (𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 𝒙)′ = −
𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐

(𝒆𝒙 )′ = 𝒆𝒙 (𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙)′ = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙. 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 (𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉 𝒙)′ = −𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉 𝒙. 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 𝒙 𝟏

(𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 𝒙)′ =
𝒙√𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏

(𝒂𝒙 )′ = 𝒂𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒂 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙)′ (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉 𝒙)′ 𝟏

(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 𝒙)′ = −
= −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙. 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 = −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉 𝒙. 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒙 𝒙√𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏

Rules of differentiation

1. (𝒌𝒖)′ = 𝒌𝒖′ 3. (𝒖𝒗)′ = 𝒖𝒗′ + 𝒗𝒖′

𝒖 ′ 𝒗𝒖′ −𝒖𝒗′
2. (𝒖 ± 𝒗)′ = 𝒖′ ± 𝒗′ 4. (𝒗) = 𝒗𝟐

vtucod e.in 3
 1.1 Polar curves

Introduction:

 Polar coordinates are (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑟 sin 𝜃) where r - radial distance,𝜃- polar angle.

 Polar form of the equation of the curve 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) is called polar curve.

𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
 1 + cos 𝜃 = 2 cos 2 2, 1 − cos 𝜃 = 2 sin2 2 , sin 𝜃 = 2 sin 2 cos 2

𝜋 1+tan 𝜃 𝜋 1−tan 𝜃
 tan (4 + 𝜃) = 1−tan 𝜃 , tan (4 − 𝜃) = 1+tan 𝜃

𝑑𝜃
 Angle between radius vector and tangent is 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜙 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟

Problems:

1. Derive angle between radius vector and tangent. (May 22)

Let 𝑃(𝑟, 𝜃) be any point on the polar curve 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) .

Let 𝜒 be the angle from the 𝑋 axis to the tangent.

Let 𝑝 be the perpendicular distance from the origin to the tangent.

By diagram, 𝜒 = 𝜃 + 𝜙

tan 𝜒 = tan(𝜃 + 𝜙)

tan 𝜃+tan 𝜙
tan 𝜒 = 1−tan 𝜃.tan 𝜙 ------- (1)

But
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑦 (𝑟 sin 𝜃) sin 𝜃+𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
tan 𝜒 = 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑 = 𝑑𝑟
(𝑟 cos 𝜃) cos 𝜃−𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝑑𝑟
Divide by 𝑑𝜃 cos 𝜃 in numerator and denominator,

𝑑𝜃
tan 𝜃+𝑟
𝑑𝑟
tan 𝜒 = 𝑑𝜃 -------- (2)
1−𝑟 tan 𝜃
𝑑𝑟

Equating components of (1) and (2),

𝑑𝜃
tan 𝜙 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟

vtucod e.in 4
2. Find the angle between radius vector and tangent to the following:
(i) 𝒓𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽 = 𝒂𝟐 (ii) 𝒓 = 𝒂(𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽)

(i) 𝑟 2 cos 2𝜃 = 𝑎2 (ii) 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃)

Take log on both sides, Take log on both sides,

log(𝑟 2 cos 2𝜃) = log 𝑎2 log 𝑟 = log 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃)

log 𝑟 2 + log cos 2𝜃 = 0 log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log(1 + cos 𝜃)

2 log 𝑟 + log cos 2𝜃 = 0 Differentiate with respect to 𝜃,

Differentiate with respect to 𝜃, 1 𝑑𝑟 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

= 0 + (1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)
𝑟 𝑑𝜃
2 𝑑𝑟 2 sin 2𝜃
= 𝜃
−2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 .𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 cos 2𝜃 1 𝑑𝑟 2 2
= 𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2
1 𝑑𝑟 2
= tan 2𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 𝜃
= − tan 2
𝜋 𝑟 𝑑𝜃
Cot 𝜙 = cot (2 − 2𝜃)
𝜋 𝜃
𝜋
cot 𝜙 = cot ( 2 + 2)
𝜙 = 2 − 2𝜃
𝜋
At 𝜃 = 3 ,

𝜋 𝜋
cot 𝜙 = cot ( 2 + 6 )

Angle between the radius vector and

2𝜋
the tangent is 𝜙 = 3

vtucod e.in 5
 3. Find the angle between radius vector and tangent to the following:
(i) 𝒓𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏 𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝒏𝜽 + 𝜶) (ii) 𝒓𝒎 = 𝒂𝒎 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒎𝜽 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒎𝜽)

(iii) 𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 sec(𝑛𝜃 + 𝛼) (iv) 𝑟 𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚 (cos 𝑚𝜃 + sin 𝑚𝜃)

Take log on both sides, Take log on both sides,

log 𝑟 𝑛 = log 𝑎𝑛 + log sec(𝑛𝜃 + 𝛼) Log 𝑟 𝑚 = log 𝑎𝑚 (cos 𝑚𝜃 + sin 𝑚𝜃)

𝑛 log 𝑟 = log 𝑎𝑛 + log sec(𝑛𝜃 + 𝛼) log 𝑟 𝑚 = log 𝑎𝑚 + log(cos 𝑚𝜃 + sin 𝑚𝜃)

Differentiate with respect to 𝜃, Differentiate with respect to 𝜃,

𝑛 𝑑𝑟 sec(𝑛𝜃 + 𝛼) tan(𝑛𝜃 + 𝛼) 𝑚 𝑑𝑟 𝑚 (cos 𝑚𝜃−sin 𝑚𝜃)

= 0+𝑛 = (cos 𝑚𝜃+sin 𝑚𝜃)
𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 sec(𝑛𝜃 + 𝛼)
𝜋
cot 𝜙 = tan(𝑛𝜃 + 𝛼) Cot 𝜙 = tan ( 4 − 𝑚𝜃)

