12 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Practical Research 2
Quarter 3 – Module 3:
Conceptual Framework
& Review of Related Literature

NegOr_Q3_Practical Research2_Module 3_v2 NegOr_Q3_Practical Research2_Module3_v2

Practical Research 2 for Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module: 3 Conceptual Framework & Review of Related Literature Srst

Second Edition, 2022

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NegOr_Q3_Practical Research2_Module3_v2
Printed in the Philippines by

Department of Education –Region VII Schools Division of Negros Oriental

NegOr_Q3_Practical Research2_Module3_v2
 Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can
continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step as you
discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This
will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your
facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end
of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer
keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using
these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to
our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you
on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this
SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the
instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this
module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.

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What I Know

Task 1.
Directions: Read each item carefully. Write TRUE if the statement is true and write
FALSE if the statement is incorrect. Write your answers in your Activity Notebook/
Activity Sheets.
1. Conceptual frameworks give life to a research.

2. If theoretical framework and/or conceptual framework are applied wrongly, the

result their research findings become weak.
3. It is the researcher’s explanation of how the research problem would be
explored.
4. The research activities are planned to verify the hypothesis and not to find out
the solution of the problem or to seek an answer to a question.
5. Hypothesis is called also a leap into the dark.
6. Hypothesis predicts what the researchers expect to see, the goal of research is to
determine whether this guess is right or wrong.
7. The goal literature review is to bring the reader up to date with current
literature on a topic and form the basis for another goal, such as the justification
for future research in the area.
8. A good literature review gathers biases information about a particular subject
from any sources.
9. The introduction and conclusion to your review of the literature should show
how your research project will join the on-going conversation.
10. The main aim in structuring your review of the literature is to lead your reader
to understand the need to precisely conduct the form of literature review or
research paper that you propose or have done.

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What’s In

Task 2:

Complete the KWL Chart based on your knowledge on the

following topics provided below. Accomplish the last column after
reading the content of this module.

Topics What I already What I want to What I Have

know know Learned

Conceptual
Framework

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 Review of Related
Literature

Hypothesis

Task 3

Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.
Modular Print Modality and College Preparedness of Selected Senior High School
Students of Siaton 3 Disrict

Modular Print AcademicPerformanceof

Approach Selected SHS Students

• Sense of • Good grades

Responsibility • Pass qualifying exam
for college
• Honesty
• Conscientiousness • Qualified in the
chosen courses
• Enthusiasm

1. What do you call this diagram?

2. Formulate at least 2 questions based on the title given above.
3. If the title above is to be undertaken, what do you think will be the result?
Answer in a paragraph form.

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 What is It
What is a Conceptual Framework?

A conceptual framework is a structure which the researcher believes can best

explain the flow of the natural progression of the phenomenon to be studied (Camp,
2001). It is the organization of research variables wherein research problem would be
explored. It is arranged in a logical structure to aid provide a picture or visual display of
how ideas in a study relate to one another (Grant & Osanloo, 2014).
Interestingly, conceptual framework shows the series of action the researcher
intends carrying out in a research study (Dixon, Gulliver &
Gibbon, 2001). The framework makes it easier for the researcher to easily4 specify and define
the concepts within the problem of the study (Luse, Mennecke & Townsend, 2012). Miles and
Huberman (1994) opine that conceptual frameworks can be graphical or in a narrative form
showing the key variables or constructs to be studied and the presumed relationships between
them.

The Importance of Conceptual Framework in Research

The conceptual framework guides the researcher in his investigation to achieve

the objectives of the study. It offers many benefits to a research. For instance, it assists
the researcher in identifying and constructing his/her worldview on the phenomenon
to be investigated (Grant & Osanloo, 2014). It is the simplest way through which a
researcher presents his/her asserted remedies to the problem s/he has defined
(Akintoye, 2015). It accentuates the reasons why a research topic is worth studying, the
assumptions of a researcher, the scholars s/he agrees with and disagrees with and how
s/he conceptually grounds his/her approach (Evans, 2007). Akintoye (2015) posits that
the conceptual framework is mostly used by researchers when existing theories are not
applicable or sufficient in creating a firm structure for the study.

The following is an example of a conceptual framework of the study on

Student’s Motivation and Academic Performance of Senior High Students of Bolocboloc
High School, SY 2017-2018 (Deguit, Salinas, Catherine, Samson, Don, 2018). The study
posited that that academic performance of senior high school students is affected by the
profile (age, sex, family income) and Motivation (intrinsic, extrinsic).

Paradigm

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 Profile of Respondents
a. Age Academic
b. Sex Performance in
c. Family Income SHS

Student’s Motivation
a. Intrinsic
b. Extrinsic

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework on Student’s Motivation and Academic

Performance of Senior High Students of Bolocboloc High School, SY 2017- 2018

What is a research hypothesis?

