1.3 A differential manometer as shown in Fig.

is sometimes used to measure small pressure

difference. When the reading is zero, the levels in two reservoirs are equal. Assume that fluid B is
methane（甲烷）, that liquid C in the reservoirs is kerosene (specific gravity = 0.815), and that
liquid A in the U tube is water. The inside diameters of the reservoirs and U tube are 51mm and
6.5mm , respectively. If the reading of the manometer is145mm., what is the pressure difference
over the instrument In meters of water, (a) when the change in the level in the reservoirs is neglected,
(b) when the change in the levels in the reservoirs is taken into account? What is the percent error
in the answer to the part (a)?
Solution：
pa=1000kg/m3 pc=815kg/m3 pb=0.77kg/m3 D/d=8 R=0.145m
When the pressure difference between two reservoirs is increased, the volumetric changes in the
reservoirs and U tubes
 
D2 x  d 2R (1)
4 4
so
Reservoir
2
d
x  R (2) U-Tube
D
and hydrostatic equilibrium gives following relationship

p1  R c g  p 2  x c g  R A g (3)

so

p1  p 2  x c g  R(  A   c ) g (4)

substituting the equation (2) for x into equation (4) gives

2
d
p1  p 2    R c g  R (  A   c ) g (5)
D
（a）when the change in the level in the reservoirs is neglected,
Level in the reservoir
2
d 
p1  p 2    R c g  R (  A   c ) g  R (  A   c ) g  0.1451000  815  9.81  263 Pa
D
（b）when the change in the levels in the reservoirs is taken into account
2
d
p1  p 2    R c g  R(  A   c ) g
D
2
d
   R c g  R(  A   c ) g
D
2
 6.5 
   0.145  815  9.81  0.1451000  815  9.81  281.8 Pa
 51 
281.8  263
error= ＝6.7％
281.8
1.4 There are two U-tube manometers fixed on the fluid bed reactor, as shown in the figure. The
readings of two U-tube manometers are R1=400mm，R2=50mm, respectively. The indicating liquid

is mercury. The top of the manometer is filled with the water to prevent from the mercury vapor

diffusing into the air, and the height R3=50mm. Try to calculate the pressure at point A and B.

Water
Gas

Gas

Gas

Figure for problem 1.4

Solution: There is a gaseous mixture in the U-tube manometer meter. The densities of fluids are

denoted by  g ,  H 2O ,  Hg , respectively. The pressure at point A is given by hydrostatic

equilibrium

p A   H 2O R3 g   Hg R2 g   g ( R2  R3 ) g

 g is small and negligible in comparison with  Hg and ρH2O , equation above can be simplified

p A  p c =  H 2O gR3   Hg gR2

=1000×9.81×0.05+13600×9.81×0.05
=7161N/m²

p B  p D  p A   Hg gR1 =7161+13600×9.81×0.4=60527N/m
1.5 Water discharges from the reservoir through the drainpipe, which the throat diameter is d. The
ratio of D to d equals 1.25. The vertical distance h between the tank A and axis of the drainpipe is
2m. What height H from the centerline of the drainpipe to the water level in reservoir is required for
drawing the water from the tank A to the throat of the pipe? Assume that fluid flow is a potential
flow. The reservoir, tank A and
pa
the exit of drainpipe are all
open to air.

H d
D

pa
Figure for problem 1.5
A

Solution:
Bernoulli equation is written between stations 1-1 and 2-2, with station 2-2 being reference plane:

u12 p 2 u2 ada beda figs

p1

-1 
 gz
2


 gz 2  2
2
-gak
Where p1=0, p2=0, and u1=0, simplification of the equation

u2
Hg  2
2
v2 :

Eigh 1 E Verve :

reconhurting
The relationship between the velocity at outlet and velocity uo at throat can be derived by the

VIAVAv G
continuity equation:
2
 u2  d
    
 uo  D
2
D
uo  u 2   2
d
Bernoulli equation is written between the throat and the station 2-2
G
2 2
p0 u u
 0
 3
 2 2
Combining equation 1,2,and 3 gives
 u2 1 hg 1 2  1000  9.81 2  9.81
Hg   ＝ ＝ ＝
2 D 4
 1.25  1
4
1000 2.44  1
  1
d
Solving for H

O
H=1.39m

1.6 A liquid with a constant density ρ kg/m3 is flowing at an unknown velocity V1 m/s through a
horizontal pipe of cross-sectional area A1 m2 at a pressure p1 N/m2, and then it passes to a section of
the pipe in which the area is reduced gradually to A2 m2 and the pressure is p2. Assuming no friction
losses, calculate the velocities V1 and V2 if the pressure difference (p1 - p2) is measured.

