NAME: _____________________________

DRILLING FLUIDS
FUNDAMENTALS SCHOOL
REFERENCE BOOK
DFFS BOOK 1

…
Schlumberger-Private Compiled: October 2019
Luc Joos-Vandewalle
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Schlumberger-Private
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. M-I PRODUCTS
Group 1 – Common Chemicals, Weighting Material, Clays………………..……….………………………………….……………6
Group 2 – Thinners, Deflocculants, Fluid Loss, Polymers………………………….……………………….………………………...7
Group 3 – Shale Control, Corrosion Inhibitors, Oxygen Scavengers……………………………………………………………..8
Group 4 – Oil & Synthetic Mud Products……………………………………………………………………………………………………..9
Group 5 – Specialty Products…………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………10
Alpine Products …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………11

2. PIPE, CASING & MUD PUMP VOLUMES & CAPACITIES

Drill Pipe & Drill Collars……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………14
HWDP & Casing…….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………15
TRIPLEX Pump Output .……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………16

3. SALT TABLES
Potassium Chloride…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..18
Sodium Chloride………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….19
Calcium Chloride……………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………20

4. U.S. OILFIELD & METRIC UNIT CONVERSION CHART……………………………………………………….………………………….22

5. WBM MUD CHECKS

Titration Chart…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..24
MBT Procedure………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….25

6. WBM CONTAMINATION
Contamination Chart…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………28
Carbonate Bicarbonate Treatment Graphs………………………………………………………………………………………………..29

7. NAF MUD CHECKS

Electrical Stability………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..32
Chemical Analysis – Alkalinity & Salinity………………………………………………………………………………………………33

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8. M-I SWACO FLUID SYSTEMS
Water Based Fluid Systems………………………………………………………………………………………………..………….…..36 - 37

9. M-I SWACO FLUID SYSTEMS

Non-Aqueous (Invert Emulsion) Fluid Systems …………………………………………………………………………….…….40 - 41

10. FORMATION DAMAGE MECHANISMS

Formation Damage Mechanisms that Reduce Pore Size .………………………………………………………………….…….44
Formation Damage Mechanisms that Affect Relative Permeability .………………………………………………….…….45

11. MATH FORMULAS

Surface Tanks……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..48
Drill String Volumes…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….49
Annular Volumes…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………50
Pump Output & Circulating Data…………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………51
Annular Velocities……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..52
Hydrostatic Pressure & ECD………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………52
Blend & Build Muds…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..53
Weight Adjustment Formulas……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………54
Reduce Drill Solids…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….55
Solids Control…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….56
Rheology Models – N & K Values……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….57
NAF Calculations…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………58 - 65
Stuck Pipe – Pipe Lax W Export Formulations..………………………………………………………………………………………….66
Stuck Pipe Worksheet……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….67
Well Control ………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………68 – 69
Drillers Method Worksheet……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….70 – 71
Wait and Weight Method……………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..72 – 74
Brines Single Salt Weigh Up ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..75

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1. M-I PRODUCTS

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1. MI-PRODUCTS

GROUP 1

COMMON CHEMICALS: SG PH M-I PRODUCT NAME PRIMARY APPLICATIONS

1. Caustic Soda (NaOH) 2.13 ~13 Caustic Soda Increase pH

2. Caustic Potash (KOH) 2.04 ~12 Caustic Potash Increase pH & K+

3. Lime Ca(OH)2 2.2 ~12.4 Lime Increase & buffer pH, add Ca 2+
4. Magnesium Oxide (MgO) 3.5 10.3 Magox Increase & buffer pH

5. Citric Acid 1.5 ~4 Citric Acid Decrease pH

2+
6. Gypsum / Anhydrite (CaSO 4.H2O / CaSO 4) 2.3 ~6 Gypsum Increase Ca
7. Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO 3) 2.16 8.3 Sodium Bicarbonate Treat Cement

8. Soda Ash (Na 2CO3) 2.5 11.4 Soda Ash Treat Hardness (Ca 2+ & Mg 2+), buffer pH
9. Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate 1.8 - 1.9 4 SAPP Top Hole Thinner

10. Sodium Chloride (NaCl) 2.16 7 Sodium Chloride Increase Cl - & density
11. Calcium Chloride (CaCl 2) 2.15 7 Calcium Chloride Increase Cl -, density & ↓Aw

12. Potassium Chloride (KCl) 1.98 7 Potassium Chloride Increase Cl - and K+

WEIGHTING MATERIAL SG PH M-I PRODUCT NAME PRIMARY APPLICATIONS

1. BARITE - Barium Sulfate (BaSO4) 4.2 - M-I BAR Increase Mud Density (D50: ~25 micron)

2. BARITE - Barium Sulfate (BaSO4) 4.1 - M-I WATE Increase Mud Density (D50: ~25 micron)

3. BARITE - Barium Sulfate (BaSO4) 4.1 - MICROBAR Increase Mud Density (D50: 5 - 8micron)

4. BARITE - Barium Sulfate (BaSO4) 2.2 - WARP - OB Concentrate Increase Mud Density (D50: ~1 micron)

5. HEMATITE - Ferrous Oxide (Fe2O3) 5 - FER-OX Increase Mud Density

6. CALCIUM CARBONATE (CaCO 3) 2.8 - LO WATE Weighting Agent

7. Marble 2.8 - SAFECARB (2,10,20,40,250,500) Bridging, Plugging & Weighting Agent

CLAYS SG PH M-I PRODUCT NAME PRIMARY APPLICATIONS

1. BENTONITE (Sodium Montmorillonite) 2.3 - 2.6 - M-I GEL Increase Viscosity, FLC

2. BENTONITE (Non-Treated) 2.3 - 2.6 - M-I GEL SUPREME Increase Viscosity, FLC

3. ATTAPULGITE 2.2 - 2.4 - SALT GEL Increase Viscosity

4. SEPIOLITE 2.2 - 2.4 - DUROGEL Increase Viscosity

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 GROUP 2

THINNER/DEFLOCCULANTS & FLC SG PH M-I PRODUCT NAME PRIMARY APPLICATIONS

1. Lignite 1.6 - 1.8 4-5 TANNATHIN FLC, Deflocculate Mud

2. Chrome Free Lignosulfonate 1.4 3.5 SPERSENE CF Deflocculant (Chrome Free)

3. Chrome Lignite 1.7 9 - 10.5 XP-20 N HT FLC, thinner, mud stabilizer

+
4. Chrome Lignite (with Potassium) 1.7 10 - 10.5 XP-20 K HT FLC, thinner, mud stabilizer, K
5. Resin Treated Lignite 1.35 RESINEX II HT FLC, mud stabilizer

