ALTERNATIVES TO

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS:
SURVEY AND INTERVIEWS.
Justine Mhay A. Catacutan, RPm
 SURVEYS
It is a useful way of obtaining information
without doing an experiment. By simply
asking questions, you could obtain the
perspectives’ of your participant, their
attitudes, preferences, and behaviors about
certain situations.
 TYPES OF SURVEYS
1. Close-Ended Questions- structured questions.
2. Open-EndedQuestions- open questions

Content Analysis- responses are assigned to

categories that are created from the data that the
researchers have gathered through the guidelines of
their paper.
 LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
1 NOMINAL DATA
Categories or groupings that do not need ranking, order, or even
direction.
EXAMPLE: Marital Status, Sex, Gender, Favorite food.

2 ORDINAL DATA
Categories or groupings that needs ranking, order, and even
direction.
EXAMPLE: Peer evaluation, Student’s grades, Restaurant’s
service rating.
 LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
1 INTERVAL DATA
Difference between measurements BUT NO TRUE ZERO
EXAMPLE: Temparature, Standardized exam scores, Frequency
distribution, measures of central tendency (mode, median, and
mean), and variability (range, standard deviation, and
variance).
2 RATIO DATA
Difference between measurements, TRUE ZERO VALUE EXISTS
EXAMPLE: Height, Age, Money, Sales, Time Intercal, Kelvin.
 TYPES OF SURVEYS
1 MAIL SURVEYS 5 PANNEL SURVEYS
2 COMPUTER AND 6 FOCUS GROUP
INTERNET SURVEYS SURVEYS
3 TELEPHONE SURVEYS 7 INTERVIEWS
4 PAPER SURVEYS
 SAMPLING

HOW DID YOU GET YOUR TARGET NUMBER

OF PARTICIPANTS?
 POPULATION

It is the number of ALL people, animals,

object, or organization that have at least
one characteristics.
 SAMPLE OF SUBJECTS

It is the group that is a subset of the

population of interest that you are going to
choose for your study.
 REPRESENTATIVENESS

How closely the sample mirrors the larger

population. Could you generalize the results
of the study? Is the data enough? or no?
 Probability Sampling
Selecting subjects in such a way that the odds of
their being in the study are known or can be
calculated.
1, Define the population 2. Unbiased method of
selecting subject.
Random Selection- any member of the population
has an equal opportunity to be selected.
 SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
A portion of the WHOLE population is selected in an
ubiased way.
SRSWOR
P(s) = 1 / C(N, n)
SRSWR
1 / Nⁿ
 SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING
All members of a population are known
and can be listed in unbiased way, a
researcher may select every nth person
from the population
 STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
Stratified random sampling (also known as
proportional random sampling and quota random
sampling) is a probability sampling technique in
which the total population is divided into
homogenous groups (strata) to complete the
sampling process.
 STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
Each stratum (the singular for strata) is formed
based on shared attributes or characteristics —
such as level of education, income and/or gender.
Random samples are then selected from each
stratum and can be compared against each other
to reach specific conclusions.
 CLUSTER RANDOM SAMPLING
It is a method of collecting data from a large
population by dividing it into smaller groups,
or clusters. Each group or cluster makes up a
subgroup that researchers can then study in
detail.
 NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING
Non-probability sampling is a method of selecting
a group of people for research using non-random
criteria. It's also known as non-random sampling.
Non-probability sampling uses subjective
judgment to select a sample. It doesn't require a
complete survey frame or a list of the entire
population. It's often used when population
parameters are unknown or difficult to identify.
TYPES OF NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING
1. QUOTA SAMPLING- selecting
samples through a predetermined
quotas that are intended to
reflect the makeup of the
population.
 TYPES OF NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING

2. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING- using

any participants/respondents that are
available at that time. It is also known
as accidental sampling.
 TYPES OF NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING
3. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING-
participants/respondents are selected
because they reflect the qualifications
set by the researchers. Hence, they
serve purpose to get the data needed
for the study.
 TYPES OF NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING
4. SNOWBALL SAMPLING- researchers
looks for other participants/people that fits
the criteria they have set for their research
and will then ask these people to locate or
lead them to other individuals that could be
their participants.
 CORRELATIONAL AND
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
 CORRELATIONAL STUDY
– designed to determine the correlation or degree of relationship
between
two traits, behaviors or events.
- Examine association in relation to changes between two factors.
- Correlation coefficient: ranges between -1.00 and +1.00
- The sign tells us of the direction of relationship; the absolute value of
r tells the strength of relationship
- Nominal (point biserial correlation), ordinal (Spearman rho), interval
and ratio (Pearson r)
Multiple Correlation– designed to determine the correlation or degree
of relationship between three or more variables.
CORRELATIONAL STUDY
 LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS
-When two behaviors are strongly related, the
researcher can estimate a score on one of the
measured behaviors from a score on the other.
- Used to predict scores on one variable from
scores on a second correlated variable.
-Multiple regression analysis – used to predict
scores on one variable from scores on sets of other
variables.
 QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
It is different from True-Experimental because it
does not do random assignment to treatment
conditions.
Looks for the effects over the time of different
treatments on preexisting groups of subjects or
investigate the same kind of naturally pccuring
events, characteristics and behaviors measured in
correlational studies.
 EX POST FACTO STUDIES
-After the fact
-Researcher systematically examines the effects of subject
characteristics (subject variables) but without actually
manipulating them.
-Researcher forms treatment groups by selecting subjects
on the basis of differences that already exist.
- Independent variable is already present prior to study;
study the effects on dependent variable.
- E.g. studying grief; people diagnosed with COVID-19,
children with separated parents .
 NON EQUIVALENT GROUPS DESIGN

This design uses pre-existing groups that

differ in some way and compares their
responses to a treatment. The controlled
group receives treatment while the
experimental group receives the placebo.
 INTERRUPPTED TIME-SERIES DESIGN
This design involves measuring a variable
before and after a treatment over a period
of time. In here, the researcher usually
gives a treatment and lessens it gradually
over the time to see if there are
differences with the amount given to the
respondents.
 PRETEST AND POST TEST DESIGN
-Used to assess the effects of naturally
occurring events when a true experiment is
not possible.
-Use to measure if there are differences
with the before the treatment, the
intervention, and after the treatment.
FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS
 HYPOTHESIS
Question: Does listening to music while
studying improve test scores?
Hypothesis: "If students listen to
classical music while studying, then
their test scores will be significantly
higher compared to students who
study in silence."
 HYPOTHESIS MUST BE:
-Testable
-Falsifiable
-Parsimony
-Fruitful
 MODELS:
Inductive- process of reasoning from specific to
general topics; used in science and mathematics.
Idea - Observation - Conclusion

Deductive- process of reasoning from general

principles to specific topic; most useful when
there is a well-developed theory. Observations -
Analysis - Theory
 TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
Serendipity- knack of finding things that
are not being sought.

Intuition- knowing without reasoning;

closest to phenomenology
 CLASS ACTIVITY
GROUP ACTIVITY:
Construct a 25-item survey form. (It
could be online or pen and paper).
Questions should be mix of closed and
open-ended questions.
Participants should be at least 30
people.
 CLASS ACTIVITY
GROUP ACTIVITY:
Summarize your findings and present
it through graphs/data/pictures.
TOPICS WILL BE GIVEN RANDOMLY.
 CLASS ACTIVITY
FORMAT:
Short Introduction – introduce topic, define relevant terms.
Rationale – purpose of the survey, expected contribution to
society/target.
Participants – describe the nature of participants and reason
for selection.
Summary of Findings – present results via words or illustrations
with appropriate explanations.
Appendices- attach screenshots of some responses of
participants/summary if it was done via Google forms.
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Thank You!!!