Solution:

In Fig1.6, the flow diagram is shown with pressure taps to measure p1 and p2. From
the mass-balance continuity equation , for constant ρ where ρ1 = ρ2 = ρ,

For the items in the Bernoulli equation , for a horizontal pipe,

A1
Then Bernoulli equation becomes, after substituting  2  1 for ν2,
A2

Rearranging,
 p1  p 2 2
1＝
  A 
2

 1   1
 A2  

Performing the same derivation but in terms of ν2,

1.7 A liquid whose coefficient of viscosity is µ flows below the critical velocity for laminar flow in
a circular pipe of diameter d and with mean velocity V. Show that the pressure loss in a length of
p 32 V
pipe is .
L d2
Oil of viscosity 0.05 Pas flows through a pipe of diameter 0.1m with a average velocity of 0.6m/s.
Calculate the loss of pressure in a length of 120m.

Solution:
The average velocity V for a cross section is found by summing up all the velocities over the cross
section and dividing by the cross-sectional area

R R
1 1
V
A0 udA  2  u 2rdr
R 0
1

From velocity profile equation for laminar flow

p0  p L 2   r  
2

u R 1   2
4L  R 
 
substituting equation 2 for u into equation 1 and integrating
p0  p L 2
V D 3
32L

rearranging equation 3 gives

p 32 V

L d2

32 VL 32  0.05  0.6  120

p    11520 Pa
d2 0.12
1.8. In a vertical pipe carrying water, pressure gauges are
inserted at points A and B where the pipe diameters are
0.15m and 0.075m respectively. The point B is 2.5m below
A and when the flow rate down the pipe is 0.02 m3/s, the
pressure at B is 14715 N/m2 greater than that at A.
Assuming the losses in the pipe between A and B can be

V2
expressed as k where V is the velocity at A, find the
2g
Figure for problem 1.8
value of k.
If the gauges at A and B are replaced by tubes filled with water and connected to a U-tube containing
mercury of relative density 13.6, give a sketch showing how the levels in the two limbs of the U-
tube differ and calculate the value of this difference in metres.
Solution:
dA=0.15m; dB=0.075m
zA-zB=l=2.5m
Q=0.02 m3/s,
pB-pA=14715 N/m2


Q d A2V A
4
Q 0.02
VA    1.132m / s
 0.785  0.15 2
d A2
4


Q d B2VB
4
Q 0.02
VB    4.529m / s
 0.785  0.075 2
d B2
4
When the fluid flows down, writing mechanical balance equation

pA V A2 p B V2 V2
 zAg    zB g  B  k A
 2  2 2

1.132 14715 4.532 1.132

2.5  9.81    k
2 1000 2 2
24.525  0.638  14.715  10.260  0.638k

k  0.295
making the static equilibrium

p B  xg  Rg  p A  lg  xg  R Hg g

R
 p B  p A   lg 
14715  2.5  1000  9.81
 79mm
 Hg  g 12600  9.81

1.9．The liquid vertically flows down through the tube from the
station a to the station b, then horizontally through the tube from the
station c to the station d, as shown in figure. Two segments of the
tube, both ab and cd ， have the same length, the diameter and
roughness.
Find:

pab pcd Figure for problem 1.9

（1）the expressions of , hfab, and hfcd, respectively.
g g
（2）the relationship between readings R1and R2 in the U tube.