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
cot 𝜙 = cot (2 − (𝑛𝜃 + 𝛼)) cot 𝜙 = cot (2 − (4 − 𝑚𝜃))

Angle between the radius vector and the Angle between the radius vector and the
𝜋 𝜋
tangent is 𝜙 = 2 − 𝑛𝜃 − 𝛼 tangent is 𝜙 = 4 + 𝑚𝜃

4. Find the angle between radius vector and tangent to the following:
𝒍
= 𝟏 + 𝒆 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 .
𝒓

𝑙
= 1 + 𝑒 cos 𝜃
𝑟

Take log on both sides,

log l − log 𝑟 = log(1 + 𝑒 cos 𝜃)

Differentiate with respect to 𝜃,

1 𝑑𝑟 −𝑒 sin 𝜃
− 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = 1+𝑒 cos 𝜃

𝑒 sin 𝜃
cot 𝜙 = 1+𝑒 cos 𝜃

1+𝑒 cos 𝜃 1+𝑒 cos 𝜃

tan 𝜙 = , 𝜙 = tan−1 ( )
𝑒 sin 𝜃 𝑒 sin 𝜃

vtucod e.in 6
5. Show that the following pair of curves intersect orthogonally:

(i) 𝒓 = 𝒂(𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) , 𝒓 = 𝒃(𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽)

𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃) 𝑟 = 𝑏(1 − cos 𝜃)

Take log on both sides, Take log on both sides,
log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log(1 + cos 𝜃) log 𝑟 = log 𝑏 + log(1 − cos 𝜃)
Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃

1 𝑑𝑟 − sin 𝜃 1 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝜃
= 1+cos 𝜃 = 1−cos 𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 −2 sin cos 1 𝑑𝑟 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2
= 𝜃 = 𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 2 cos2 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 2 sin2
2 2

𝜃 𝜃
cot 𝜙1 = − tan 2 cot 𝜙2 = cot 2

Since cot 𝜙1 . cot 𝜙2 = −1 , both intersect orthogonally.

(ii) 𝒓𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝜽 and 𝒓𝒏 = 𝒃𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝜽

𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃 𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑏 𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃
Take log on both sides, Take log on both sides,
n log 𝑟 = 𝑛 log 𝑎 + log cos 𝑛𝜃 log 𝑟 = 𝑛 log 𝑏 + log sin 𝑛𝜃
Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃
𝑛 𝑑𝑟 −𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃 𝑛 𝑑𝑟 𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃
= cos 𝑛𝜃
= −𝑛 tan 𝑛𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃
= cos 𝑛𝜃
= 𝑛 cot 𝑛𝜃

1 𝑑𝑟 1 𝑑𝑟
= − tan 𝑛𝜃 = cot 𝑛𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃

cot 𝜙1 = − tan 𝑛𝜃 cot 𝜙2 = cot 𝑛𝜃

Since cot 𝜙1 . cot 𝜙2 = −1 , both intersect orthogonally.

vtucod e.in 7
 𝒂 𝒃
(iii) 𝒓 = 𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 and 𝒓 = 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

𝑎 𝑏
𝑟 = 1+cos 𝜃 𝑟 = 1−cos 𝜃

Take log on both sides, Take log on both sides,

log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 − log(1 + cos 𝜃) log 𝑟 = log 𝑏 − log(1 − cos 𝜃)

Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜃 1 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜃
= 1+cos 𝜃 = tan 2 = − 1−cos 𝜃 = − cot 2
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃

𝜃 𝜃
cot 𝜙1 = tan 2 cot 𝜙2 = − cot 2

Since cot 𝜙1 . cot 𝜙2 = −1 , both intersect orthogonally

𝒂
(iv) 𝒓 = 𝒂𝜽 and 𝒓 = 𝜽

𝑎
𝑟 = 𝑎𝜃 𝑟=𝜃

Take log on both sides, Take log on both sides,

log 𝑟 = log 𝑎𝜃 𝑎
log 𝑟 = log 𝜃
log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log 𝜃
log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 − log 𝜃
Differentiate with respect to 𝜃
Differentiate with respect to 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 1
=𝜃 1 𝑑𝑟 1
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = −𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃
1
cot 𝜙1 = 𝜃 1
cot 𝜙2 = − 𝜃

𝑎 1
But 𝑎𝜃 = 𝜃 ⇒ 𝜃 2 = 1. Since cot 𝜙1 . cot 𝜙2 = − 𝜃2 = −1 , both intersect orthogonally.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

vtucod e.in 8
(v) 𝒓 = 𝒂𝒆𝜽 and 𝒓𝒆𝜽 = 𝒃

𝑟 = 𝑎𝑒 𝜃 𝑟𝑒 𝜃 = 𝑎

Take log on both sides, Take log on both sides,

log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + 𝜃 log 𝑟 + 𝜃 = log 𝑎

Differentiate with respect to 𝜃 Differentiate with respect to 𝜃

1 𝑑𝑟 1 𝑑𝑟
=1 = −1
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃

cot 𝜙1 = 1 cot 𝜙2 = −1

Since cot 𝜙1 . cot 𝜙2 = −1 , both intersect orthogonally.