6. Synthetic Resin (liquid) 1.1 - 1.2 10.7 THERMEX HT FLC - (env)

7. Sodium Polyacrylate 1.05 7 SP-101 FLC/HT FLC

8. Polyacrylate (Low MW) 1.2 - 1.3 6.5 TACKLE Thinner/Deflocculant

POLYMERS SG PH M-I PRODUCT NAME PRIMARY APPLICATIONS

1. PHPA (Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide) 1.25 - 1.4 7.7 POLY-PLUS RD Encapsulate Clays

2. PAC (Poly Anionic Cellulose) 1.5 - 1.6 6.5 - 8 POLYPAC R FLC & ↑Viscosity

3. PAC UL 1.5 - 1.6 6.5 - 8 POLYPAC UL FLC

4. PAC (extra low viscosity - Europe) 1.5 - 1.6 6.5 - 8 POLYPAC ELV FLC

5. Carboxy Methyl Cellulose 1.6 CMC LV FLC & ↑Viscosity

6. Corn Starch 1.45 5.6 MY-LO-JEL FLC

7. Potato Starch 1.5 6-8 POLY SAL FLC

8. Tapioca Starch 1.5 6-8 POLY SAL T FLC

9. HT Starch 1.5 6-8 POLY SAL HT FLC HT

10. Sodium Carboxy Methyl Starch 1.5 6.5 - 8 UNITROL FLC with low viscosity

11. Starch Derivative 1.5 FLO-TROL FLC (FLOPRO)

12. Xanthan Biopolymer 1.5 DUO-VIS ↑LSRV

13. Xanthan Biopolymer (Europe) 1.5 DUO-TEC ↑LSRV

14. Clarified Xanthan Biopolymer 1.5 FLO-VIS PLUS ↑LSRV

15. Bentonite Extender 1.3 6.5 GELEX ↑Viscosity

16. Clay Flocculent 1.4 8.5 FLOXIT Selectively Flocculate Clays

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 GROUP 3

SHALE CONTROL SG PH M-I PRODUCT NAME PRIMARY APPLICATIONS

1. Sulfonated Asphalt 0.9 9.1 ASPHASOL SUPREME Shale Inhibitor, HTHP FLC

2. Poly Alkylene Glycol ~1.1 GLYDRIL MC Inhibit Shale, Lubricity, HTHP FLC

3. Potassium Acetate 1.57 9.7 K-52 Inhibit shale, K+ Source

4. Alkyl Ammonium Solution. 1.1 6.5 - 8.5 KLA GARD Clay Hydration Suppressant

5. Alkyl Ammonium Solution (Cl - free) 1.1 10 - 11.5 KLA GARD-B Clay Hydration Suppressant (No Cl -)

6. Liquid Polyamine ~1.05 9.2 - 10.2 KLA-STOP Shale Inhibitor

7. Liquid Polyamine ~1 9 - 9.5 ULTRAHIB Shale Inhibitor (Ultradril)

8. Synthetic Aliphatic Hydrocarbon 0.78 - 0.85 Insoluble ULTRAFREE Accretion Inhibitor, ROP Enhancer

9. Cationic Acrylamide Copolymer ULTRACAP Encapsulator (in Ultradril System)

10. Acrylamide Copolymer (Low Vis impact) ULTRACAP PLUS Encapsulator (in Ultradril System)

11. Acrylamide Copolymer (Low Vis impact) IDCAP D WBM Encapsulator

12. Dry acrylic acid copolymer 0.6 - 0.9 5- 8 HYDRACAP Encapsulator (in HydraGlyde System)

13. Liquid Polyamine 1 - 1.1 8 - 10 HYDRAHIB Shale Inhibitor (in HydraGlyde System)

CORROSION INHIBITORS / OXYGEN SCAVENGERS SG PH M-I PRODUCT NAME PRIMARY APPLICATIONS

1. Brine Soluble Filming Amine 1.1 CONQOR 303-A Pkr. Fluids, Clear Brines (no Zn)

2. Phosphorus-based Corr. Inhibitor 1.41 7- 8 CONQOR 404 Corr. Prev. in WB Drilling Fluids

3. Sodium Based Scavenger SAFE SCAV NA Oxygen Scavenger (Sodium)

4. Sodium Erythrobate Scavenger SAFE SCAV CA Oxygen Scavenger (Divalent system)

5. Triazine Based H2S Scavenger SAFE SCAV HS H2S Scavenger

6. Triazine Based H2S Scavenger (low pour point) SAFE SCAV HSW H2S Scavenger (cold temperature)

7. 55% Ammonium Bisulfite 1.3 OS-1L Oxygen Scavenger

8. Scale Inhibitor 1.12 - 1.14 8.5 - 9.8 SI-1000 Scale Inhibitor

9. Zinc Oxide 5.6 7 ZnO H2S Scavenger

10. Zinc Carbonate Zinc Carbonate H2S Scavenger

11. THPS Base (Non MI) AQUCAR 75, CARBOSAN 1516 Bactericide

12. Gluteraldehyde Base (Non MI) 1.05 - 1.08 3.1 - 4.5 MYACIDE GA Bactericide

13. Triazine Base (Non MI) BUSAN 1060 Bactericide

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 GROUP 4

OIL / SYNTHETIC MUD PRODUCTS SG PH M-I PRODUCT NAME PRIMARY APPLICATIONS

1. Clay Viscosifier 1.57 VG-69 ↑Vis, Gels, Filter Cake Quality

2. Premium Clay Viscosifier 1.57 VG-PLUS ↑Vis, Gels, Filter Cake Quality

3. Sag-Reducing Additive 1.7 VG-SUPREME Reduces Sag Potential in NAF

4. High Temperature Clay 1.7 VERSAGEL-HT Maintains HT Viscosity in NAF

5. OBM Emulsifier 0.84 - 0.96 VERSAMUL Emulsion in Conventional OBM

6. OBM Emulsifier / Wetter 0.9 - 0.97 VERSACOAT Wet in Conv. Emul. in Relaxed

7. OBM Wetting Agent 0.93 - 0.98 VERSAWET Wetting Agent in Relaxed OBM

8. Amine Treated Quebracho ONETROL HT HTHP FLC in OBM

9. Gilsonite 1.04 - 1.06 VERSATROL, M, HT HTHP FLC in OBM

10. OBM Thinner 0.8 - 0.85 VERSATHIN (HF) Thinner- OBM

11. Rheological Modifier 0.91 VERSAMOD Increase LSRV - OBM

12. Polymeric Viscosifier (NAF) 1.01 HRP Sacrificial / Supplemental Vis. In NAF

13. SBM Emulsifier 0.89 - 0.92 SUREMUL Primary Emulsifier in SBM

14. Olefin-based SBM Wetting Agent 0.89 SUREWET Wetting Agent - SBM

15. SBM Rheological Modifier 0.8 - 0.9 SUREMOD Inc. LSRV in Olefin based SBM

16. Special Wetting Agent 1.1 SWA EH Reverses Water Wetting

17. Polymeric FLC Agent (NAF) 1.03 ECOTROL (RD, L, F, HT) HTHP FLC Non-Aqueous Fluids

18. Emulsifier/Wetting Agent 0.94 ONEMUL Emulsifier & Wetting Agent

