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Chapter - 1 Word Classes - Cont'

The document provides an overview of parts of speech, including determiners, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, interjections, prepositions, and conjunctions. It explains the types and functions of each part of speech, along with examples and exercises for identifying them in sentences. The document serves as a comprehensive guide for understanding and analyzing the structure of sentences.

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30 views38 pages

Chapter - 1 Word Classes - Cont'

The document provides an overview of parts of speech, including determiners, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, interjections, prepositions, and conjunctions. It explains the types and functions of each part of speech, along with examples and exercises for identifying them in sentences. The document serves as a comprehensive guide for understanding and analyzing the structure of sentences.

Uploaded by

steve L
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Parts of Speech (Word Classes)

Parts of Speech (Word Classes)


• Verbs • Pronouns
• Nouns • Prepositions
• Adjectives • Conjunctions
• Adverbs • Interjections
• Determiners
DETERMINERS
Determiner: determine or limit the meaning of
the nouns that follow
• Determiners
1. articles
– (a/an/the) + NOUN
2. quantifiers
– (some/any/no/many/much/all/both/half/few/little/a lot
of/three kilograms of/several…)
3. demonstrative adjectives
– (this/ these/ that/ those)
6. Numerals
4. Possessive adjectives
-- one/twelve (cardinal)
– (my/ your/ his/ their/ one’s) -- thirteenth (ordinal)
5. interrogative adjectives
– (which / what / whose)
– Which book is this? What colour is this? Whose dog is sick?
Underline the determiners and state
what kind of determiners they are.
1. Our aim is that all children complete secondary
education.
2. Lots of players started wearing two pairs of shorts
like Michael Jordan.
3. There are twenty boys in this class.
4. Leap year falls in every fourth year.
5. One evening a beggar came to my door.
6. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
Underline the determiners and state
what kind of determiners they are.
1. Our aim is that all children complete secondary education.
(Possessive) (Quantifier)
2. Lots of players started wearing two pairs of shorts like …
(Quantifier) (Numeral; Quantifier)
3. There are twenty boys in this class.
(Numeral) (Demonstrative)
4. Leap year falls in every fourth year.
(Quantifier) (Numeral)
5. One evening a beggar came to my door.
(Numeral) (Article) (Possessive)
6. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
(Article) (Article) (Article)
PRONOUNS
Types of Pronouns
1. Personal pronouns:
(as subject) I, you, we, they, etc.
(as object) me, you, us, them, etc.
2. Reflexive pronouns:
myself, yourself, ourselves, themselves, etc.
3. Indefinite Pronouns:
All, some, any, several, anyone, nobody, each,
both, few, either, none, one and no one
4. Possessive Pronouns
Mine, yours, his, hers, ours and theirs
5. Relative Pronouns
which, that, who (including whom and
whose)
Underline the pronouns in the sentences and state what
kinds of pronouns they are
indefinite
1. Somebody must have seen the driver leave.
2. The man who first saw the comet reported it
as a UFO. relative personal
(object)
3. The tickets are as good as ours. possessive
4. John bakes all the bread himself. reflexive
5. I have nothing to declare except my genius.
personal
(subject)
VERBS
Types of Verbs
• Action verbs
• State verbs
• Linking verbs

• Transitive verbs
• Intransitive verbs
• Di-transitive verbs
Action Verbs
• used to describe
- actions (what we do) and
- events (what happens)

e.g. Eat, give, run, see, etc.


State Verbs
• used to describe states:
• a. what we think
I know what you mean. My parents understand
everything.

• b. how we feel
I appreciate all your help. Some people hate mouse.
State Verbs
• c. relationships, especially those concerned with
inclusion and possession

The city guide contains useful information. The old


suitcase belongs to me.

NOTE: We don’t usually use state verbs in


continuous.
Linking verbs (copulas)
• Used to describe states: how things are or seem to be
e.g. Be, seem, appear, etc.

I am a student.
These flowers are beautiful.
She said she was on a diet.

• They are usually followed by subject complements


(adjective phrases / noun phrases / pronouns) or
prepositional phrases to describe the subject of the
sentence.
Transitive Verbs
• Verbs with objects
• e.g. He kicked a small stone.
We discovered the problems.
Intransitive Verbs
• Verbs are used without objects.
• e.g. I can’t sleep. A lot of people were
screaming.
Verbs used with & without objects

• We won the match.


• Did you win?

• Do you speak English?


• She was so upset that she couldn’t speak.