𝜽 𝜽
(vi) Show that 𝒓 = 𝟒 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒓 = 𝟗 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝟐 the pair of curves cut orthogonally.
(May 22)
2𝜃 2𝜃
𝑟 = 4 sec 𝑟 = 9 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐
2 2

Take log on both sides, Take log on both sides,

𝜃 𝜃
log 𝑟 = log 4 + 2 log sec 2 log 𝑟 = log 9 + 2 log 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2

Differentiate with respect to 𝜃 Differentiate with respect to 𝜃

1 𝑑𝑟 2 𝜃 𝜃 1 𝑑𝑟 2 𝜃 𝜃
=0+ 𝜃 sec 2 tan 2 =− 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 cot 2
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 sec 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐
2 2

𝜃 𝜃
cot 𝜙1 = 2 tan 2 cot 𝜙2 = −2 cot 2

Since cot 𝜙1 . cot 𝜙2 = −1 , both intersect orthogonally.

vtucod e.in 9
6. Find the angle of intersection of the following pair of curves:

(i) 𝒓 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 and 𝒓 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

𝑟 = sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 𝑟 = 2 sin 𝜃

Take log on both sides Take log on both sides

log 𝑟 = log (sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃) log 𝑟 = log(2 sin 𝜃)

Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃

1 𝑑𝑟 cos 𝜃−sin 𝜃 1 𝑑𝑟 2 cos 𝜃

= =
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 sin 𝜃+cos 𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 2 sin 𝜃

𝜋 𝜋 cot 𝜙2 = cot 𝜃
Cot 𝜙1 = tan ( 4 − 𝜃) = cot ( 4 + 𝜃)

𝜋 𝜙2 = 𝜃
𝜙1 = +𝜃
4

𝜋
Therefore, |𝜙1 − 𝜙2 | = 4

(ii) 𝒓 = 𝒂(𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) and 𝒓 = 𝟐𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

𝑟 = 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃) 𝑟 = 2𝑎 cos 𝜃

Take log on both sides Take log on both sides

log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log (1 − cos 𝜃) log 𝑟 = log 2𝑎 + log cos 𝜃

Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃

1 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝜃 1 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝜃
= 1−cos 𝜃 = − cos 𝜃 = − tan 𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃

𝜃 𝜋
cot 𝜙1 = cot 2 cot 𝜙2 = cot (2 + 𝜃)

𝜃 𝜋
𝜙1 = 𝜙2 = 2 + 𝜃
2

1
But By data, 1 − cos 𝜃 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ⇒ 𝜃 = cos −1 3

𝜋 𝜃 𝝅 𝟏 1
Therefore, |𝜙1 − 𝜙2 | = 2 + 2 = 𝟐 + 𝟐 cos−1 (3)
vtucod e.in 10
 𝒂
(iii) 𝒓 = 𝒂 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝜽 and 𝒓 = (May 22)
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝜽

𝑎
𝑟 = 𝑎 log 𝜃 𝑟 = log 𝜃

Take log on both sides Take log on both sides

log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log (log 𝜃) log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 − log (log 𝜃)

Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 1 1 𝑑𝑟 1
= =−
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝜃 log 𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝜃 log 𝜃

1 1
cot 𝜙1 = 𝜃 log 𝜃 cot 𝜙2 = − 𝜃 log 𝜃

tan 𝜙1 = 𝜃 log 𝜃 tan 𝜙2 = −𝜃 log 𝜃

𝑎
But by data, 𝑎 log 𝜃 = log 𝜃 ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑒.

tan 𝜙 −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜙2 𝑒+𝑒 2𝑒

Therefore, tan(𝜙1 − 𝜙2 ) = 1+tan1𝜙 = 1+𝑒 2 = 1+𝑒 2
1 .tan 𝜙2

2𝑒
Therefore, |𝜙1 − 𝜙2 | = tan−1 1+𝑒 2 = 2 tan−1 𝑒

(iv) 𝒓 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 and 𝒓 = 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽

𝑟 = 𝑎 sin 2𝜃 𝑟 = 𝑎 cos 2𝜃

Take log on both sides Take log on both sides

log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log (sin 2𝜃) log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log (cos 2𝜃)

Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃

1 𝑑𝑟
1 𝑑𝑟 = −2 tan 2𝜃
= 2 cot 2𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃
cot 𝜙2 = −2 tan 2𝜃
cot 𝜙1 = 2 cot 2𝜃
1
1 tan 𝜙2 = − 2 cot 2𝜃
tan 𝜙1 = 2 tan 2𝜃

But by data, 𝑎 sin 2𝜃 = 𝑎 cos 2𝜃 ⇒ 2𝜃 = 𝜋/4

vtucod e.in 11
 1 1
tan 𝜙 −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜙2 + 4
Therefore, tan|𝜙1 − 𝜙2 | = |1+tan1𝜙 |=|2 2
11 |=3
1 .tan 𝜙2 1− .
22

4
Therefore, |𝜙1 − 𝜙2 | = tan−1 3

𝒂𝜽 𝒂
(v) 𝒓 = 𝟏+𝜽 and 𝒓 = 𝟏+𝜽𝟐

𝑎𝜃 𝑎
𝑟 = 1+𝜃 𝑟 = 1+𝜃2

Take log on both sides Take log on both sides

log 𝑟 = log 𝑎𝜃 − log (1 + 𝜃) log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 − log (1 + 𝜃 2 )

Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃

1 𝑑𝑟 2𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 1 1 = − 1+𝜃2
= (𝑎) − 𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑎𝜃 1+𝜃
2𝜃
1 1 1 cot 𝜙2 = − 1+𝜃2
cot 𝜙1 = 𝜃 − 1+𝜃 = 𝜃(1+𝜃)
1+𝜃2
tan 𝜙2 = −
tan 𝜙1 = 𝜃(1 + 𝜃) 2𝜃

𝑎𝜃 𝑎
By data, 1+𝜃 = 1+𝜃2 , 𝜃 + 𝜃 3 = 1 + 𝜃 , Therefore, 𝜃 = 1.