Solution:
(1) From Fanning equation

l V2
h fab  
d 2
and

l V2
h fcd  
d 2
so
h fab  h fcd
Fluid flows from station a to station b, mechanical energy conservation gives

pa pb
 lg   h fab
 
hence

pa  pb
 lg  h fab 2

from station c to station d

pc pd
  h fcd
 
hence
pc  pd
 h fcd 3

From static equation
pa-pb=R1（ρˊ-ρ）g -lρg 4
pc-pd=R2（ρˊ-ρ）g 5
Substituting equation 4 in equation 2 ，then

1   ）g  lg
R（ 
 lg  h fab

therefore

  
h fab  R1 g 6

Substituting equation 5 in equation 3 ，then

  
h fcd  R2 g 7

Thus
R1=R2

1.10 Water passes through a pipe of diameter di=0.004 m with the average velocity 0.4 m/s, as
shown in Figure.
1) What is the pressure drop –P when water flows through the pipe length L=2 m, in m H2O
column?
2) Find the maximum velocity and point r at which
L
it occurs.
3) Find the point r at which the average velocity
equals the local velocity.
r
4）if kerosene flows through this pipe，how do the
variables above change？
（the viscosity and density of Water are 0.001 Pas
and 1000 kg/m3，respectively；and the viscosity and
density of kerosene are 0.003 Pas and 800 kg/m3， Figure for problem 1.10
respectively）

solution:

ud 0.4  0.004  1000

1） Re    1600
 0.001
from Hagen-Poiseuille equation
32uL 32  0.4  2  0.001
P    1600
d2 0.004 2
p 1600
h   0.163m
g 1000  9.81
2）maximum velocity occurs at the center of pipe, from equation 1.4-19
V
 0.5
umax
so umax=0.4×2=0.8m
3）when u=V=0.4m/s Eq. 1.4-17
2
u  r 
 1   
u max  rw 
2
 r  V
1  ＝  0.5 **
 0.004  u max

r  0.004 0.5  0.004  0.71  0.00284m

4) kerosene:

ud 0.4  0.004  800

Re    427
 0.003

 0.003
p   p  1600  4800 Pa
 0.001

p  4800
h    0.611m
 g 800  9.81

1.12 As shown in the figure, the water level in the reservoir keeps constant. A steel drainpipe (with

the inside diameter of 100mm) is connected to the bottom of the reservoir. One arm of the U-tube

manometer is connected to the drainpipe at the position 15m away from the bottom of the reservoir,

and the other is opened to the air, the U tube is filled with mercury and the left-side arm of the U

tube above the mercury is filled with water. The distance between the upstream tap and the outlet of

the pipeline is 20m.

a) When the gate valve is closed, R=600mm, h=1500mm; when the gate valve is opened

partly, R=400mm, h=1400mm. The friction coefficient λ is 0.025, and the loss
 coefficient of the entrance is 0.5. Calculate the flow rate of water when the gate valve

is opened partly. (in m³/h)

b) When the gate valve is widely open, calculate the static pressure at the tap (in gauge

pressure, N/m²). le/d≈15 when the gate valve is widely open, and the friction

coefficient λ is still 0.025.

Figure for problem 1.12

Solution：
(1) When the gate valve is opened partially, the water discharge is
Set up Bernoulli equation between the surface of reservoir 1—1’ and the section of pressure
point 2—2’，and take the center of section 2—2’ as the referring plane, then

u 12 p u2 p
gZ 1   1  gZ 2  2  2   h f ,1— 2 （a）
2  2 

In the equation p1  0 (the gauge pressure)

p 2   Hg gR   H 2O gh  13600  9.81  0.4  1000  9.81  1.4  39630N / m 2

u1  0
Z2  0
When the gate valve is fully closed, the height of water level in the reservoir can be related to
h (the distance between the center of pipe and the meniscus of left arm of U tube).

 H O g ( Z 1  h)   Hg gR
2
（b）

where h=1.5m
R=0.6m
Substitute the known variables into equation b

13600  0.6
Z1   1.5  6.66m
1000
l V2 15 V2
 h f ,1 _ 2  ( d  K c ) 2  (0.025  0.1  0.5) 2  2.13V 2
Substitute the known variables equation a
 V 2 39630
9.81×6.66=   2.13V 2
2 1000
the velocity is V =3.13m/s
the flow rate of water is
 
Vh  3600  d 2V  3600   0.12  3.13  88.5m 3 / h
4 4
2） the pressure of the point where pressure is measured when the gate valve is wide-open.
Write mechanical energy balance equation between the stations 1—1’ and 3-3´，then

