2. Take a set (say) A1 which has one element (say) a1.

3. Take a set (say) A2 which has two elements (say) a1 and a2.

4. Take a set (say) A3 which has three elements (say) a1, a2 and a3.
DEMONSTRATION

➢ Represent A0 as shown in first figure. Here the possible subsets of A0 is A0

itself only, represented symbolically by φ. The number of subsets of A0 is 1 =
20.
➢ Represent A1 as in second figure. Here the subsets of A1 are φ, {a1}. The
number of subsets of A1 is 2 = 21
➢ Represent A2 as in third figure. Here the subsets of A2 are φ, {a1}, {a2}, {a1,
a2}. The number of subsets of A2 is 4 = 22.
➢ Represent A3 as in fourth figure. Here the subsets of A3 are φ, {a1}, {a2}, {a3},
{a1, a2}, {a2, a3}, {a3, a1} and {a1, a2, a3}. The number of subsets of A3 is 8 = 23.
➢ Continuing this way, the number of subsets of set A containing n elements
a1, a2, ..., an is 2n.

OBSERVATION:

1. The number of subsets of A0 is __________ = 20

2. The number of subsets of A1 is __________ = _____

3. The number of subsets of A2 is _____4_____ = _____

4. The number of subsets of A3 is __________ = _____

 two of the remaining rectangles are also placed horizontally in a line just below
the above three rectangles. Write the symbol U in the left/right top corner of
each rectangle as shown in Fig. 4.1, Fig. 4.2, Fig. 4.3, Fig. 4.4 and Fig. 4.5.
❖ 2 Draw three circles and mark them as A, B and C in each of the five
rectangles as shown in the figures.
❖ Colour/shade the portions as shown in the figures.

DEMONSTRATION:

 U denotes the universal set represented by the rectangle in each figure.

 Circles A, B and C represent the subsets of the universal set U.

 In Fig. 4.1, coloured/shaded portion represents B  C, coloured portions in

Fig. 4.2 represents A  B, Fig. 4.3 represents A  C, Fig. 4.4 represents
A(B  C) and coloured portion in Fig. 4.5 represents (A  B)  (A C).
➢ Take a white drawing sheet and cut out a rectangular strip of size 6 cm × 4 cm
(convenient size) and paste it on the left side of the drawing board (see Fig. 1).
➢ Fix three nails on this strip and mark them as a, b, c (see Fig. 1).
Let it be set A.
A =  a, b, c

Fig .1

➢ Cut out another white rectangular strip of size 6 cm × 4 cm (convenient size)

and paste it on the right hand side of the drawing board.
➢ Fix two nails on the right side of this strip (see Fig. 2) and mark them as 1 and
2 let it be Set B. B = 1,2 .

Fig 2
DEMONSTRATION

Join nails of the left-hand strip to the nails on the right-hand strip by strings

in different ways. Some of such ways are shown in Fig. 3 to Fig. 6.

Fig. 3

Fig. 4
 Fig 5

Fig 6

Joining nails in each figure constitute different ordered pairs representing

elements of a relation.

OBSERVATION:

 In Fig. 3, ordered pairs are (a,1), (a,2), (b,1), (b,2), (c,2). These ordered pairs
constitute a relation but not a function. Since the elements a, b of set A has
more than one image.
 In Fig. 4, ordered pairs are (a, 1) (b, 1) (c, 1). These constitute a relation as well
 ⧫ Thread

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION:

➢ Take a circular card board and paste white chart on it

➢ Consider the radius of circle as 10 units
➢ Draw two lines, perpendicular to each other x axis and Y axis .
➢ Mark the ends of 0°-180° line as (1,0) at 0°, (–1, 0) at 180° and that of
90° - 270° line as (0,1) at 90° and (0, –1) at 270°
➢ Fix the different coloured pins in different quadrants on the 0º-360º and one
big Nail on the centre
➢ Tie a thread to the big Nail fixed at centre of the circle leave the other end free.

