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Deep Foundation

The document discusses deep foundations, specifically focusing on piles, piers, and well foundations, which are used when shallow soil is inadequate for load transmission. It classifies piles based on material, load transfer mode, installation method, function, and soil displacement effects, detailing types such as timber, steel, concrete, and composite piles. Additionally, it explains the differences between displacement and non-displacement piles, highlighting their installation processes and impacts on surrounding soil.

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Yingaupeu Ndang
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11 views3 pages

Deep Foundation

The document discusses deep foundations, specifically focusing on piles, piers, and well foundations, which are used when shallow soil is inadequate for load transmission. It classifies piles based on material, load transfer mode, installation method, function, and soil displacement effects, detailing types such as timber, steel, concrete, and composite piles. Additionally, it explains the differences between displacement and non-displacement piles, highlighting their installation processes and impacts on surrounding soil.

Uploaded by

Yingaupeu Ndang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION

In situations where soil at shallow depth is poor, inorder to transmit load safely, the depth of
foundation has to be increased till the suitable soil strata is met. In view of increased depth, such
foundations are called Deep foundation, Well foundation, Pile Foundation and Pier Foundation are
Deep foundations.
Pile is a small dia shaft which can be driven or installed into ground, Where as Piers and well
Foundation are large dia shafts, constructed by excavation and sunk to the required depth.

CLASSIFICATION OF PILE
Piles are classified in a number of ways based on different criteria
1. Material and composition
2. Mode of transfer of load
3. Function or Action
4. Method of installation
5. Displacement of Soil

(1) Classification Based on Material & Composition


(a) timber piles
(b) Steel piles
(c) Concrete piles
(d) Composite piles : These may be either of concrete and timber or concrete and steel.
Composite piles are rarely used in practice as it is difficult to provide joint between two
different materials.

(2) Classification based on mode of transfer of load


(a) End-bearing piles
Used to transfer load through the pile tip to a suitable bearing stratum, passing soft soil
or water.
(b) Friction piles
Used to transfer loads to a depth in a frictional material by means of skin friction along
the surface area of the pile.
Friction piles are also called as Floating piles, as they do not reach the hard stratum.

(c) Combined End bearing and Friction pile


Used to transfer load through the combine action of end bearing and friction along the
surface area of pile.

(3) Classification based on Method of Installation

(a) Driven piles


Timber, steel, or precast concrete piles may be driven into position either vertically or at
an inclination.
If they are inclined then they are called as "Batter" or "Raking" piles.
Pile hammers and pile-driving equipment are used for driving piles.
(b) Bored and Cast-in-situ piles
Only concrete piles can be cast-in-situ. As the Holes are drilled and filled with concreté.
These are straight-bored piles or 'under-reamed' with one or more bulbs at intervals.
Reinforcements is used according to the requirements.
(c) Driven and cast-in-situ piles
A closed end casing or a shell is driven into the ground. Later casing is filled with concrete.
eg. Franki piles.
(d) Jack piles
These are piles driven into soil by means of a hydraulic jack.
(e) Screw piles
These piles are screwed into the soil by means of hydraulic jack

4. Classification Based on Function or Action


(a)Load Bearing Piles
Used to transfer the load of the structure to a suitable stratum by end bearing. by friction
or by both.
(b) Tension or uplift piles
Used to anchor structures subjected to uplift due to hydrostatic pressure or overturning
Moment due to horizontal forces
(c) Compaction piles
Used to compact loose granular soils in order to increase the bearing capacity.
As they are not required to carry any load, the material required may be strong in fact
sand may be used to form the pile.
Pile tube, driven to compact the soil, is gradually taken out and sand is filled in its place
and forming a required pile called as a 'sand pile'.
(d) Anchor piles
Used to provide anchorage against horizontal pull from water or sheet piling.
(e) Fender piles
Used to protect water-front structures against impact from ships and other floating objects.
(f) Sheet piles
Used as bulkheads. or cut-offs to reduce seepage and uplift in hydraulic structures.
(g) Batter piles
Used to resist horizontal and inclined forces especially in water front structures

5. Classification Based on Displacement of soil


It has been observed that the best way of classification is on the basis of effect of installation
on the soil. Accordingly we have :-
(a) Displacement pile
If during installation a large volume of soil is displaced laterally or upward is called
displacement pile.
In loose sand such a pile densifies the sand upto a distance of 3.5 times the diameter of pile
measured from the centre of pile. This compaction leads to increase in the shearing resistance
within the zone of influence.

In case of clays, large displacement piles remoulds the soil to a distance of (2 x diameter
of pile).
. During pile driving. High pore water pressures are setup around the pile. Soil regains its
strength only after a period of time when excess pore water pressure has dissipated.
. Driven piles are preferred in loose to medium sand and are less preferred in case of clays
& loose sand. Example of large displacement piles are :
(i) Driven cast-in-situ piles.
(iii) Steel piles.
(ii) Driven prestressed piles.
(iv) Timber piles etc.
. Rolled steel section piles, screw piles and open ended Hollow sections piles are examples of
Small displacement piles. Small displacement piles are used when ground displacement
and ground disturbances are to be minimized

(b) Non-displacement pile


. No displacement of soil during installation.
. In such piles voids are formed in the soil by boring or excavation, and then these voids are
-filled with concrete.
. Sides of the void can be supported either permanently by casing or temorarily by using
Bentonite slurry.
. Non displacement piles can be further classified as: ...
(i) Bored cast-in-situ.
(ii) Bored precast.
There is no heaving of ground, no noise and no vibration in this case.
. Length of these piles can be easily varied at site and very long and large dia pile can be
installed.

. Enlarged end upto 3-times of pile diameter can be made in case of clays.
.Construction process enables inspection of the excavated soil and its comparasion with soil exploration
data.
. During the installation of pile, soil on the sides of bore hole softens due to contact with water used
during boring or concreting. It results in loss of shear strength (Obviously temporarily).
. There is difficulty in concreting under water.
. Pile should be casted or installed immediately after boring.

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