19. Emulsifier/Wetting Agent for Megadril 0.9 - 0.99 MEGAMUL Emulsifier & Wetting Agent in Megadril

20. Primary emuslifier used in Megadril 0.96 MEGADRIVE P Primary emuslifier used in Megadril

21. Secondary emuslifier used in Megadril 0.98 MEGADRIVE S Secondary emuslifier used in Megadril

22. Emulsifier (High internal phase RDF's) 0.93 - 0.96 PRIMOMUL Emulsifier in Primo-Faze

23. Dry (sack) Emul. and Wetting agent 1 - 1.2 ACTIMUL RD Emul, Wet, HTHP FLC (cold climates)

24. Emul & Wet’g agent for FAZE-PRO 0.91 FAZE-MUL Primary Emul, Wet. & Vis in FAZE-PRO

25. 2nd Wetting Agent in FAZE-PRO 1.01 - 1.04 FAZE-WET 2ndary wetting & FLC in FAZE-PRO

26. Breaker for FAZE-PRO 1.1 - 1.2 5-7 FAZEBREAK Breaker system in FAZE-PRO

27. Rheol. Modifier w/Flat Rheol. Profile 0.8 - 1.0 RHEFLAT Rheol. Modifier Rheliant system

28. Polymeric Viscosifier 0.9 - 1.1 RHETHIK Vis, Rheol. Mod., Reduce Sag in Rheliant

29. Dispersant & Cond. for RHELIANT 0.83 - 0.87 RHEDUCE Reduces Vis and Gels in Rheliant

30. Primary Emulsifier & Wetting Agent RHEMUL Emulsifier & Wetting Agent (Rheguard)

31. Suspension Additive 2.2 - 2.4 DURAMOD Suspension Additive (Rheguard)

32. Thinner 0.83 RHETHIN Thinner (Rheguard)

33. Conditioner (Low temperature) 0.92 RHECON Conditioner (Rheguard)

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 GROUP 5

SPECIALTY PRODUCTS SG PH M-I PRODUCT NAME PRIMARY APPLICATIONS

1. Detergent for clean-up OBM/SBM 1.02 8.3 CLEAN-UP Rig Clean-up OBM/SBM

2. Drilling Detergent 1.01 - 1.02 7.5 - 8.5 D.D. Surfactant Emulsifier

3. Ester-Based Defoamer 0.94 DEFOAM-A De-foam Mud

4. Silicon-Based Defoamer 0.95 DEFOAM-X De-foam Mud

5. Lubricant-reduced chance of stuck pipe 0.92 DRILFREE Reduce - torque, drag, stuck pipe

6. Low Toxicity detergent additive 1.1 9.3 - 9.5 DRIL-KLEEN II Prevent Bit and BHA balling

7. Surfactant Blend DRILZONE Prevent Bit and BHA balling

8. Acid soluble LCM plug 2 7-8 FORM-A-PLUG ll Acid soluble LCM plug

9. Lost circulation material 1.2 FORM-A-BLOK Defluidizing LCM Pill (One sack)

10. Lost circulation material (Acid Soluble) 1.2 FORM-A-BLOK AS Defluidizing LCM Pill (One sack)

11. Particulate LCM (Acid Soluble) 1.035 FYBE-CARB One Sack acid Soluble particulate

12. Low Toxicity Lubricant LUBE EXE Lubricate D.S., Reduce HTHP FL

13. All-purpose lubricant (ENV) 0.96 - 1.01 8.8 - 9.2 LUBE 167 Reduce COF, ¯torque/drag

14. WBM Lubricant 0.93 - 0.97 STARGLIDE Reduce COF, ¯torque/drag (mud & brine)

15. ROP Enhancing Lubricant 0.91 - 0.93 HYDRASPEED ROP enhancing lubricant (Hydraglyde)

16. Graphite plugging agent 2.19 - 2.26 Insoluble G-SEAL (C) Treat LC, ¯torque/drag; FLC

17. LCM Blend Insoluble M-I SEAL (F, M) Treat Lost Circulation

18. Corn Cob Insoluble GRANDE-SEAL Treat Lost Circulation

19. Fibrous plugging and bridging agent Insoluble M-I-X II (F, M, C) Plug and Bridge perm. form.

20. Ground nut hulls 1.2 - 1.4 Insoluble NUT PLUG (F, M, C) Treat Lost Circulation

21. Starch Latex Copolymer POROSEAL Seals Microfractures

22. LCM & WBS Material OPTISEAL I, II, III & IV 4 blends of LCM & WBS Materials

23. Cellulose LCM Fiber VINSEAL Lost Circulation and Plugging Agent

24. Specially Sized NaCl FLO-WATE Sized Salt

25. Stuck Pipe Spotting Fluid 0.9 5.6 - 6.6 PIPE LAX Free stuck pipe in diesel/obm

26. ENVIRON. Stuck Pipe spotting fluid 1.02 9.3 PIPE LAX ENV Free Stuck Pipe; ENVIRONMENTAL

27. Weighted Stuck Pipe Spotting Fluid 0.9 6.5 - 7.5 PIPE LAX-W (Export/EH) Wt’d w/ Barite/Fer-Ox; Free Stuck Pipe

28. OIL BASE-Stuck Pipe Spotting Fluid 0.98 - 1 PIPE LAX OB Free Stuck Pipe in OBM/SBM

29. Brine soluble chelating agent 1.15 - 1.25 4.4 - 5 D-SOLVER EXTRA Dissolve CaCo3

30. Organic acid precursor 1.15 D-STRUCTOR Destroy emulsion, dissolve CaCo3

31. Internal filter cake oxidizer 0.6 - 0.8 D-STROYER Oxidizes polymers

32. Starch specific enzyme 1.1 - 1.2 WELLZYME A Break down starch

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 ALPINE PRODUCTS

ALPINE PRODUCTS PRODUCT NAME PRIMARY APPLICATIONS

1. Mechanical Lubricant ALPINE DRILL BEADS Reduce co-efficient of friction

2. Wellbore Stabilizer SACK BLACK Seals depleted sands and microfractures

3. Wellbore Stabilizer BLACK FURY Lower potential for differential sticking

4. Acrylic Co-Polymer Stick RAPID SWEEP Enhanced Hole Cleaning

5. Lost circulation Plug FORM-A-SQUEEZE Seals fractured & vugular formations

6. De-fluidizing LCM Plug FORM-A-BLOK Cures partial to severe losses

7. Tracer ALPINE TRACER BEADS Deepwater cement identifier

ALPINE DRILL BEAD
8. Surface Equipment Recovers Alpine Drill Beads at surface
RECOVERY UNIT