2+1
tan 𝜙1 = 2, tan 𝜙2 = −1, tan(𝜙1 − 𝜙2 ) = 1+2 = 1

𝜋
𝜙1 − 𝜙2 = 4

vtucod e.in 12
 (vi) 𝒓𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 = 𝟒 and 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽

𝑟 2 sin 2𝜃 = 4 𝑟 2 = 16 sin 2𝜃

Take log on both sides Take log on both sides

log 𝑟 2 + log sin 2𝜃 = log 4 log 𝑟 2 = log 16 + log sin 2𝜃

Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃

2 𝑑𝑟 2 cos 2𝜃 2 𝑑𝑟
=0+
2 cos 2𝜃
+ =0 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 sin 2𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 sin 2𝜃
cot 𝜙2 = cot 2𝜃
cot 𝜙1 = − cot 2𝜃
𝜙2 = 2𝜃
cot 𝜙1 = cot(−2𝜃)

𝜙1 = −2𝜃

1 𝜋 𝜋
By data, 16 sin2 2𝜃 = 4, sin 2𝜃 = 2 , 2𝜃 = 6 , 𝜃 = 12

𝜋 𝜋
Therefore, |𝜙1 − 𝜙2 | = 4𝜃 = 4 (12) = 3

vtucod e.in 13
 1.2 Pedal equations

Introduction:

If 𝑝 is the perpendicular distance from the pole to the tangent of the polar curve, then the

equation of the curve in terms of 𝑝 and 𝑟 is called pedal equation or 𝑝 − 𝑟 equation.

1 1 1 𝑑𝑟 2
𝑝 − 𝑟 equation is 𝑝 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 or = 𝑟 2 + 𝑟 4 (𝑑𝜃 ) .
𝑝2

Problems:

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒅𝒓 𝟐
1. With usual notations, prove that 𝒑𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 + 𝒓𝟒 (𝒅𝜽) and hence deduce that
𝟏 𝒅𝒓 𝟐 𝟏
= 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒖𝟒 (𝒅𝜽) , where 𝒖 = 𝒓 .
𝒑𝟐

Let 𝑃(𝑟, 𝜃) − Any point on the polar curve 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) .

Let 𝑟 and 𝑝 – Radius vector and perpendicular distance from the origin respectively.
𝑝
By diagram, = sin 𝜙 ⇒ 𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙.
𝑟

1 1 1 1 1 𝑑𝑟 2 1 1 𝑑𝑟 2
= 𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜙 = 𝑟 2 (1 + cot 2 𝜙) = 𝑟 2 (1 + 𝑟 2 (𝑑𝜃) ) = 𝑟 2 + 𝑟 4 (𝑑𝜃)
𝑝2

1 1 1 𝑑𝑟 2
Therefore, 𝑝2 = 𝑟 2 + 𝑟 4 (𝑑𝜃 )

1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑟
If 𝑢 = 𝑟 , 𝑑𝜃 = − 𝑟 2 (𝑑𝜃) .

1 𝑑𝑢 2
= 𝑢2 + (𝑑𝜃)
𝑝2

vtucod e.in 14
 2. Find the pedal equation of the following curves:

(i) 𝒓𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽

To find: 𝜙 To find: Pedal equation

𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 sin2 𝜃 𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙

Take log on both sides, 𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃

2 log 𝑟 = 2 log 𝑎 + 2 log sin 𝜃 𝑝2 = 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃

log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log sin 𝜃 𝑟2

𝑝2 = 𝑟 2 ( 2 )
𝑎
1 𝑑𝑟 cos 𝜃
=
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝑎2 𝑝2 = 𝑟 4
cot 𝜙 = cot 𝜃
𝑎𝑝 = 𝑟 2
𝜙=𝜃

(ii) 𝒓 = 𝟐(𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽)

To find: 𝜙 To find: Pedal equation

𝑟 = 2(1 + cos 𝜃) 𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙

Take log on both sides, 𝜋 𝜃

𝑝 = 𝑟 sin ( + )
2 2
log 𝑟 = log 2 + log(1 + cos 𝜃)
𝜃
𝑝2 = 𝑟 2 cos 2
log 𝑟 = log 2 + log(1 + cos 𝜃) 2
𝜃 𝜃 𝑟
1 𝑑𝑟 − sin 𝜃
= 0 + 1+cos 𝜃 =
−2 sin cos
2 2 𝑝2 = 𝑟 2 ( )
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 2 cos2
𝜃 4
2

4𝑝2 = 𝑟 3
𝜃 𝜋 𝜃
cot 𝜙 = − tan 2 = cot ( 2 + 2)

𝜋 𝜃
𝜙=2+2

vtucod e.in 15
 (iii) 𝒓𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝜽 (May 22)

To find: 𝜙 To find: Pedal equation

𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃 𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙

Take log on both sides, 𝜋

𝑝 = 𝑟 sin (2 + 𝑛𝜃)

𝑛 log 𝑟 = 𝑛 log 𝑎 + log cos 𝑛𝜃

𝑝 = 𝑟 cos 𝑛𝜃
Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 𝑟𝑛
𝑝 = 𝑟 (𝑎𝑛)
𝑛 𝑑𝑟 −𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃
= 0+
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 cos 𝑛𝜃
𝑎𝑛 𝑝 = 𝑟 𝑛+1
1 𝑑𝑟
= − tan 𝑛𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃

𝜋
cot 𝜙 = cot ( 2 + 𝑛𝜃)

𝜋
𝜙 = 2 + 𝑛𝜃

(iv) 𝒓𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒎𝜽 = 𝒂𝒎

To find: 𝜙 To find: Pedal equation

𝑟 𝑚 cos 𝑚𝜃 = 𝑎𝑚 𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙

Take log on both sides, 𝜋

𝑝 = 𝑟 sin ( 2 − 𝑚𝜃)

