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Deep Learning
with Applications
Using Python
Chatbots and Face, Object, and Speech
Recognition With TensorFlow and Keras
—
Navin Kumar Manaswi
Foreword by Tarry Singh
Deep Learning with
Applications Using
Python
Chatbots and Face, Object,
and Speech Recognition
With TensorFlow and Keras
iii
Table of Contents
Optimizers�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25
Loss Function Examples��������������������������������������������������������������������������������26
Common Optimizers��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������27
Metrics����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������28
Metrics Examples������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������28
Common Metrics�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������29
iv
Table of Contents
v
Table of Contents
vi
Table of Contents
vii
Table of Contents
Index�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������213
viii
Foreword by Tarry Singh
Deep Learning has come a really long way.
From the birth of the idea to understand
human mind and the concept of
associationism — how we perceive things
and how relationships of objects and views
influence our thinking and doing, to the
modelling of associationism which started in
the 1870s when Alexander Bain introduced the
first concert of Artificial Neural Networks by grouping the neurons.
Fast forward it to today 2018 and we see how Deep Learning has
dramatically improved and is in all forms of life — from object detection,
speech recognition, machine translation, autonomous vehicles, face
detection and the use of face detection from mundane tasks such as
unlocking your iPhoneX to doing more profound tasks such as crime
detection and prevention.
Convolutional Neural Networks and Recurrent Neural Networks
are shining brightly as they continue to help solve the world problems
in literally all industry areas such as Automotive & Transportation,
Healthcare & Medicine, Retail to name a few. Great progress is being made
in these areas and just metrics like these say enough about the palpability
of the deep learning industry:
ix
Foreword by Tarry Singh
–– AI related jobs market is hiring 5x more since 2013 and Deep Learning is
the most sought after skill in 2018
–– the error rate of image classification has dropped from 28% in 2012 to
2.5% in 2017 and it is going down all the time!
x
Foreword by Tarry Singh
xi
About the Author
Navin Kumar Manaswi has been developing
AI solutions with the use of cutting-edge
technologies and sciences related to artificial
intelligence for many years. Having worked for
consulting companies in Malaysia, Singapore,
and the Dubai Smart City project, as well
as his own company, he has developed a
rare mix of skills for delivering end-to-end
artificial intelligence solutions, including
video intelligence, document intelligence, and
human-like chatbots. Currently, he solves B2B problems in the verticals of
healthcare, enterprise applications, industrial IoT, and retail at Symphony
AI Incubator as a deep learning AI architect. With this book, he wants to
democratize the cognitive computing and services for everyone, especially
developers, data scientists, software engineers, database engineers, data
analysts, and C-level managers.
xiii
About the Technical Reviewer
Sundar Rajan Raman has more than 14 years
of full stack IT experience in machine
learning, deep learning, and natural language
processing. He has six years of big data
development and architect experience,
including working with Hadoop and
its ecosystems as well as other NoSQL
technologies such as MongoDB and
Cassandra. In fact, he has been the technical
reviewer of several books on these topics.
He is also interested in strategizing using Design Thinking principles
and coaching and mentoring people.
xv
CHAPTER 1
Basics of TensorFlow
This chapter covers the basics of TensorFlow, the deep learning
framework. Deep learning does a wonderful job in pattern recognition,
especially in the context of images, sound, speech, language, and time-
series data. With the help of deep learning, you can classify, predict,
cluster, and extract features. Fortunately, in November 2015, Google
released TensorFlow, which has been used in most of Google’s products
such as Google Search, spam detection, speech recognition, Google
Assistant, Google Now, and Google Photos. Explaining the basic
components of TensorFlow is the aim of this chapter.
TensorFlow has a unique ability to perform partial subgraph
computation so as to allow distributed training with the help of
partitioning the neural networks. In other words, TensorFlow allows model
parallelism and data parallelism. TensorFlow provides multiple APIs.
The lowest level API—TensorFlow Core—provides you with complete
programming control.
Note the following important points regarding TensorFlow:
T ensors
Before you jump into the TensorFlow library, let’s get comfortable with
the basic unit of data in TensorFlow. A tensor is a mathematical object
and a generalization of scalars, vectors, and matrices. A tensor can be
represented as a multidimensional array. A tensor of zero rank (order) is
nothing but a scalar. A vector/array is a tensor of rank 1, whereas a
2
Chapter 1 Basics of TensorFlow
3
Chapter 1 Basics of TensorFlow
So, the structure of TensorFlow programs has two phases, shown here:
4
Chapter 1 Basics of TensorFlow
To actually evaluate the nodes, you must run the computational graph
within a session.
A session encapsulates the control and state of the TensorFlow runtime.
The following code creates a Session object:
sess = tf.Session()
5
Chapter 1 Basics of TensorFlow
6
Chapter 1 Basics of TensorFlow
Generally, you have to deal with many images in deep learning, so you
have to place pixel values for each image and keep iterating over all images.
To train the model, you need to be able to modify the graph to tune
some objects such as weight and bias. In short, variables enable you to
add trainable parameters to a graph. They are constructed with a type and
initial value.
Let’s create a constant in TensorFlow and print it.
7
Chapter 1 Basics of TensorFlow
Now you will explore how you create a variable and initialize it. Here is
the code that does it:
8
Chapter 1 Basics of TensorFlow
Placeholders
A placeholder is a variable that you can feed something to at a later time. It
is meant to accept external inputs. Placeholders can have one or multiple
dimensions, meant for storing n-dimensional arrays.