A research hypothesis is a statement of assumption or prediction that will be
tested by research.
Before formulating your research hypothesis, read about the topic of interest to
you. From your reading, which may include articles, books and/or cases, you should gain
sufficient information about your topic that will enable you to narrow or limit it and
express it as a research question. The research question flows from the topic that you
are considering. The research question, when stated as one sentence, is your Research
Hypothesis. In some disciplines, the hypothesis is called a “thesis statement.” Other
words for “hypothesized” are “posited,” “theorized” or “proposed”. Remember, your
hypothesis must REQUIRE two or more disciplines, one of which is law. This is essential,
since your paper is interdisciplinary and a demonstration of the interdisciplinary
process.
In your hypothesis, you are predicting the relationship between variables.
Through the disciplinary insights gained in the research process throughout the year,
you “prove” your hypothesis. This is a process of discovery to create greater
understandings or conclusions. It is not a strict proof as in logic or mathematics.
Example Research Question:
Is there a significant relationship between profile (age, sex, family income) and
academic performance of senior high students?

Statement of Research Null hypothesis (Prediction is not true).

There is no significant relationship between profile (age, sex, family income) and
academic performance of senior high students.

What is a Literature Review?

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 A literature review is an objective, thorough summary 6 and critical analysis of
the relevant available research and non-research literature on the topic being studied
(Hart, 1998; Cronin, et al., 2008). Its goal is to bring the reader up to date with current
literature on a topic and form the basis for another goal, such as the justification for
future research in the area. A good literature review gathers information about a
particular subject from many sources. It is well written and contains few if any personal
biases. It should contain a clear search and selection strategy (Carnwell and Daly, 2001;
Cronin, et al., 2008). Good structuring is essential to enhance the flow and readability of
the review (Colling, 2003).

Systematic Literature Review

The purpose of a systematic literature review is to provide as complete a list as

possible of all the published and unpublished studies relating to a particular subject
area. It is different with traditional reviews that attempt to summarize results of a
number of studies, systematic reviews use explicit and rigorous criteria to identify,
critically evaluate and synthesize all the literature on a particular topic (Cronin, et al,
2008). Primary purpose of this article is to provide the reader with a comprehensive
background for understanding current knowledge and highlighting the significance of
new research. It can inspire research ideas by identifying gaps or inconsistencies in a
body of knowledge, thus helping the researcher to determine or define research
questions or hypotheses. Equally, however, it can help refine or focus a broad research
question and is useful for both topic selection and topic refinement. It can also be
helpful in developing conceptual or theoretical frameworks (Coughlan, et al, 2007;
Cronnin, et al, 2008). A systematic review should feature the time frame within which
the literature was selected, as well as the methods used to evaluate and synthesize
findings of the studies in question. In order for the reader to assess the reliability and
validity of the review (see figure 1), the reviewer needs to present the precise criteria
used to:
(a) Formulate the research question;
(b) Set inclusion or exclusion criteria;
(c) Select and access the literature;
(d) Asses the quality of the literature includes in the review; (e) Analyze,
synthesize, and disseminate the findings.

Searching and selecting appropriate articles

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The next step after selected a topic is to identify, in a structured way, the
appropriate and related information. A systematic approach is considered most likely
to produce a review that will be advantageous in notifying practice. The
comprehensiveness and relevance are what reviewers need to consider and add that the
more specific the topic or question being searched is, the more focused the result will
be (Cronin et al, 2008). The types of articles that are selected for a good review of
literature are theoretical presentations, review articles, and empirical research articles.
Choosing the work of a single researcher may be one method for starting a literature
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review. Your presentation will be more powerful if conflicting theoretical positions and
findings are presented along with the position or prediction that you support in your
paper. You should choose several researchers' works that have added to the knowledge
base in a specific area. Strive to eliminate (or explain away) articles that have faulty
methods or that use faulty reasoning to support their findings.

Analyzing and synthesizing the literature

After you have collected the articles, you intend to use in your literature review,
you are ready to analyze each one (break it down and identify the important
information in it) and then synthesize the collection of articles (integrate them and
identify the conclusions that can be drawn from the articles as a group). Initially, it is
advisable to undertake a first read of the articles that have been collected to get a sense
of what they are about. Most published articles contain a summary or abstract at the
beginning of the paper, which will assist with this process and enable the decision as to
whether it is worthy of further reading or inclusion. At this point, it may also be of
benefit to undertake an initial classification and grouping of the articles by type of
source (Cronin, et al, 2008).

What’s More

Activity 3: Let us do it…

Directions. Answer the following questions comprehensively in your task sheet or
activity notebook.

1. Describe the relationship of hypothesis and research questions.

2. What is the importance of conceptual framework in the research study?

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What I Have Learned

Activity 4: Let us reflect…

Directions. Write a short reflection in your Activity Notebook.