𝑚 log 𝑟 + log cos 𝑚𝜃 = 𝑚 log 𝑎

𝑝 = 𝑟 cos 𝑚𝜃
Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 𝑎𝑚
𝑝 = 𝑟( )
𝑟𝑚
𝑚 𝑑𝑟 −𝑚 sin 𝑚𝜃
+ =0
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 cos 𝑚𝜃
𝑟 𝑚−1 𝑝 = 𝑎𝑚
1 𝑑𝑟
= tan 𝑚𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃

𝜋
cot 𝜙 = cot ( 2 − 𝑚𝜃)

vtucod e.in 16
 𝜋
𝜙 = 2 − 𝑚𝜃

(v) 𝒓𝒎 = 𝒂𝒎 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒎𝜽 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒎𝜽)

To find: 𝜙 To find: Pedal equation

𝑟 𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚 (cos 𝑚𝜃 + sin 𝑚𝜃) 𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙

Take log on both sides, 𝜋

𝑝 = 𝑟 sin (4 + 𝑚𝜃)

𝑚 log 𝑟 = log 𝑎𝑚 + log(cos 𝑚𝜃 + sin 𝑚𝜃) 𝑟

𝑝= (cos 𝑚𝜃 + sin 𝑚𝜃)
√2
Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃
𝑟 𝑟𝑚
𝑝= (𝑎𝑚 )
𝑚 𝑑𝑟 −𝑚 sin 𝑚𝜃+𝑚 cos 𝑚𝜃 √2
=0+
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 cos 𝑚𝜃+sin 𝑚𝜃
√2𝑎𝑚 𝑝 = 𝑟 𝑚+1
1 𝑑𝑟 𝜋
= tan ( 4 − 𝑚𝜃)
𝑟 𝑑𝜃

𝜋 𝜋
cot 𝜙 = cot ( 2 − 4 + 𝑚𝜃)

𝜋
𝜙 = 4 + 𝑚𝜃

3. Find the Pedal equation of the following curves:

(i) 𝒓 = 𝒂𝒆𝒎𝜽

To find: 𝜙 To find: Pedal equation

𝑟 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑚𝜃 1 1 1 𝑑𝑟 2
= 𝑟 2 + 𝑟 4 (𝑑𝜃)
𝑝2
Take log on both sides,
1 1
= 𝑟 2 (1 + 𝑚2 )
𝑝2
log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + 𝑚𝜃
𝑟 2 = 𝑝2 (1 + 𝑚2 )
Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃

1 𝑑𝑟
=0+𝑚
𝑟 𝑑𝜃

cot 𝜙 = 𝑚

vtucod e.in 17
 𝒍
(ii) 𝒓 = 𝟏 + 𝒆 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

To find: 𝜙 To find: Pedal equation

𝑙
= 1 + 𝑒 cos 𝜃 1 1 1 𝑑𝑟 2
𝑟 = 𝑟 2 + 𝑟 4 (𝑑𝜃)
𝑝2

Take log on both sides, 1 1 𝑒 2 sin2 𝜃

= 𝑟 2 (1 + (1+𝑒 cos 𝜃)2 )
𝑝2
log 𝑙 − log 𝑟 = log(1 + 𝑒 cos 𝜃)
𝑟 2 (1 + 𝑒 cos 𝜃)2 = 𝑝2 (1 + 𝑒 2 + 2𝑒 cos 𝜃)
Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃
𝑙
1 𝑑𝑟 −𝑒 sin 𝜃
0 − 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = 1+𝑒 cos 𝜃 𝑙 2 = 𝑝2 (1 + 𝑒 2 + 2 ( − 1))
𝑟

𝑒 sin 𝜃
cot 𝜙 = 1+𝑒 cos 𝜃 2𝑙
𝑙 2 = 𝑝2 (𝑒 2 + − 1)
𝑟

𝟐𝒂
(iii) = 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝒓

To find: 𝜙 To find: Pedal equation

2𝑎 𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙
= 1 − cos 𝜃
𝑟
𝜃 𝜃
Take log on both sides, 𝑝 = 𝑟 sin (𝜋 − 2) = 𝑟 sin 2

log 2𝑎 − log 𝑟 = log(1 − cos 𝜃) 𝑝2 𝜃 𝑎

= sin2 2 =
𝑟2 𝑟
Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃
𝑝2 = 𝑎𝑟
𝜃 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝜃 2 sin cos
2 2
0 − 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = 1−cos 𝜃 = 𝜃
2 sin2
2

𝜃 𝜃
cot 𝜙 = − cot 2 = cot (𝜋 − 2)

𝜃
𝜙=𝜋−2

vtucod e.in 18
 1.3 Radius of curvature

Introduction:

The reciprocal of the curvature of a curve at any point p is called the radius of curvature at p.
𝑑𝑠
It is defined by 𝜌 = 𝑑𝜓.

Cartesian form Polar form

(1 + 𝑦12 )3⁄2 (𝑟 2 + 𝑟12 )3⁄2

𝜌= 𝜌=
𝑦2 𝑟 2 + 2𝑟12 − 𝑟 𝑟2

Parametric form Pedal form

3
𝑑𝑟
(𝑥 ′2 + 𝑦 ′2 )2 𝜌=𝑟
𝜌 = ′ ′′ 𝑑𝑝
𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑥′′𝑦′

1. Derive radius of curvature for the Cartesian curve 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙). (May 22)
𝑑𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜓 = 𝑑𝑥

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜓 = 𝑦1
𝜓 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑦1 )
Differentiating w. r. to 𝑥,
𝑑𝜓 1
= 1+𝑦 2 . 𝑦2
𝑑𝑥 1

Therefore, radius of curvature is given by

𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑥 1+𝑦12
𝜌 = 𝑑𝜓 = 𝑑𝑥 . 𝑑𝜓 = √1 + 𝑦12 . 𝑦2
3
(1+𝑦12 )2
𝜌= 𝑦2
3/2
𝑑𝑦 2
[1+( ) ]
𝑑𝑥
𝜌= 𝑑2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥2

vtucod e.in 19
 2. Derive radius of curvature for the parametric curve 𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒕), 𝒚 = 𝒈(𝒕).