V12 p1 V2 p
gZ 1    gZ 3  3  3   h f ,1— 3 （c）
2  2 

since Z 1  6.66m

Z3  0
u1  0
p1  p3

l  le V2
 h f ,1 _ 3  ( d
 Kc )
2
35 V2
 [0.025(  15)  0.5]
0.1 2
 4.81V 2

input the above data into equation c，

V2
9.81  6.66   4.81V 2
2
the velocity is: V=3.51 m/s
Write mechanical energy balance equation between thestations 1—1’ and 2——2’, for the same
situation of water level

V12 p1 V2 p
gZ 1    gZ 2  2  2   h f ,1— 2 （d）
2  2 

since Z 1  6.66m

Z2  0
u1  0
u2  3.51m / s
p1  0(page pressure）

l V2 15 3.512
 h f ,1_ 2  ( d
 Kc )
2
 (0.025
0.1
 0.5)
2
 26.2 J / kg
input the above data into equation d，

3.512 p
9.81×6.66=  2  26.2
2 1000

the pressure is: p 2  32970

1.17.Sulphuric acid of specific gravity 1.3 is flowing through a pipe of 50 mm internal diameter. A
thin-lipped orifice, 10mm, is fitted in the pipe and the
differential pressure shown by a mercury manometer is
10cm. Assuming that the leads to the manometer are
filled with the acid,
calculate (a)the weight of acid flowing per second, and
(b) the approximate pressure drop caused by the orifice.
The coefficient of the orifice may be taken as 0.61, the
specific gravity of mercury as 13.6, and the density of
water as 1000 kg/m3

Figure for problem 1.17

Solution:

D0 10
a)   0.2
D1 50

p1  p 2  R (  Hg   ) g  0.1(13600  13000)  9.81 

Co 2 p1  p 2  0.61 2  0.1(13600  13000)  9.81

V2  
D 
4  1  0 .2 4 13000
1   0 
 D1 
 0.61 0.0906  0.61  0.30  0.183m / s

 
m D02V2    0.012  0.183  13000  0.187 kg / s
4 4
b) approximate pressure drop

p1  p 2  R (  Hg   ) g  0.1(13600  13000)  9.81  588.6Pa ***

2.1 Water is used to test for the performances of pump. The gauge pressure at the discharge
connection is 152 kPa and the reading of vacuum gauge at the suction connection of the pump is
24.7 kPa as the flow rate is 26m3/h. The shaft power is 2.45kw while the centrifugal pump operates
at the speed of 2900r/min. If the vertical distance between the suction connection and discharge
connection is 0.4m, the diameters of both the suction and discharge line are the same. Calculate the
mechanical efficiency of pump and list the performance of the pump under this operating condition.
Solution:
Write the mechanical energy balance equation between the suction connection and discharge
connection

u 12 p1 u 22 p
Z1    H  Z2   2 H
2 g g 2 g g
f ,1 _ 2

where

Z 2  Z 1  0.4m

p1  2.47  10 4 Pa ( gauge pressure）

p 2  1.52  10 Pa ( gauge
5
pressure）
u1  u 2
H f ,1 _ 2  0

1.52  10 5  0.247  10 5
total heads of pump is H  0.4   18.41m
1000  9.81

efficiency of pump is   Ne / N
QHg 26  18.41  1000  9.81
since Ne    1.3kW
3600 3600
N=2.45kW
Then mechanical efficiency
1 .3
  100%  53.1%
2.45
The performance of pump is
Flow rate ，m³/h 26
Total heads，m 18.41
Shaft power ，kW 2.45
Efficiency ，% 53.1

2.2 Water is transported by a pump from reactor, which has 200 mm Hg vacuum, to the tank, in
which the gauge pressure is 0.5 kgf/cm2, as shown in Fig. The total equivalent length of pipe is 200
m including all local frictional loss. The pipeline is 57×3.5 mm , the orifice coefficient of Co and
orifice diameter do are 0.62 and 25 mm, respectively. Frictional coefficient  is 0.025. Calculate:
Developed head H of pump, in m (the reading R of U pressure gauge in orifice meter is 168 mm Hg)
 2

10m

Solution:
Equation(1.6-9)

C0 2 Rg（ f  ） 0.62 2  0.168  9.81(13600  1000)