POLYMER TEMPERATURE LIMITATIONS

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2. PIPE, CASING & MUD PUMP
VOLUMES & CAPACITIES

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 DRILL PIPE
OD Weight ID Capacity Displacement
in. mm lb/ft kg/m in. mm bbl/ft m3/m bbl/ft m3/m
2 3⁄ 60 4.85 7.23 1.995 51 0.0039 0.002 0.0016 0.0008
8

2 7⁄ 8 73 6.85 10.21 2.441 62 0.0058 0.003 0.0022 0.0012

2 7⁄ 73 10.4 15.5 2.15 55 0.0045 0.0023 0.0035 0.0018
8

3 1⁄ 2 89 13.3 19.82 2.764 70 0.0074 0.0039 0.0045 0.0023

3 1⁄ 2 89 15.5 23.1 2.602 66 0.0066 0.0034 0.0053 0.0028
4 102 14 20.86 3.34 85 0.0108 0.0057 0.0047 0.0025
4 1⁄ 2 114 16.6 24.73 3.826 97 0.0142 0.0074 0.0055 0.0029
4 1⁄ 2 114 20 29.8 3.64 92 0.0129 0.0067 0.0068 0.0035
5 127 19.5 29.06 4.276 109 0.0178 0.0093 0.0065 0.0034
5 127 20.5 30.55 4.214 107 0.0173 0.009 0.007 0.0037
5 1⁄ 140 21.9 32.63 4.778 121 0.0222 0.0116 0.0072 0.0038
2

5 1⁄ 2 140 24.7 36.8 4.67 119 0.0212 0.0111 0.0082 0.0043

5 9⁄16 141 22.2 33.08 4.859 123 0.0229 0.012 0.0071 0.0037
5 9⁄ 141 25.25 37.62 4.733 120 0.0218 0.0114 0.0083 0.0043
16

6 5⁄ 8 168 31.9 47.53 5.761 146 0.0322 0.0168 0.0104 0.0054

7 5⁄ 8 194 29.25 43.58 6.969 177 0.0472 0.0246 0.0093 0.0049

DRILL COLLARS
OD Weight ID Capacity Displacement
in. mm lb/ft kg/m in. mm bbl/ft m3/m bbl/ft m3/m
3 1⁄ 2 89 26.64 39.69 1.5 38 0.00219 0.0011 0.0097 0.0051
4 1/ 8 105 34.68 51.67 2 51 0.00389 0.002 0.0126 0.0066
4 3/ 4 121 46.7 69.58 2.25 57 0.00492 0.0026 0.017 0.0089
6 152 82.5 122.93 2.25 57 0.00492 0.0026 0.0301 0.0157
6 1/ 4 159 90.6 134.99 2.25 57 0.00492 0.0026 0.033 0.0172
6 1/ 2 165 91.56 136.42 2.813 71 0.00768 0.004 0.0334 0.0174
6 3/ 171 108 160.92 2.25 57 0.00492 0.0026 0.0393 0.0205
4

7 3/ 4 197 138.48 206.34 2.813 71 0.00768 0.004 0.0507 0.0264

8 203 150.48 224.22 2.813 71 0.00768 0.004 0.0545 0.0284
9 1/ 241 217.02 323.36 3 76 0.00874 0.0046 0.0789 0.0412
2

10 254 242.98 362.04 3 76 0.00874 0.0046 0.0884 0.0461

11 1/ 286 314.2 468.16 3 76 0.00874 0.0046 0.1142 0.0596
4

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 HEAVY-WEIGHT DRILL PIPE
OD Weight ID Capacity Displacement
in. mm lb/ft kg/m in. mm bbl/ft m3/m bbl/ft m3/m
3 1⁄ 2 89 25.3 37.7 2.063 52 0.0042 0.0022 0.0092 0.0048
3 1⁄ 2 89 23.2 34.57 2.25 57 0.005 0.0026 0.0084 0.0044
4 102 27.2 40.53 2.563 65 0.0064 0.0033 0.0108 0.0056
4 1/ 2 114 41 61.09 2.75 70 0.0074 0.0039 0.0149 0.0078
5 127 49.3 73.46 3 76 0.0088 0.0046 0.018 0.0094
5 1⁄ 2 140 57 84.93 3.375 86 0.0112 0.0058 0.021 0.011
6 5⁄ 8 168 70.8 105.49 4.5 114 0.0197 0.0103 0.026 0.0136

CASING
OD Weight ID Capacity Displacement
in. mm lb/ft kg/m in. mm bbl/ft m3/m bbl/ft m3/m
4 1⁄ 2 114 13.5 20.12 3.92 100 0.0149 0.0078 0.0047 0.0025
4 1⁄ 2 114 15.1 22.5 3.826 97 0.0142 0.0074 0.0055 0.0029
4 3/ 4 121 16 23.84 4.082 104 0.0162 0.0084 0.0057 0.003
5 127 15 22.35 4.408 112 0.0189 0.0099 0.0054 0.0028
5 127 18 26.82 4.276 109 0.0178 0.0093 0.0065 0.0034
5 1⁄ 2 140 20 29.8 4.778 121 0.0222 0.0116 0.0072 0.0038
5 1⁄ 2 140 23 34.27 4.67 119 0.0212 0.0111 0.0082 0.0043
5 3/ 4 146 22.5 33.53 4.99 127 0.0242 0.0126 0.0079 0.0041
6 152 26 38.74 5.14 131 0.0257 0.0134 0.0093 0.0049
6 5⁄ 8 168 32 47.68 5.675 144 0.0313 0.0163 0.0114 0.0059
7 178 26 38.74 6.276 159 0.0383 0.02 0.0093 0.0049
7 178 38 56.62 5.92 150 0.034 0.0177 0.0136 0.0071
7 5⁄ 8 194 26.4 39.34 6.969 177 0.0472 0.0246 0.0093 0.0049
7 5⁄ 8 194 33.7 50.21 6.765 172 0.0445 0.0232 0.012 0.0063
7 5⁄ 8 194 39 58.11 6.625 168 0.0426 0.0222 0.0138 0.0072
8 5/ 8 219 38 56.62 7.775 197 0.0587 0.0306 0.0135 0.007
9 5/ 8 244 40 59.6 8.835 224 0.0758 0.0395 0.0142 0.0074
9 5/ 8 244 47 70.03 8.681 220 0.0732 0.0382 0.0168 0.0088
9 5/ 8 244 53.5 79.72 8.535 217 0.0708 0.0369 0.0192 0.01
10 3/4 273 40.5 60.35 10.05 255 0.0981 0.0512 0.0141 0.0074
10 3/4 273 45.5 67.8 9.95 253 0.0962 0.0502 0.0161 0.0084
10 3/4 273 51 75.99 9.85 250 0.0942 0.0491 0.018 0.0094
11 3/4 298 60 89.4 10.772 274 0.1127 0.0588 0.0214 0.0112
13 3/8 340 54.5 81.21 12.615 320 0.1546 0.0806 0.0192 0.01
13 3/8 340 68 101.32 12.415 315 0.1497 0.0781 0.0241 0.0126
16 406 65 96.85 15.25 387 0.2259 0.1178 0.0228 0.0119
16 406 75 111.75 15.124 384 0.2222 0.1159 0.0265 0.0138
18 5/8 473 87.5 130.38 17.755 451 0.3062 0.1597 0.0307 0.016
20 508 94 140.06 19.124 486 0.3553 0.1853 0.0333 0.0174