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑦′
𝑦1 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑦2 = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 ′ )
𝑑𝑦
𝑑 𝑦′ 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑡 (𝑥 ′ ) (𝑑𝑥)
𝑑𝑡 𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′′ −𝑥 ′′ 𝑦 ′ 1
𝑦′ =( ) (𝑥 ′ )
= 𝑥′ 𝑥 ′2

Therefore, radius of curvature is given by

3
3 𝑦′2 2
(1+𝑦12 )2 (1+ ′2 )
𝑥
𝜌= = 𝑥′ 𝑦′′ −𝑥′′ 𝑦′
𝑦2 ( )
𝑥′3

3
(𝑥 ′2 +𝑦 ′2 )2
𝜌=
𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′′ −𝑥 ′′ 𝑦 ′

3. Derive radius of curvature for the polar curve 𝒓 = 𝒇(𝜽).

By diagram, 𝜒 = 𝜃 + 𝜙
𝑑𝜒 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙
= +
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝜃
= + 𝑑𝜃 . 𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙
= (1 + 𝑑𝜃 )
𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝜙
1+
𝑑𝜃
= 𝑑𝑠 ---------- (1)
𝑑𝜃

𝑑𝜃 Therefore, radius of curvature is given by

But tan 𝜙 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
1 𝑑𝜒
𝑟 =
𝜙 = tan−1 (𝑟 ) 𝜌 𝑑𝑠
1
𝑑𝜙
1+
𝑑𝜙 1 𝑟1 .𝑟1 −𝑟𝑟2 𝑟12 −𝑟𝑟2 = 𝑑𝜃
[By (1)]
= 𝑟 2
. = 𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝜃 1+( ) 𝑟12 𝑟 2 +𝑟12 𝑑𝜃
𝑟1
1 𝑟 2 +2𝑟12 −𝑟𝑟2
𝑑𝜙 𝑟12 −𝑟𝑟2 𝑟 2 +2𝑟12 −𝑟𝑟2 = .
1 + 𝑑𝜃 = 1 + = 𝑟 2 +𝑟12
𝑟 2 +𝑟12 𝑟 2 +𝑟12 √𝑟 2 +𝑟12

𝑑𝑠 3
𝑑𝜃
= √𝑟 2 + 𝑟12 (𝑟 2 +𝑟12 )2
𝜌=
𝑟 2 +2𝑟12 −𝑟𝑟2

vtucod e.in 20
 Note:
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝜃 1 𝑑𝜃 2
= 𝑑𝜃 . 𝑑𝑟 = (√𝑟 2 + 𝑟12 ) 𝑟 = √𝑟 2 ( 𝑑𝑟 ) + 1
𝑑𝑟 1

𝑑𝑠
= √1 + tan2 𝜙 = sec 𝜙
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑟
cos 𝜙 = 𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
sin 𝜙 = tan 𝜙 . cos 𝜙 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 . 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑠

4. Derive radius of curvature for the pedal curve 𝒑 = 𝒇(𝒓).

By diagram, 𝜒 = 𝜃 + 𝜙
𝑑𝜒 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙
= +
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠

But 𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝜙
= sin 𝜙 + 𝑟 cos 𝜙 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜙
= 𝑟 𝑑𝑠 + 𝑟 𝑑𝑠 . 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙
= 𝑟( + )
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝜒
= 𝑟 ( 𝑑𝑠 )
𝑑𝑟
𝜌 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑝

5. Find the radius of curvature for 𝒙𝟒 + 𝒚𝟒 = 𝟐 at (𝟏, 𝟏) (July ’16)

𝑥4 + 𝑦4 = 2
Differentiate w. r. to 𝑥,
4𝑥 3 + 4𝑦 3 𝑦′ = 0
𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 𝑦 ′ = 0 -------- (1)
Differentiate again w. r. to 𝑥,
3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 (𝑦 ′ )2 + 𝑦 3 𝑦" = 0 -------- (2)
At (1, 1), 𝑦 ′ = −1, 𝑦” = −6.
Radius of curvature is given by

vtucod e.in 21
 3⁄2 3
(1+𝑦12 ) (1+1)2 2√2 √2
𝜌= = = = −3
𝑦2 −6 −6

6. Find the radius of curvature of the Folium 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 = 𝟑𝒂𝒙𝒚 at the point

(𝟑𝒂⁄𝟐, 𝟑𝒂⁄𝟐) .
𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 3𝑎𝑥𝑦
Differentiate with respect to 𝑥
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ = 𝑎(𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦) ------ (1)
Differentiate again with respect to 𝑥
2𝑥 + 2𝑦(𝑦 ′ )2 + 𝑦 2 𝑦" = 𝑎 (𝑥𝑦" + 2𝑦′) ------- (2)
3𝑎 3𝑎
At ( 2 , ),
2
9𝑎2 9𝑎2 3𝑎 3𝑎
(1) ⇒ + 𝑦′ = 𝑎 ( 2 𝑦′ + )
4 4 2
9𝑎2 3𝑎2 3𝑎2 9𝑎2
( − ) y′ = − , 𝒚′ = −𝟏
4 2 2 4