9
Chapter 1 Basics of TensorFlow
You can also consider a 2D array in place of the 1D array. Here is the
code:
This is a 2×4 matrix. So, if you replace None with 2, you can see the
same output.
But if you create a placeholder of [3, 4] shape (note that you will feed
a 2×4 matrix at a later time), there is an error, as shown here:
10
Chapter 1 Basics of TensorFlow
Constants are initialized when you call tf.constant, and their values
can never change. By contrast, variables are not initialized when you call
tf.Variable. To initialize all the variables in a TensorFlow program, you
must explicitly call a special operation as follows.
11
Chapter 1 Basics of TensorFlow
Creating Tensors
An image is a tensor of the third order where the dimensions belong to
height, width, and number of channels (Red, Blue, and Green).
Here you can see how an image is converted into a tensor:
12
Chapter 1 Basics of TensorFlow
Fixed Tensors
Here is a fixed tensor:
13
Chapter 1 Basics of TensorFlow
Sequence Tensors
tf.range creates a sequence of numbers starting from the specified value
and having a specified increment.
14
Chapter 1 Basics of TensorFlow
Random Tensors
tf.random_uniform generates random values from uniform distribution
within a range.
15
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serious magnitude and consequence than this, How shall I apply the
funds contributed for preaching the Gospel? The Society must follow
the law of conscience too: and what men would not do as individuals
—contribute to the circulation of error, and the support of unworthy
men as ministers of the Gospel—they will not do as members of this
Society;—they will earnestly, I trust prayerfully, guard against it.
Would the friends and supporters of the Society, whilst they
remained in doubt whether they were doing good or evil in the
Church, and what character was borne by the Curates they
maintained, whether “faithful and devoted” or the reverse, (seeing
that both are to be found in the sacred office, the tares and the
wheat together,) make the exertion they now do—many of them, I
believe, out of their deep poverty—in support of the Society’s
funds? Enough has been said, I think, to shew that it is no light
thing, when it is required of us to give up our power of influencing
others for their good; no light thing, when we are asked to provide
funds for a minister, without inquiring whether he is good or bad; no
light thing, when we are asked to lose sight of our responsibility in
the application of gifts we have devoted to the glory of God.
The last thing I proposed to lay before you was the testimony of the
highest authorities of the Church to the character and services of the
Church Pastoral-Aid Society;—I may safely challenge any Society in
the Church to produce a more favourable one. The following was
the tribute of His Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury in the House
of Lords, July 27th of the present year, in the debate on the
Ecclesiastical Revenues’ Bill. After stating that “nearly 3,000,000 of
our Fellow-Christians in this land are utterly cut off from the
advantages of Religion and pastoral superintendence,” the
Archbishop adds, “The funds of Queen Anne’s Bounty, for the
augmentation of small livings, were only 12,000l. a-year; but
considerable assistance in aid of that sum was derived from the
Pastoral-Aid Society, and the Supplementary Curates’ Fund.” I
notice, first, that if the Archbishop had thought the Society was
doing more evil than good with its fund, he never could have
mentioned it thus: secondly, that it is quoted as a Church Society,
that is to say, as belonging to the Church, and doing good service in
it: thirdly, that it is placed above the Supplementary Curates’ Fund,
according to its proper place, both on account of priority of date and
greater extent of usefulness. Other tributes of our spiritual Heads
under Christ were given at the last General Meeting of the friends
and supporters of the Society in May 1840, a period not greatly
preceding Dr. Molesworth’s attack:
“The Right Rev. Prelate said, that though it might appear late in
the day, he had been anxious to make amends for apparent
neglect in past time, by taking part in the proceedings of the
Society, and ESPECIALLY TO EXPRESS HIS BELIEF, THAT THAT PREJUDICE,
WHICH FOR SOME TIME HAD KEPT MANY BACK FROM SUPPORTING THIS DESIGN,
WAS ENTIRELY UNFOUNDED. EXAMINATION AND EXPERIENCE HAD TAUGHT HIM,
that general, religious, and benevolent purposes HAD ANIMATED THE
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, and A CAUTIOUS AND SOBER-MINDED DESIRE
NOT TO DEPART FROM THE TRUE DOCTRINES AND DISCIPLINE OF THE CHURCH.
HE COULD NOT BUT ADMIRE THE CHRISTIAN TEMPER AND ABILITY WITH WHICH
THE SOCIETY HAD BEEN CONDUCTED, AND BY WHICH ITS MANAGERS HAD
ENDEAVOURED TO LIVE DOWN ALL PREJUDICE AND OPPOSITION. HE LOOKED TO
THIS SOCIETY, THEN, WHICH WAS NOT INFLUENCED BY A PARTY SPIRIT, AS A
REMEDY FOR THE EVIL. He was happy to have this opportunity of
testifying his cordial approval of the designs and operations of
this Society.”
The late Bishop of Chichester (as well as the present, a Vice Patron of
the Society), in supporting the Resolution, bore his testimony to the
excellent effects produced by this Society, not only upon the country
at large, but upon that sphere of Christian action over which he had
the superintendence.
There is but one Layman whose testimony I shall quote; for I know
not where I should find another worthy to be added to the above
list, as an equally devoted and energetic friend of the Church, and of
this Society. It is not so much Lord Ashley as President of the
Society, I quote, as Lord Ashley known and esteemed in every
relation of life, public and domestic, in office and out of office,—by
the Court, the statesman, the operative, and the Christian. At the
last public meeting, Lord Ashley speaks thus:—
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