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 TRIPLEX PUMP OUTPUT

Liner ID Stroke Length (in)

(inches) 7 7 1/2 8 8 1/2 9 9 1/2 10 11 12 14
3 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.019 0.02 0.02 0.022 0.024 0.026 —
3 1/ 4 0.018 0.019 0.021 0.022 0.023 0.024 0.026 0.028 0.031 —
3 1/ 2 0.021 0.022 0.024 0.025 0.027 0.028 0.03 0.033 0.036 —
3 3⁄ 4 0.024 0.026 0.027 0.029 0.031 0.032 0.034 0.038 0.041 —
4 0.027 0.029 0.031 0.033 0.035 0.036 0.039 0.043 0.047 —
4 1/ 4 0.031 0.033 0.035 0.037 0.039 0.041 0.044 0.048 0.053 —
4 1/ 2 0.034 0.037 0.039 0.042 0.044 0.045 0.049 0.054 0.059 —
4 3⁄ 4 0.038 0.041 0.044 0.047 0.049 0.051 0.055 0.06 0.066 —
5 0.043 0.045 0.049 0.052 0.055 0.056 0.061 0.067 0.073 0.085
5 1/ 0.047 0.05 0.054 0.057 0.06 0.062 0.067 0.074 0.08 0.094
4

5 1/ 2 0.051 0.055 0.059 0.062 0.066 0.068 0.073 0.081 0.088 0.103
5 3⁄ 4 0.056 0.06 0.064 0.068 0.072 0.074 0.08 0.088 0.096 0.112
6 0.061 0.065 0.07 0.074 0.079 0.081 0.087 0.096 0.105 0.122
6 1/ 0.066 0.071 0.076 0.081 0.085 0.088 0.095 0.104 0.114 0.133
4

6 1/ 2 0.072 0.077 0.082 0.087 0.092 0.095 0.103 0.113 0.123 0.144
6 3⁄ 4 0.077 0.083 0.088 0.094 0.1 0.102 0.111 0.122 0.133 0.155
7 0.083 0.089 0.095 0.101 0.107 0.11 0.119 0.131 0.143 0.167
7 1/ — — — — — — 0.137 0.15 0.164 0.191
2

8 — — — — — — 0.155 0.171 0.187 0.218

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3. SALT TABLES

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POTASSIUM CHLORIDE

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SODIUM CHLORIDE

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CALCIUM CHLORIDE

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4. U.S. OILFIELD & METRIC
UNIT CONVERSION CHART

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 Multiply This By To Obtain

Volume:
barrel (bbl) 5.61 cubic feet (ft3)
barrel (bbl) 0.159 cubic meter (m3)
barrel (bbl) 42 gallon, U.S. (gal)
gallon, U.S. (gal) 3.785 liter (l)
cubic meter (m3) 6.289 barrel (bbl)
cubic meter (m3) 1000 liter (l)

Mass or Weight
kilogram (kg) 2.204 pound (lb)
pound (lb) 0.454 kilogram (kg)
ton, U.S. (t) 2000 pound (lb)
metric ton (mt) 1000 kilogram (kg)
metric ton (mt) 2204 pound (lb)
metric ton (mt) 1.102 ton, U.S. (t)

Length
feet (ft) 0.3048 meter (m)
inch (in) 2.54 centimeter (cm)
inch (in) 25.4 millimeter (mm)
meter (m) 3.281 feet (ft)

Pressure
2
lb/in (psi) 6.895 kiloPascal (kPa)
lb/in2 (psi) 0.06895 bar (bar)
lb/in2 (psi) 0.0703 kg/cm2
kiloPascal (kPa) 0.145 lb/in2 (psi)
bar (bar) 100 kiloPascal (kPa)
atmosphere 14.7 lb/in2 (psi)
bar 14.5 lb/in2 (psi)

Density
pound/gallon (ppg) or (lb/gal) 119.83 kg/m3 and g/l
kilogram/cubic meter (kg/m3) 0.008345 ppg or lb/gal
pound/gallon (ppg) or (lb/gal) 0.11983 g/cm3, kg/l, or SG
pound/cubic feet (pcf) or (lb/ft3) 16.02 kg/m3 and g/l
g/cm3, kg/l, or SG 8.345 ppg or lb/gal

Concentration
pound/gallon (ppb) or (lb/bbl) 2.853 kg/m3 and g/l
Kilogram/cubic meter (kg/m3) 0.3505 ppb or lb/bbl

Temperature
Centigrade (C x 1.8) + 32 Fahrenheit
Fahrenheit (F - 32) 1.8 Centigrade

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5. WBM MUD CHECKS

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6. WBM CONTAMINATION

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 1

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 Lime

Lime & Gyp

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7. NAF MUD CHECKS

correct incorrect

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HTHP FILTER PRESS

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RETORT

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ELECTRICAL STABILITY

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ALKALINITY

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SALINITY

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8. WATER BASED FLUID SYSTEMS

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NAME CATEGORY TYPE TYPICAL PRODUCTS DESCRIPTION

Guar Gum, Salt Gel, M-I Gel,

Clay mud used to drill shallow
Unweighted Clay WBM Drilling Caustic, PolyPac, PolySal, My-Lo-
surface wells
Jel, SAPP

M-I Gel, Caustic, Duovis, Spersene

Spersene System WBM Drilling CF, Tannathin, PolyPac, PolySal, Dispersed clay system < 320 F
My-Lo-Jel, SP-101, Barite

M-I Gel Supreme, Caustic, Lime,

Chrome based high temperature
Duratherm WBM Drilling Gypsum, PolyPac, Tannathin,
and pressure WBM < 500 F
Resinex II, XP-20, Barite

NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 , M-I Gel, Caustic,

Saturated salt system designed
Saturated Salt Systems WBM Drilling Soda Ash, Spersene, PolyPac UL,
for drilling salt sections < 300 F
DuoVis, Barite

KCl, DuoVis, PolyPac, Soda Ash, WBM using potassium ion

KCL Polymer WBM Drilling
Caustic Potash, Barite inhibition < 300 F

PolyPlus, Caustic or KOH, PolyPac, WBM using polymers for

PolyPlus WBM Drilling Sp-101, PolySal, Soda Ash, Duovis, inhibition through encapsulation
KCl or NaCl, Barite < 350 F