3𝑎 3𝑎 3𝑎 2 3𝑎
(2) ⇒ 2 ( 2 ) + 2 ( 2 ) + ( 2 ) 𝑦" = 𝑎 ( 2 𝑦" − 2)
9𝑎2 3𝑎2
3𝑎 + 3𝑎 + 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 ′′ = −2𝑎
4 2
3𝑎2 −𝟑𝟐
𝑦 ′′ = −8𝑎 , 𝒚" =
4 𝟑𝒂

Radius of curvature is given by

3⁄2 3
(1+𝑦12 ) 22 3𝑎√2
𝜌= = (−32) 3𝑎 = −
𝑦2 16

𝒙
7. Find the radius of curvature of the catenary 𝒚 = 𝒄 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒄 at (𝒄, 𝟎).
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐

Differentiate with respect to 𝑥,

𝑥
𝑦1 = sinh 𝑐 -------- (1)

Differentiate again with respect to 𝑥,

1 𝑥
𝑦2 = 𝑐 cosh 𝑐 --------- (2)
1
𝐴𝑡 (𝑐, 0), 𝑦1 = sinh 1 , 𝑦2 = 𝑐 cosh 1

Radius of curvature is given by

3⁄2 3⁄2
(1+𝑦12 ) (1+sinh2 1) 𝑦2
𝜌= = 1 = 𝑐 cosh2 1 =
𝑦2 cosh 1 𝑐
𝑐

vtucod e.in 22
 8. Find the radius of curvature of the parabola 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒙 at (𝒂𝒕𝟐 , 𝟐𝒂𝒕) .
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
Differentiate w. r. to x,
𝑦𝑦1 = 2𝑎 ---------- (1)
Differentiate again w. r. to x,
𝑦12 + 𝑦𝑦2 = 0 ---------- (2)
At (𝑎𝑡 2 , 2𝑎𝑡),
1 1
𝑦1 = , 𝑦2 = − 2𝑎𝑡 3
𝑡

Radius of curvature is given by

3⁄2 1 3⁄2
(1+𝑦12 ) (1+ 2 ) 3
𝜌= = 𝑡
1 = −2𝑎(1 + 𝑡 2 )2
𝑦2 (− 3 )
2𝑎𝑡

9. Find the radius of curvature of the curve 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 (𝒙 − 𝒂) at (𝒂, 𝟎).

𝑦 = 𝑥 3 (𝑥 − 𝑎)
Differentiate w. r. to x,
𝑦1 = 𝑥 3 − (𝑥 − 𝑎)3𝑥 2 ---------- (1)
Differentiate again w. r. to x,
𝑦2 = 6𝑥 2 + 6𝑥(𝑥 − 𝑎) ---------- (2)
𝑎𝑡 (𝑎, 0), 𝑦1 = 𝑎3 , 𝑦2 = 6𝑎2
Radius of curvature is given by
3
3⁄2
(1+𝑦12 ) (1+𝑎6 )2
𝜌= =
𝑦2 6𝑎2

vtucod e.in 23
 𝝆𝟐
10. For the cardioid 𝒓 = 𝒂(𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) , show that is a constant.
𝒓

Step 1: Find 𝝓 Step 3: Find radius of curvature

𝑟 = 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃) 𝑟 3 = 2𝑎𝑝2
Take log on both sides, Differentiate w.r.to 𝑝
log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log(1 − cos 𝜃) 𝑑𝑟
3𝑟 2 𝑑𝑝 = 4𝑎𝑝
Differentiate w. r. to x, 𝑑𝑟 4𝑎𝑝
1 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝑝 = 3𝑟
= 1−cos 𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 4𝑎𝑝
𝜃 𝜃
𝜌=
2 sin cos 3𝑟
2 2
cot 𝜙 = 𝜃 16𝑎2 𝑝2 8𝑎𝑟
2 sin2 𝜌2 = =
2
9𝑟 2 9
𝜃
cot 𝜙 = cot 2 Therefore,
𝜃 𝜌2
𝜙= 𝑟
is a constant.
2

Step 2: Find 𝒑 − 𝒓 equation

𝜃
𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙 = 𝑟 sin 2
𝜃
𝑝2 = 𝑟 2 sin2
2
𝑟3
𝑝2 = 2𝑎

𝑟 3 = 2𝑎𝑝2

𝒂𝟐 (𝒂−𝒙)
11. Find the radius of curvature for 𝒚𝟐 = where the curve meets the x-axis.
𝒙
𝑎2 (𝑎−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2 𝑦
𝑦2 = ∴ 𝑥1 = 𝑑𝑦 = −
𝑥 𝑎3

𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝑎3 − 𝑎2 𝑥 ---- (1) 𝑑2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 = 𝑑𝑦 2 = − 𝑎3 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦).
Differentiate w.r.to 𝑥 ,
At 𝑦 = 0,
2𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 2 = −𝑎2
2𝑥 2
𝑎3 𝑥1 = 0 , 𝑥2 = −
2𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ = − 𝑎3
𝑥
Therefore, radius of curvature is given by
𝑑𝑦 𝑎3
= − 2𝑦𝑥 2 does not exist at 𝑦 = 0. 3⁄2
𝑑𝑥 (1+𝑥12 ) −𝑎3
𝜌= = .
𝑥2 2𝑥 2

vtucod e.in 24
 12. If 𝝆𝟏, 𝝆𝟐 be the radii of curvature at the extremities of any chord of the cardioid
𝟏𝟔𝒂𝟐
𝒓 = 𝒂(𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽) which passes through the pole, show that 𝝆𝟏 𝟐 + 𝝆𝟐 𝟐 = 𝟗
(May 22)