DEMONSTRATION:

 if we want to find sin 300 place the other end of the thread on the Y axis along
5 1
the 300 as shown in figure 1 which will be at 5. Then sin 300= = .
10 2

 Similarly, if we want to find cosine of any angle place the other end of thread
perpendicular to X axis along the angle as shown in figure
 Note that in first quadrant all trigonometric values are positive, in second
quadrant Sin and Cosec are positive, in third quadrant tan and cot are positive
and in fourth quadrant Cos and Sec are positive

OBSERVATION:
✓ When thread is at 0º indicating the point A (1,0),
cos 0 = ______ and sin 0 = _______.
✓ When thread is at 90º indicating the point B (0, 1),
𝜋 𝜋
cos = _______ and sin = _______
2 2

✓ When thread is at 180º indicating the point C (–1,0),

cos 𝜋 = ______ and sin 𝜋 = _________.
✓ When thread is at 270º indicating the point D (0, – 1)
3𝜋 3𝜋
which means Cos = _______ and sin = _______
2 2

✓ When thread is at 360º indicating the point again at A(1,0),

cos 2 𝜋 = _______ and sin 2 𝜋 = ________.
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION:
➢ Take a graph paper of a convenient size and paste on a white paper.
➢ Draw two perpendicular lines X’OX and Y’OY to represent x-axis and y-axis,
respectively.
➢ Draw the graph of the linear equation corresponding to the given linear
inequality.
➢ Mark the two half planes I and II as shown in the fig. below

DEMONSTRATION/ PROCEDURE/ACTION PLAN:

Rewrite the inequality as an equation by setting (5𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 40 = 0). This
equation represents the boundary line that separates the two half planes.
Use the equation to determine at least two points on the boundary line. For
instance, you can find the intercepts by setting (𝑥 = 0) to find the 𝑦 −
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑠 and (𝑦 = 0) to find the 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡.
First we solve 5𝑥 + 4𝑦 ≤ 40
Let first draw graph of 5𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 40.
Putting x=0 we get Putting y=0 we get
x 0 8
5(0) + 4y=40. 5x+4(0) =40
4y=40 5x=40 y 10 0

Y=10 x=8
Draw graph points to be plotted are (0,10) (8,0) Plot these points on the graph
paper and draw the line.
Determine the Half-Plane: The inequality (5𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 40 < 0) represents one
of the two half-planes divided by the boundary line.
To determine which half-plane the inequality represents, choose a test point
that is not in the boundary line (common choice is the origin (0,0), if it is not
on the line).
Substitute the coordinates of the test point into the inequality
(5𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 40 < 0)
If the inequality holds true for the test point, then the half-plane containing this
point is the solution region. If the inequality does not hold, the opposite
halfplane is the solution region.
Checking for (0,0) putting x=0, y=0 we have 5(0) +4(0) < 40 which is true .
Hence origin lies in the plane 5𝑥 + 4𝑦 < 40. So, we shade left side of the
plane.
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION:

➢ Take a drawing board and paste a white paper on it.

➢ Take some matchsticks and arrange them as shown below and paste it.

➢ After pasting the matchsticks, write ‘1’ at the top, then write ‘1’ twice in the
second row and then in the third row, place ‘1’ at each end of the row and the
middle term will be obtained by adding two ‘1’s of the previous row.
Similarly, for the fourth row, place ‘1’ at each end and the middle two terms
will be obtained by adding the terms of the previous third row (depicted using
arrows).
Continue the process like this, as shown below :

1 (first row) (𝑎 + 𝑏)0 = 1

1 1 (second row) (𝑎 + 𝑏)1 = 𝑎 + 𝑏

1 2 1 (third row) (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2

1 3 3 1 (fourth row) (𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 + 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 + 𝑏 3

1 4 6 4 1 (fifth row) (𝑎 + 𝑏)4 = 𝑎4 + 4𝑎3 𝑏 + 6𝑎2 𝑏 2 +

4𝑎𝑏 3 + 𝑏 4

And so on.
 Figure 1
➢ Take another set of unit square 1,4,9,16, 25, ....as shown in figure 2 and colour
all of them with green colour

Figure 2
➢ Take a third set of unit squares in figure 3 and colour unit squares with
different colours

Figure 3
 ➢ Arrange these three set of unit squares as a rectangle as shown in figure 4

Figure 4

DEMONSTRATION:

Area of one set as given in fig = (1+4+9+16+25 ) sq.units

= ( 1²+2²+3²+4²+5² ) sq.units

Area of three such sets = 3(1²+2²+3²+4²+5²)

Area of rectangle = 11 × 15

= [ 2(5) + 1] [ ( 5× 6)/2 ]

(1²+2²+3²+4²+5²) = ½ [5×6] [ 2(5)+1]

Or 1²+2²+3²+4²+5² = ⅙ [5 ×(5+1)][ 2(5)+1]

OBSERVATION:

 3(1²+2²+3²+4²+5²)=½ (5×6)(2(5)+1)
1
 1²+2²+3²+4²+5² = [5×(5+1)][2(5)+1]
6
1
 1²+2²+3²+4²+5²+6² = ( ____ × ____) (___+1)
6
1
 1²+2²+3²+......+10² = ( ____ × ____) (___+1)
6

APPLICATION:

This activity may be used to establish