I thought

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NegOr_Q3_Practical Research2_Module3_v2
 I learned that

What I Can Do

Activity 5. Let us prove it…

Directions. Write a conceptual framework of your chosen topic. Provide a paradigm and
textual explanation.

Assessment

Activity 6. Let us check it out…

Directions. Read each item carefully. Write the letter that corresponds to your answers.

1. A structure which the researcher believes can best explain the natural
progression of the phenomenon to be studied .
a. hypothetical b. conceptual
c. theoretical d. assumed theory
2. A prediction of the outcome of a study is .
a. hypothesis b. scope
c. concept d. summary

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3. It is arranged in a logical structure to aid provide a picture or visual display
of how ideas in a study relate to one another is . a. Conceptual framework b.
theoretical framework
c. hypothetical framework d. conjectural framework
4. It is well written and contains few if any personal biases is .
a. theories b. hypothesis
c. assumption d. literature
5. The reviewer/researcher needs to present the precise criteria except:

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 a. Formulate the research question
b. Set inclusion or exclusion criteria
c. Select and access the literature
d. provides opportunity to jump into conclusion
6. A is considered most likely to produce a review that will be advantageous in
notifying practice.
a. simplified approach b. systematic approach
c. Basic approach c. organized approach
7. The following are main purposes of systematic review of literature except:
a. To provide the reader with a comprehensive background for
understanding current knowledge.
b. Highlighting the significance of new research.
c. It can inspire research ideas by identifying gaps or inconsistencies
in a body of knowledge.
d. To providing the common blunders in identifying the solution of
the problem
8. The key to a good or research paper is the ability to present the findings in
such a way that it demonstrates your knowledge in a clear and consistent
way.
a. literature review b. conceptual framework
c. Theoretical framework d. hypothesis
9. The following are overall aims of theoretical and conceptual framework
except:
a. Explains the path of a research
b. Grounds it firmly in theoretical constructs.
c. To make research findings more meaningful
d. summarizes the findings and conclusions of the study

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10. The following are components of hypothesis except:
a. The variables
b. The population
c. The relationship between the variables
d. The significance of the study
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 Additional Activities

Activity 7. Let us go beyond…

Directions. Go back to your research topic for a quantitative study, start formulating
hypothesis (if applicable) based on your research problem.

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Answer Key

Glossary

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NegOr_Q3_Practical Research2_Module3_v2
 Conceptual Framework -an analytical tool that is used to get a
comprehensive understanding of a phenomenon.
A diagrammatical representation of the relationship among
variables

Hypothesis - an assumption, an idea that is proposed for the sake of

argument so that it can be tested to see if it might be true.

Review of related literature (RRL) - a detailed review of existing literature related to

the topic of a thesis or dissertation.

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 Bibliography3
Adom, Dickson, Hussein, Emad, Adu-Agyem, Joe. 2018. "International Journal of Scientific
Research."
Camp, W.G. 2001. "Formulating and Evaluating Theoretical for Career and Technical Education
Research." 26-39.
Camp, WG. n.d.
Carnwell, R. and Daly, W. 2001. Strategies for the Construction of a Critical Review of the Literature.
Nurse Educ Pract 1.
Colling, J. 2003. Demystifying the Clinical Nursing Research Process: The Literature Review. Urol
Nurs 23 (4)297-9.
Cronin, P., Ryan, F., Coughlan, M. 2008. "Undertaking a Literature Review: A Step by Step
Approach." British Journal of Nursing, 17 38-43.
Evans, M. 2007. Recent Research (2000-2006) into Applied Linguistics and Language Teaching with
Specific Reference to L2 French. Language Teaching.
Grant, C. and Osanloo,A. 2014. "Understanding, Selecting, and Integrating a Theoretical
Framework in Dissertation Research: Creating the Blueprint for 'House.'." Administrative
Issues Journal: Connecting Education, Practice and Research 12-22DOI:10.5929/2014.4.2.
Hart, C. 1998. Doing a Literature Review. London: Sage Publication.
Imenda, S. 2014. "Is there a Conceptual Difference Between Conceptual and Theoretical
Frameworks?" Journal of Social Science,38 (2) 185-195.
Kabir, Syed Muhammad. 2016. Formulating and Testing Hypothesis.
Liehr, P. and Smith, M.J. 1999. Middle Range Theory: Spinning Research and Practice to Create
Knowledge for the New Millennium: Advances in Nursing Science.
Luse, A., Mannecke, B., and Townsend, A. 2012. "Selecting Research Topic: A Framework for
Doctoral Students." International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 7. 143-152.
Miles, M.B. and Huberman, A.M. 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Source Book .
Newbury Park, CA.
Peshkin, A. (1993). 1993. The Goodness of Qualitative Research: Educational Researcher.

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 5
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Department of Education – Schools Division of Negros Oriental

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Tel #: (035) 225 2376 / 541 1117

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