V0  
d 
4   25 
4 1000
1  0  1  
D  50 
0.62
  6.44  4.12m / s
0.9375
Mass flow rate
3.14
m  Vo S o   4.12   0.025 2  1000  2.02kg / s
4
2) Fluid flow through the pipe from the reactor to tank, the Bernoulli equation is as follows
for V1=V2

p 2  p1
H  z  H f
g
z=10m
200
p  0.5  9.81  10 4   1.013  10 5  75707 Pa
760
p/g=7.7m
The relation between the hole velocity and velocity of pipe
2 2
d  1
V  V0  0   4.12     1m / s
D 2
Friction loss

l u2 200 12
Hf  4f  0.025   5.1m
d 2g 0.05 2  9.81
so
H=7.7+10+5.1=22.8m
2.3 . A centrifugal pump is to be used to extract water from a condenser in which the vacuum is 640
mm of mercury, as shown in figure. At the rated discharge, the net positive
suction head must be at least 3m above the cavitation vapor pressure of
710mm mercury vacuum. If losses in the suction pipe accounted for a head
of 1.5m. What must be the least height of the liquid level in the condenser Hg
above the pump inlet?
Solution:
From an energy balance,

po  pv
Hg   H f  NPSH
g
Where
Po=760-640=120mmHg
Pv=760-710=50mmHg
Use of the equation will give the minimum height Hg as

po  pv
Hg   H f  NPSH
g
（0.12  0.05) 13600  9.81
  1.5  3  3.55m
1000  9.81

2.4 Sulphuric acid is pumped at 3 kg/s through a 60m length of smooth 25 mm pipe. Calculate the
drop in pressure. If the pressure drop falls by one half, what will the new flowrate be ?
• Density of acid 1840kg/m3
• Viscosity of acid 25×10-3 Pas

Solution:
Velocity of acid in the pipe:

m
volumetric flowrate  m 3
u     3.32m / s
cross  sec tional area of pipe  2 0.785d 2
0.785  1840  0.025 2
d
4
Reynolds number:

du 0.025  1840  3.32

Re    6109
 25  10 3
from Fig.1.22 for a smooth pipe when Re=6109, f=0.0085
pressure drop is calculated from equation 1.4-9

p l u2 60 3.32 2
hf  4f  4  0.0085  450 J / kg
 d 2 0.025 2
p  450  1840  827.5kPa
or friction factor is calculated from equation1.4-25

p l u2 l u2 60 3.32 2
hf   4f  4  0.046Re 0.2 ＝4  0.046  6109 0.2  426 J / kg
 d 2 d 2 0.025 2
p  426  1840  783 .84 kPa
if the pressure drop falls to 783.84/2=391.92kPa
0.2
p l u2  l u 1.8
p    391920  4  0.046Re  0.2  ＝4  0.046    
2 d 2  d 1.2 2
 0.2
 1840  60 u 1.8 1079.89 1.8
 4  0.046  1840 3 
` u
 25  10  0.0251.2 2 0.012
so

391920  0.012 1.8

u  1.8  4.36  2.27m / s
1079..89
new mass flowrate=0.785d2uρ=0.785×0.0252×2.27×1840=2.05kg/s

2.6 The fluid is pumped through the horizontal pipe from section A to B with the φ38  2.5mm
diameter and length of 30 meters, shown as figure. The orifice meter of 16.4mm diameter is used to
4
measure the flow rate. Orifice coefficient Co＝0.63. the permanent loss in pressure is 3.5×10 N/m2,
the friction coefficient λ=0.024. find:
(1) What is the pressure drop along the pipe AB?
(2)What is the ratio of power obliterated in pipe AB to total power supplied to the fluid when the
shaft work is 500W, 60%efficiency? (The density of fluid is 870kg/m3 )

solution：

pA u A2 p u2
zAg    w  zAg  A  A  hf
 2  2

p A  pB l u 2 p0
  hf   
 d 2 
2
Ao  16.4 
   0.247
A  33 

C0 2 gR    0.63 2  9.81 0.613600  870

u0    8.5m / s
1  0.247 2  0.97 870
∴u= (16.4/33)2×8.5=2.1m/s
 30 2.12
∴ p A  pB    h f  0.024  870  3.5  10 4  76855 N / m 2
0.033 2
(2)

p  2
Ne  Wm  d u  76855  0.785  0.033 2  2.1  138W
 4
so
the ratio of power obliterated in friction losses in AB to total power supplied to the fluid
138
 100％＝46％
500  0.6