Glydril System Soda Ash, KOH, KCl, PolyPac, WBM polymer system using
WBM Drilling
Duovis, Glydril , Barite polyglycol technology < 300 F

Soda Ash, DuoVis, PolyPac, Sildril, Silicate based WBM for superior
Sildril WBM Drilling
Nacl or KCl, Barite shale inhibition < 275 F
NaCl or KCl, DuoVis, PolyPac,
High performance WBM using
Ultradril WBM Drilling DualFlo or FloTrol, UltraHib,
triple inhibition < 300 F
UltraCap, UltraFree, Barite
Caustic, Soda Ash, GelPlex, Mixed Metal Oxide WBM system
DrilPlex WBM Drilling
DrilPlex, FloPlex, Barite < 300 F

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NAME CATEGORY TYPE TYPICAL PRODUCTS DESCRIPTION

NaCl, KCl, Soda Ash, Caustic, WBM designed to drill low

HydraGlyde WBM Drilling DuoVis, PolyPac, HydraCap, reactivity shale gas plays in
HydraHib, HydaSpeed, Barite North America Land < 200 F

Low density direct emulsion

Diesel, NaCl field brine, DuoVis,
FluxDril WBM Drilling system designed for Permian
Lime, FluxMul
Basin < 200 F

Field brine, DiTrol, DiBalance, Divalent field brine fluid

EnduraDril WBM Drilling EnduraTrol, EnduraSurf, designed for Bakken shale plays
EnduraCap L, EnduraSlide < 275 F

Base Brine (KCl, NaCl, NaBr, CaCl2, High Temperature Water-Based

Drilling & CaBr2, Zn/CaBr2, Formate brines), Drilling Fluid / Reservoir Drill-In
VeraTherm WBM
RDF VeraVis, PTS 200, ECF-3998, Fluid/ Coil Tubing Fluid / Logging
KlaStop, Barite Fluid < 400 F
Base Brine (NaCl, KCl, NaBr),
Most commonly used WBM RDF
FloVis Plus, Flotrol or DualFlo,
FloPro NT WBM RDF < 300 F. Usually requires a
KlaGard or KlaStop or UltraHib or
breaker
HydraHib, SafeCarb
Base Brine (Formates), FloVis
Plus, Flotrol or DualFlo, KlaGard or High temperature FloPro using
Formix WBM RDF
KlaStop or UltraHib or HydraHib, formate brines < 330 F
SafeCarb, PTS 200

Base Brine (NaCl, KCl, NaBr,

Similar to FloPro NT but requires
Formates), FloVis Plus, Thrutrol,
FloThru WBM RDF no breaker < 300 F. Creates flow
KlaGard or KlaStop or UltraHib or
channel paths in filter cake.
HydraHib, ThruCarb, SafeCarb

Base Brine (CaCl2, CaBr2, ZnBr2), Di-valent brine RDF using salt for
DiPro WBM RDF DiTrol, DiBalance, DiBoost, high density with no biopolymer
SafeCarb for easier clean up < 280 F
Same as DiPro but for lower
Base Brine (CaCl2, ), DiTrol,
density applications using on
DiPro LD WBM RDF DiBalance, DiBoost, SafeCarb,
CaCl2 brines
DiPlex, DiLok
< 280 F

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9. NON-AQUEOUS FLUID SYSTEMS

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NAME CATEGORY TYPE TYPICAL PRODUCTS DESCRIPTION

Diesel, VG-69 or VG-Plus,

VersaMul, VersaCoat, VersaWet,
VersaDril NAF Drilling
VersaMod, VersaTrol, Lime, CaCl2, Invert-emulsion Drilling fluid
Barite systems which can be
Same as VersaDril but uses Low Conventional or Relaxed-Filtrate
VersaClean NAF Drilling Toxicity Mineral Oil instead of
Diesel

Base Oil, TruVis, VersaCoat, All-oil or minimal water-

TruCore NAF Coring VersaMod, VersaTrol, Lime, containing oil-base system used
Calcium Chloride, Barite for coring

TruDril NAF Drilling Similar to TruCore

Base Oil (Diesel or Miner Oil),

MegaMul, MegaDrive P/S, VG-69 One drum emulsifier and wetting
MegaDril NAF Drilling
or VG-Plus, VersaMod, MegaTrol, agent.
VersaTrol, Lime, CaCl2, Barite

Base Oil (Mineral or Synthetic),

VersaGel HT, Mul-XT, SureWet, Ultra-High temperature NAF ~
Rhadiant NAF Drilling
OneTrol HT or EcoTrol HT, Lime, 500 F
CaCl2, Barite
Base Oil (synthetic), VG-69 or VG-
Plus, NovaTec P, NovaTec S, Low viscosity Liner Alpha Olefin
NovaTec NAF Drilling
NovaTec M, NovaTec F, Lime, based system
CaCl2, Barite

Base Oil (paraffin), VersaGel HT,

Paraffin based NAF system for
ParaDril NAF Drilling SureMul, SureWet, Ecotrol, Lime,
onsite disposal
CaCl2, Barite

Same as ParaDril but uses chloride Paraffin based NAF system for
ParaLand NAF Drilling
free salt in brine phase land based disposal

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 NAME CATEGORY TYPE TYPICAL PRODUCTS DESCRIPTION

Base Oil (synthetic), VG-Plus or Synthetic based system with flat

VG-Supreme, SureMul, SureWet, rheology across varying
Rheliant NAF Drilling
Ecotrol HT, RheFlat, RheThik, temperatures. Mainly used for
Lime, CaCl2, Barite deepwater applications

Base Oil (IO 1618), VG-Plus,

RheMul, SureWet, RheFlat,
Rheguard NAF Drilling Next generation Rheliant
RheCon, DuraMod, Ecotrol RD,
Lime, CaCl2, Barite

Base Oil, VG-Supreme, VersaMul

Invert emulsion RDF ~ 60:40 OWR
VersaPro NAF RDF & VersaCoat or VersaPro P/S,
< 250 F
Lime, CaCl2, SafeCarb

Base Oil, VG-Supreme, FazeMul, Invert emulsion reversible

FazePro NAF RDF
FazeWet, Lime, CaCl2, SafeCarb wetting filtercake RDF < 250 F

Low OWR Invert emulsion

Base Oil, VG-Supreme, FazeMul,
reversible wetting filtercake
PrimoFaze NAF RDF FazeWet, PrimoMul, Lime, CaCl2,
RDF. 50:50 to 40: 60 OWR. 30:70
SafeCarb
OWR for screen running

NOTE: Most NAF's can be formulated as RDF's by replacing barite with SafeCarb, removing fluid loss products as far as possible
and lowering clay concentrations. Emulsifier packages may be dependant on the type of brine used in the internal phase.