Step 1: Find 𝜙 Step 2: Find 𝑝 − 𝑟 equation

𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙
log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log(1 + cos 𝜃) 𝜋 𝜃
= 𝑟 sin ( 2 + 2)
1 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝜃
= − 1+cos 𝜃 𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑝2 = 𝑟 2 cos 2
2
𝜃 𝜃
2 sin cos
cot 𝜙 = − 2 2 𝑟3 𝜃
2 cos2
𝜃 𝑝2 = [∵ 𝐵𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎, 𝑟 = 2𝑎 cos2 ]
2 2𝑎 2
3 2
𝜃 𝑟 = 2𝑎𝑝
= − tan 2
𝜋 𝜃
= cot ( 2 + 2)
𝜋 𝜃
𝜙=2+2

Step 3: Find 𝜌 16𝑎2

Step 4: To prove 𝜌12 + 𝜌22 =
9
𝑟 3 = 2𝑎𝑝2 8𝑎𝑟 8𝑎2
At (𝑟, 𝜃), 𝜌12 = = (1 + cos 𝜃)
Differentiate w.r.to 𝑝 9 9
8𝑎𝑟 8𝑎2
𝑑𝑟
3𝑟 2 𝑑𝑝 = 4𝑎𝑝 At (𝑟, 𝜋 + 𝜃), 𝜌22 = = (1 − cos 𝜃).
9 9
16𝑎2
𝑑𝑟
𝑟 𝑑𝑝 =
4𝑎𝑝 Adding both. 𝜌12 + 𝜌22 =
3𝑟 9

4𝑎𝑝
𝜌= 3𝑟
16𝑎2 𝑝2
𝜌2 = 9𝑟 2
8𝑎𝑟
= 9

vtucod e.in 25
 13. Show that the radius of curvature at any point of the cycloid
𝜽
𝒙 = 𝒂(𝜽 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽), 𝒚 = 𝒂(𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) 𝒊𝒔 𝟒𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )
𝟐

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃), = 𝑎 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
𝑦1 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑦2 = 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 1 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= 𝑑𝜃 = 2 sec 2 2 × 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝜃
1 𝜃
sec2
𝑎 sin 𝜃 2 2
= 𝑎(1+cos 𝜃) = 𝑎(1+cos 𝜃)
1 𝜃
𝜃
2 sin cos
𝜃 sec2 1 𝜃
= 2 2
= tan 2
𝜃 = 2 2
𝜃 = 4𝑎 sec 4 2
2 cos2
𝜃 𝑎(2 cos2 )
2
2

Therefore, radius of curvature is given by

3 𝜃
(1+𝑦12 )2 sec3 𝜃
2
𝜌= = 1 𝜃 = 4𝑎 cos 2
𝑦2 sec4
4𝑎 2

14. Show that the radius of curvature at any point of the cycloid
𝜽
𝒙 = 𝒂(𝜽 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽), 𝒚 = 𝒂(𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) 𝒊𝒔 𝟒𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )
𝟐

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃), = 𝑎 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
𝑦1 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑦2 = 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑎 sin 𝜃 1 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= 𝑎(1−cos 𝜃) = − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ( 2 ) × 𝑑𝑥
𝜃 𝜃 1 𝜃 1
=
2 sin cos
2 2 = − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ( 2 ) × 𝑎(1−cos 𝜃)
𝜃
2 sin2
2
1 𝜃
𝜃 = − 4𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 ( 2)
= cot
2

Therefore, radius of curvature is given by

3
3 𝜃 2
(1+𝑦12 )2 (1+cot2 ) 𝜃
2
𝜌= = 1 𝜃 = −4𝑎 sin 2
𝑦2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 ( )
4𝑎 2

𝜃
Ignoring sign, 𝜌 = 4𝑎 sin 2

vtucod e.in 26
 15. Show that the radius of curvature at any point of the cycloid
𝝅
𝒙 = 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝒕, 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒕 at 𝒕 = 𝟒 .

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= −3𝑎 cos 2 𝑡 sin 𝑡 , = 3𝑎 sin2 𝑡 cos 𝑡
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
𝑦1 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑦2 = 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑑𝑡 = − sec 2 𝑡 × 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
sec2 𝑡
3𝑎 sin2 𝑡 cos 𝑡 = 3𝑎 cos2 𝑡 sin 𝑡
= −3𝑎 cos2 𝑡 sin 𝑡
1 sec4 𝑡
= − tan 𝑡 = 3𝑎 sin 𝑡
𝜋 1
At 𝑡 = 4 , 𝑦1 = −1, 𝑦2 = 3𝑎 4√2

Therefore, radius of curvature is given by

3 3
(1+𝑦12 )2 (1+1)2 3𝑎
𝜌= = 1 =
𝑦2 4√2 2
3𝑎

16. Find the radius of curvature of the curve 𝒙 = 𝒂(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 + 𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕), 𝒚 = 𝒂(𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 −
𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕) at any point 𝒕.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑎(− sin 𝑡 + sin 𝑡 + 𝑡 cos 𝑡) = 𝑎𝑡 cos 𝑡, = 𝑎(cos 𝑡 + 𝑡 sin 𝑡 − cos 𝑡) = 𝑎𝑡 sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
𝑦1 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑦2 = 𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑑𝑡 = sec 2 𝑡 × 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
sec2 𝑡
𝑎𝑡 sin 𝑡 = 𝑎𝑡 cos 𝑡
= 𝑎𝑡 cos 𝑡
1
= 𝑎𝑡 sec 3 𝑡
= tan 𝑡

Therefore, radius of curvature is given by

3 3
(1+𝑦12 )2 (1+tan2 𝑡)2 sec3 𝑡
𝜌= = 1 = 1 = 𝑎𝑡.
𝑦2 4√2 sec3 𝑡
3𝑎 𝑎𝑡

vtucod e.in 27