88 genta
f a
The domains Ohta ermegs ee exactly similar to tho:
i SE OF core
SPondin
functions of one variable. ;
The composition fog of two function fand g is defined by th,
I rule
(fog) (9) = S(G>)-
Open and Closed Rectangles
on. The set of points (x, y) € R? such that
a
0 is arbitrary.
The set of points (x, y) € R? such that
is also a neigbourhood of P (a, 6) and is called a circular neighbourhood of (a, 6).
Dy
contail
q i i hood
Square Neighbourhood Sete
of P (a, b) ,
Figure 2.13
Figure 2.12 inition. Limit. Let q fu
containing a prc Neighbor ji
iiself and let be areal number, 74a"! in ee a
@, 5), te. ¥ > aandy 5 a 0 hav ee: ;
€
; Yfen-M 21) oe
icy icles ae
Since
xy = jim rcos Osin 0=
= ase
ule for Non-Existence of a Limit. If in eli, i fle.)
or more different values as (x, ) approaches (a, 6) along digg
ferent
, Since
eD)
|cos @sin @1 <1 for
all value
of 9
(2.30) Ri
we get tw
hs, then .
ee “fox, y) does not exist
lim
ay) 202)
The paths along whic
plane curves through (2, b).
The method is illustrate
Example 31. Check whether
h (x, ») approaches (a, 4) may be straight lines
or
4 in the following example.
lim > exists.
Oo oL
Solution. Let (« )) approach (0, 0) along the line y= mx. On this line
St atin tt Bin
fe.)= Fig = Bante ~ Teme 77%
Ifwe take 7 = 1, then flx, y) =1/2 at every point of the line y = x other than
(0, 0). If we take m= — 1, then fix, ) > = 1/2 at every point of the line y=-x
other than (0, 0). Thus fx, y) assumes two different values as (x, y) approaches
(0, 0) along two different paths. By (2.30)
lim f(x, y) does not exist.
&y)> (0.0)
to R is said to be
Continuity. A function f from R
e exists a 5> 09h
(2.31) Definition.
(a, bye Dom f if for every 67 0, there
continuous at a point
that
| for, ») — fla, 6) |< €
for all points (x, y) for which
|x-al<6, |y-5|<6
Thus, for the continuity of a function f of two vari
(a, 6), the following conditions must be satisfied:
(i) fla, 6) existsi.e., (@, b) is in the domain off
(ii) lim F(x, y) exists
@,y) > @, 5)
(iii) ea: ) f= £@, 6)
ables x and y at @ poi any of the above >
Ht yous at (@, 5), “enditions
in alls to 4,
is said £0 be continuous :.
onia) Subs
ofS: ELS ope
2
ple 32. Letf: RF? > Rbe defin
pam Dae ied by
Hy) = = + if (x, Y#(,0)
if
ae %, y) =
pramine the continuity of fat (0 , & =, 0)
ion. Let (%) > ©, 0) along y= m,
> $0 that
_ 2x(m?x? % 085% 50. then
CSY) sears s
solu
ae 2m2x3
cia) em
970-9 eeoR eA Iatimal)
. 2m?
Be inci ss > since x40
a
1+ = Which 1s @ Constant and will
have different values for
different m
re lim f(x, y) does not exist.
Therefo: oo)
Thus condition (ii) of (2-31) is not satisfied and so f is discontinuous at
(00).
Partial Derivatives
(032) Definition. Let z= f(x, y) be 2 function of two variables with Dom fc
PR lfxis changed to x + Ax and y remains constant, then the change Az in z
isgiven by
Az = f(x+ Ax,y)-S@»)
Ifthe incrementary ratio
Azmi f(x.t Ax, y) =f y).
Ax Ax
_"Hoaches a finite limit as Ax > 0, then this limit is called the partial derivative
*(orof f) with Tespect to x and is denoted by
read as partial f over partial x). ——
Similarly, the partial derivative of = lx, y) with a ae
toy is
Oz Ley * 4y) = fle, yy
& = fim
oy ayo Ay
ae eh)
Other symbols for, are f, and 5,
The calculation of partial derivatives of a given functi
easy. To obtain f,, we find the derivative of f with respect tox helge 2)
Thus, if olding, Yeonga
z = xsin?y = flx,y), then
ox
2x sinty= fe
Similarly, oy
2 sin y cosy = x* sin 2y= f, holding x constant
(2.33) Geometrical Meaning of Partial Derivatives.
Suppose z =/(x, y)
is a function of two
variables. The graph of f
is a surface. Let y be held
constant by setting y=.
Then we are considering
those points of the
surface z =f (x, y) for
which y = 4, a constant
But geometrically these
points are the intersection
of z = f (x, y) and the
plane y= 6 whichisa ,
curve. On this curve z
changes with x while y
remains constant.
z
Surface 2=/09)
Lb, f(%, b))
Figure 2.14
a.
Therefore, 2 is derivative of z = f(x, b) with respect to * Thus
slope of the tangent to this curve at P.
Similarly, e
the curve of intersection of z= fx, y) and the plane x =a, wher
is the gradient of the tangent at the point (2, fon
ais lite
int,
partial Derivatives of Hi
” ial derivati igh
o De vata eat es et Orders, 2
tions Of X and y, may possece gy vnction a
ae rtial derivatives are defined ag below Vetiver, In mit porablea ang
of 2(Z on . See recat
ox ox pat Gs ls af
ax) = yy.
ACs eee. eps
ae rp 2) AG
eS) Hee fy
aS 25100) may,
ety ere 3
2 oy Sas .