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10. FORMATION DAMAGE
MECHANISMS

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11. MATH FORMULA’S

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11.1. SURFACE TANKS

11.1.1 - RECTANGULAR TANK:

Length (ft) x Width (ft) x Tank Height (ft)

Pit Capacity (bbls) =
5.61 (cubic foot per barrel)

Length (ft) x Width (ft) x Mud Height (ft)

Pit Mud Volume (bbls) =
5.61 (cubic foot per barrel)

Length (ft) x Width (ft) x 1 (ft)

Bbls / foot =
5.61 (cubic foot per barrel)

11.1.2 - CYLINDRICAL TANK:

2
Diameter (ft) x Tank Height (ft)
Pit Capacity (bbls) =
7.143

2
Diameter (ft) x Mud Height (ft)
Pit Mud Volume (bbls) =
7.143

2
Diameter (ft) x 1 (ft)
Bbls / foot =
7.143

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11.2. DRILL STRING & ANNULAR CALCULATIONS

11.2.1- DRILL STRING VOLUMES:

ID2 (inches) x Length Pipe (ft)

Inside Pipe Volume (bbls) =
1029

Drill Pipe (DP)

ID = Inside Diameter ID

Heavy Weight Drill Pipe (HWDP)

Drill Collars (DC)

Drill String Volume (bbls) = DC Volume + HWDP Volume + DP Volume

(DC ID2 x DC L) + (HWDP ID2 x HWDP L) + (DP ID2 x DP L)

Drill String Volume (bbls) =
1029 1029 1029

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11.2.2 - ANNULAR VOLUMES:

( ID2 CSG (inches) - OD2 DP (inches) )

1. Annular Vol Casing / DP (bbls) = x Length Casing (ft)
1029

( ID2 OH (inches) - OD2 DP (inches) )

2. Annular Vol OH / DP (bbls) = x *Length DP in OH (ft)
1029

( * Drill Pipe Length in Open Hole = Total Measured Depth - Drill Collar Length - HWDP Length - Casing Depth )

( ID2 OH (inches) - OD2 HWDP (inches) )

3. Annular Vol OH / HWDP (bbls) = x Length HWDP (ft)
1029

( ID2 OH (inches) - OD2 DC (inches) )

4. Annular Vol OH / DC (bbls) = x Length DC (ft)
1029

Total Annular Volume (bbls) = Vol. 1 + Vol 2. + Vol. 3 + Vol 4.

HOLE VOLUME = Drill String Volume + Annular Volume

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11.2.3 - TRIPLEX MUD PUMP OUTPUT

ID2 Pump Liner x Length Pump Stroke (in) x Efficiency (decimal)

Pump Output (bbls/stk) =
4116

Pump Output (bbls/min) = Pump Output (bbls/stk) x Strokes per minute

8.2.4 – TOTAL CIRCULATING VOLUME, TIME & STROKES

Total Circulating Volume (bbls) = Surface Volume (pits) + Drill String Volume + Annular Volume

Circulating Volume (bbls)

Total Circulating Time (mins) =
Pump Output (bbls/min)

Total Circulating Strokes = Total Circulating Time (mins) x Pump Strokes per Minute

11.2.5– BOTTOMS UP TIME & STROKES

Annular Volume (bbls)

Bottoms Up Time (mins) =
Pump Output (bbls/min)

Bottoms Up Strokes = Bottoms up Time (mins) x Pump Strokes per Minute

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11.2.6 - ANNULAR VELOCITY FORMULA:

Pump Output (bbls/min)

Annular Velocity (ft/min) =
Annular Volume (bbls/ft)

Using the above formula the following calculations are used for annular velocities in different parts of the well

( Pump Output (bbls/min) x 1029 )

Ann. Vel. (CSG/DP) (ft/min) =
( ID2 CSG - OD2 DP )

( Pump Output (bbls/min) x 1029 )

Ann. Vel. (OH/DP) (ft/min) =
( ID2 OH - OD2 DP )

( Pump Output (bbls/min) x 1029 )

Ann. Vel. (OH/HWDP) (ft/min) =
( ID2 OH - OD2 HWDP )

( Pump Output (bbls/min) x 1029 )

Ann. Vel. (OH/DC) (ft/min) = 2 2
( ID OH - OD DC )

11.2.7 - HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE & ECD

Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a column of fluid on the formation at specific depths

Hydrostatic Pr essure psi = Mud Weightppg x TrueVertical Depth ( ft ) x 0.052

 Annular Pressure Loss psi 

E .C .D.lbs / gal = Mud Weightlbs / gal +  
 TrueVertical Depth ft x .052 
 

MD – Used for Volume Calculations

TVD – Used for Pressure Calculations

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11.3. BLEND & BUILD MUDS, DENSITY ADJUSTMENT, REDUCE DRILL SOLIDS
11.3.1 – BLEND MUDS

MASS BALANCE

VFinalWFinal = VMud-1 WMud-1 + VMud –2 WMud-2 where VMud-1 = (VFinal - VMud –2)

HENCE: VFinalWFinal = (VFinal - VMud –2)WMud-1 + VMud –2 WMud-2

VFinalWFinal = VFinal WMud-1 - VMud –2 WMud-1 + VMud –2 WMud-2

VFWF = VF W1 - V2 W1 + V2 W2

11.3.2 - BUILD A MUD

Volume MudFinal (bbls) x ConcentrationGel (ppb)

VolumeGel (bbls) =
910 (ppb bent)

VFWF = VW WW + VBWB + VGWG

Al l vol umes i n bbl s . Al l Wei ghts i n ppg

VW = VF - VG - VB

VolumeGel (bbls) x 910 (ppb bent)

Sacks Gel (100 lb sx) =
100 (lbs/sack)

VolumeBar (bbls) x 1470 (ppb barite)

Sacks M-I BAR (100 lb sx) =
100 (lbs/sack)

PRODUCT DENSITIES SG lb / gal (ppg) lb / bbl (ppb)

FER-OX 5 41.67 1750
M-I BAR 4.2 35.00 1470
M-I WATE 4.1 34.17 1435
LO-WATE (CaCO3) 2.8 23.34 980
M-I GEL 2.6 21.67 910

CONFIRM VOLUMES USING ENGINEERING TOOLBOX (ETB) SOFTWARE

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11.3.3 – WEIGHT UP FORMULAS

WEIGHT UP WITH M-I BAR: (S.G. 4.2)

(Mud Weightdesired − Mud Weightinitial )

Barite lb / bbl = 1470
(35.0lb / gal − Mud Weightdesired )

WEIGHT UP WITH CALCIUM CARBONATE: (S.G. 2.8)

(Mud Weightdesired − Mud Weightinitail )

Calcium Carbonate lb / bbl = 980
(23.3lb / gal − Mud Weightdesired )

WEIGHT UP WITH FEROX: (S.G.5.0)

(Mud Weightdesired − Mud Weightinitial )

= 1750
Ferox lb / bbl
(41.67lb / gal − Mud Weightdesired )

11.3.4 – CUT BACK FORMULAS

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11.3.5 – REDUCE DRILL SOLIDS

DSMud
VFinal = x VMud
DSFinal

VWater = VFinal - VMud

Barite needed (lbs) = Barite (lb/bbl) weight up formula x VWater (bbls)

VBarite (bbls) = Barite needed (lbs) / 1470

In practice - transfer the required volume of water plus barite (bbls) prior to adding the VBar/Water to maintain a
constant volume. Using this procedure your Drill Solids Content will be slightly less than that calculated.
Water and barite should be added simultaneously to avoid mud weight changes. It may be necessary to build a
slurry with a viscosifier which will then be added to the system.