• My uncle runs a company.


• He runs really fast.
Di-transitive Verbs
• Di-transitive Verbs are verbs which take two objects.

e.g. I’ll send you a postcard.

• In the sentence above…


- “you” is the indirect object, and
- “a postcard” is the direct object.

• Some common di-transitive verbs include:


bring, buy, give, promise, send, show, teach, tell
Verb: a word used to express an action or state
• Verbs:
– Action/State/Linking
– Transitive/Intransitive/Di-transitive
Underline the Verbs in the following sentences and state
what type of verbs they are.
1. The girl wrote a letter to her cousin.
2. Our teachers usually give us clear instructions.
3. We were sleeping when the phone rang.
4. Macau is a small city located in the southern part of China.
5. Iron and copper are useful metals.
6. Patrick Roy imagined the goal helping him.
Verb
Underline the Verbs in the following sentences and state
what type of verbs they are.
1. The girl wrote a letter to her cousin. (Action, Transitive)
2. Our teachers usually give us clear instructions. (Action,
Di-transitive)
3. We were sleeping when the phone rang. (Action,
Intransitive)
4. Macau is a small city located in the southern part of China.
(Linking)
5. Iron and copper are useful metals. (Linking)
6. Patrick Roy imagined the goal helping him. (State,
Transitive)
ADJECTIVES
Adjectives are one of the four major word classes, along
with nouns, verbs and adverbs.
Examples of adjectives are: big, small, blue, old,
rich and nice.
They give us more information about people, animals or
things represented by nouns and pronouns:

Adjectives are words that modify (describe) nouns:


• Furry dogs may overheat in the summertime.
• Maggie wore a beautiful hat to the pie-eating
contest.

They can also act as a complement to linking verbs or


the verb to be.
• Driving is faster than walking.
• It smells gross in the locker room.
ADVERBS
Adverb: word that describes or adds to the
meaning of a verb, an adjective, another adverb,
or a sentence, and which answers such questions
as HOW?, WHERE?, or WHEN?

Adjuncts:
• Adverb of Manner
• Adverb of Place
• Adverb of Time
• Adverb of Degree
• Adverb of frequency
Adverbials
Adjuncts:
• Adverb of Manner (excitedly, happily, gracefully)
• Adverb of Place (there, here, in the box, on the top shelf)
• Adverb of Time (today, last year, at three o’clock)
• Adverb of Degree (very, so, really, almost)
• Adverb of frequency (sometimes, always, never)

Conjuncts:
INTERJECTIONS
Meaning
An interjection is a part of speech that shows
the emotion or feeling of the author. These
words or phrases can stand alone or be placed
before or after a sentence. Many times
an interjection is followed by a punctuation
mark, often an exclamation mark.
PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions are short words (on, in, to) that
usually stand in front of nouns (sometimes also
in front of gerund verbs).
Like can be …
Parts of speech Examples
A Verb I quite like wine but I could live
without it.
A Preposition You’re acting like a complete
idiot!
A Conjunction You look like you've just got out
of bed!
CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunctions are words that link other
words, phrases, or clauses together.
• List of Conjunctions
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
both/and, either/or, neither/nor, not only/but,
whether/or after, although, as, as if, as long as, as much
as, as soon as, as though, because, before, by the time,
even if, even though, if, in order that, in case, in the
event that, lest , now that, once, only, only if, provided
that, since, so, supposing, that, than, though, till, unless,
until, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever,
whether or not, while
REVISION
EXERCISE
Give the parts of speech of all the words/phrases in
the sentences.
1. He sat beside her all night.
2. After the long walk, we are all ready for a drink.
3. I will tell you after they leave.
4. Neither answer is correct.
5. Their house is neither big nor small.
6. Neither of them has/have a car.
Give the parts of speech of all the words/phrases in the sentences.
1. He sat beside her all night.
(Pron) (V) (Prep) (Pron) (Det) (N)
2. After the long walk, we are all ready for a drink.
(Prep) (Det) (Adj) (N) (Pron) (V) (Adv) (Adj) (Prep) (Det) (N)
3. I will tell you after they leave.
(Pron) (V) (Pron) (Conj) (Pron) (V)
4. Neither answer is correct.
(Det) (N) (V) (Adj)
5. Their house is neither big nor small.
(Det) (N) (V) (Adv) (Adj) (Conj) (Adj)
6. Neither of them has/have a car.
(Det) (Pron) (V) (Det) (N)

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