By ay Vy) = Gy, Inne
s, there are four second order partial der
fo) Te asin erivaive fy and fare cad med ght, tn
so equal in general. Partial derivatives of orders higher than oes
‘fed ina sila manner. ae
grample 33. Find the first order partial derivatives of
x? + y?
zs fal ee =
giution, «=z = ING +y)—In(@e+y)
Z oa a
ae yt Kae
peel xy = xe yx Dry 'sy?
ty) +Y) ~ ty) a+)
Similarly, (or by symmetry)
Gime yt Day x
® y.@ + ye + y)
Erample 34, Let 2 = arcsin (=) Verify that
oz
Oxdy
Solution, 22.
Ca
2/2
i y
Papa
ae: Sea
Oxy ~ Oy ax
Example 35. If f(x, )) = e* sin y + e cos x, show that
From (1) and (2) it is clear that
Ne LS
eed baa «y
(1) is called “Laplace’s equation.
Solution. = = e*siny—e” sinx
Sf ee
cele ey
ae e* siny—e cosx @
a
Z = e*cosy+e’cosx
Oot eae Gs
ay? = —e*siny+ e” cos x @)
Adding (2) and (3), we have
2¢ @2
i soe e*siny —e” cosx—e* siny +e” cosx=0
ey) :
Example 36. Let f(x, y) = cas if (x, y)#@, 0)
9 if (@, y)= 0)
Show that f,, (0, 0) #f, (0, 0):
Solution. _7,(0, 0)= lim £O+4%, 9%) - 0, 0) _ 4
ho h
f0, = lim LO+h, 1) =f, 1)
hoo h
= im Beh? = By - 0
mie ee) 0)
poo h(E + RY
* A Yrench mathematician (1749 - 1827) )
a aa ne — Fey a ae
Im =k ~ bea s
kag 8 8
F,0, 0) = Hi a
i eth R04 ky
ae
Sh, 9) = lim Lh,0 + % =o
ko = ho
= lim 2k? ~ pp
ko HOTTER «
fyz0, 0) = lim LM. 0) ~ 470, oy
h
hoo
qy 4
= lim #=0 _
hoo ies ail a
m (1) and (2), we see th
; Fro : CE ToslO, OV es Syx(0, 0)
| piferentiability
(035) Definition. Let z = /( y) be a function of two variables Ip ar
inerements 4x and Ay are given to x and y respectively, then let oe
corresponding, increment inz. The function z = f(x, 9) i said to be differen ee
atthe point (x, y) € Dom fif
Az= A Ax + B Ay + en
where 7 = ar? + Ay? and ¢ > 0 as 7 — 0 and A, B are independent of
dx, Ay.
Ifwe take Ay = 0 so that y is a constant, then
Az= f(x + Ax, y) - f(x, y)
= AAx+e| 4x |
Az x + Ax, eee
meee 2 is
Taking limits as Ax > 0 and so é > 0, we have
O2
Gee A
Similarly, a =B
Hence, when z = f(x im po
ene” 4+xt+y
_ ¢% sin xy
4 erro” xy r
fim x3 = 2xy + 3x2 _ 2 oe =e aay
pina OY + 4 = 6x2 ay
jneach of Problems 6 ~ 1 ae
,
am at OW that the giv
ene % Z % lim a iit does not
20 cy’ se 9, Rs a i re
jim ag 7] Peto Pee.
6709 as
!
Let erie? OL) :
_ if (x,y) = ©, 0)
‘show that. fis not continuous at the origin.
ind a such that the function .
i 3x)
oy
fe nae ty
_jgcontinuous at 0, 0).
pay
if (x, y)#, 0)
if (, y) = (0, 0)
if (x, y) + (0, 0)
if «#09
if (x, y= @, 9)
6). Do f, (0, 0) andi, (©, 0) exist?
“derivatives of the given functions 98
23.
25.
27.
29.
3i.
33.
Sos
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42,
43.
44,
45.
[cH 2]_THE DERIVATIVE
Find all the four second order partial derivatives (p,
= Sage oblems 2
e Pa
26. tan (arctan x +
In Problems 27 — 32 verify that f,, =f,
28. 7(, y)=In(ex+ 9x
ov
e arctan yy
fle, y) =e? cos (bx +6)
eee
pe (2) 30. fe y)=x + ys
Sy) = xsinxy +y cosxy 32, OO ae
Show that each of the following functions Satisfies Lg
Saaera Oa fe. ce ole,
equation 572 a ie 0. (Problem 33 — 36):
7, y) = sinx sinh y 34. f(ey)=e7* cosy
fe, y) = Ina? + y? 36. f(x, y) = arctan Cy)
we
If f(e, y) =x? arctan (2) —y? arctan &) , show that
Po Bate
ex Gy eos + yt
_ x? + y?
I f= ey» Prove that
ely ama evict Jy)
Show that the function f(x, y) = sin xy satisfies the differential equation
Ste ihy -0-
eee x? arctan (2) —y? arctan .) if (x,y) #9)
0 if (&, y)=(@,0)
Show that f,,(0, 0) #f,, (0, 0).
(i) Let f(x, y, z)=x? + 3yz + sinxyz. Prove that fy. = Siary
z
Gi) IE fey,2,w) =r, show that fy. = Gow
In Problems 42 — 45, find 2 by using partial derivatives:
icra ax. —0)
3x? -y? + x3 =0
x7 + xy + y? + ax + by=0
x) +x? + xy? + siny=0.