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11.4. SOLIDS CONTROL
11.4.1 - AVERAGE RATE OF PENETRATION:

Total Footage Drilled

Average ROPft / hr =
Hours Drilled

11.4.2 - CUTTINGS VOLUMES

Bit Size 2 (in)

Bbls / Ft =
1029

Bbls / Hr = ROP ft/hr x Cuttings Volume bbls/ft

Cutting Volumebbls / hr
% Cutting in Annulus = x 100
Circulating Ratebbls / hr

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11.5. EQUATIONs FOR: Np, Na, Kp, Ka

 600 VG Dial Re ading 

n p = 3.32  Log 
 300 VG Dial Re ading 

 100 VG Dial Re ading 

n a = 0.657  Log 
 3 VG Dial Re ading 

5.11 x 300 VG Dial Re ading

Kp =
np
511

5.11 x 3 VG Dial Re ading

Ka = na
5.11

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11.6. NAF CALCULATIONS & FORMULATIONS

11.6.1 - PERCENTAGE BY WEIGHT CaCl2

11.6.2 – CONCENTRATION OF CaCl2

11.6.3 – CALCULATING THE OIL:WATER RATIO

11.6.4 – INCREASING THE OIL:WATER RATIO

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11.6.5 – DECREASING THE OIL:WATER RATIO

Bbls Brine = bbls Water / Water Fraction of Brine

Example – 25% CaCl2 - Water Fraction = 0.922 (based on CaCl2 Salt Table 7.6.6)

11.6.6 – CaCl2 SALT TABLE

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11.6.7 – CONVENTIONAL VERSA SYSTEM FORMULATIONS (25% CaCl2 Brine)

11.6.7.1 – CONVENTIONAL VERSA WITH BARITE

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11.6.7.2 – CONVENTIONAL VERSA WITH FEROX

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11.6.7.3 – RELAXED VERSA WITH BARITE

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11.6.7.4 – RELAXED VERSA WITH FEROX

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11.6.7.5 - SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF VARIOUS OIL MUD PRODUCTS

Product SG X SG H2O = Wt / gal X Drum Size = Wt / Drum

______________________________________________________________________________________

1. RHEMUL 0.9 X 8.334 = 7.50 ppg X 55 gal = 412 # / drum

2. FAZEMUL 0.91 X 8.334 = 7.58 ppg X 55 gal = 417 # / drum

3. FAZEWET 1.025 X 8.334 = 8.54 ppg X 55 gal = 470 # / drum

4. VERSACOAT 0.93 X 8.334 = 7.75 ppg X 55 gal = 426 # / drum

5. VERSAHRP 1.01 X 8.334 = 8.42 ppg X 55 gal = 463 # / drum

6. VERSAMOD 0.90 X 8.334 = 7.50 ppg X 55 gal = 412 # / drum

7. VERSAMUL 0.90 X 8.334 = 7.50 ppg X 55 gal = 412 # / drum

8. VERSAWET 0.95 X 8.334 = 7.92 ppg X 55 gal = 435 # / drum

9. IO – 1618 0.78 X 8.334 = 6.5 ppg

10. Mineral Oil 0.80 X 8.334 = 6.9 ppg

11. Diesel Oil 0.85 X 8.334 = 7.1 ppg

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8.7 – STUCK PIPE FORMULATIONS
Schlumberger-Private
11.7.1 – PIPE LAX W EXPORT WITH BARITE

11.7.2 – PIPE LAX W EXPORT WITH FEROX

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11.8 – WELL CONTROL

LENGTH OF INTRUDING FLUID:

1029 x Vkick (bbls)

Lkick =
(Diam2OH - OD2DC)

DENSITY OF INTRUDING FLUID:

SICPpsi − SIDPPpsi
Fluid Density lb / gal = Mud Density lb / gal −
0.052 x length of kick ft

DENSITY FLUID
≤2 Gas
2-6 Gas + Oil
6 - 7.5 Oil
8. 3 - 10 Water

For kick density of 2 or less assume the kick will be circulated out on surface. Therefore do not
consider weighing up the kick. The mud volume after circulating out the kick will be the same as
before kick was taken.

For kick density greater than 2 assume the kick volume will remain in the circulating system.
Therefore weigh up the kick volume according to density. The circulating system volume will increase
by the volume of the kick.

KILL MUD WEIGHT

 SIDPPpsi 
Kill Mud Weight =   + Present MWlb/gal
 0.052 x TrueVertical Depth ft 
 

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FRACTURE MUD WEIGHT

 Leak Off Pressure psi 

Max. All . M .W .lb / gal =   + Test MWlb / gal
 Csg .TrueVertical Depth ft x .052 

EQUIVALENT MUD WEIGHT (E.M.W.);

Hydrostatic Pressure psi

E .M .W .lb / gal =
True Vertical Depth ft x .052

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SHUT-IN CASING PRESSURE

( )(
Pressure psi = Max. All. M.W.lb/gal − M.W.in uselb/gal x .052 x Csg.TVD ft )

SIDPP (psi) = Formation pressure - DP hydrostatic

SICP (psi) = Formation pressure - Annular hydrostatic

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 Well-Control Worksheet
Driller’s Method
Procedure
I. Prerecorded Information
Casing: Size ________ in. Weight________ lb/ft Grade________ Internal yield________ psi Depth, TVD ___________ ft
Maximum allowable casing pressure:
80% of casing yield (entire well kill) ___________psi
Fracture pressure limit (Initial closure only) (#2) ___________psi* *Must be changed as mud weight changes.
Used only if approved.
Approved by: ________________________________________

Normal circulating rate and pressure ________ bbls/stroke, ______ strokes/min, ________ bbl/min & __________ psi
Kill rate and pressure: Pump No. 1 ________ bbls/stroke, ______ strokes/min, ________ bbl/min & __________ psi
Pump No. 2 ________ bbls/stroke, ______ strokes/min, ________ bbl/min & __________ psi
Drillpipe capacity: ____________ bbl/ft

II. Immediate Action

When a kick occurs, stop rotary, raise kelly, stop pump, open choke line and choke (if closed), close annular preventer, close
choke while observing casing pressure. Do not let casing pressure exceed maximum allowed (#2).

Record: Shut-in drillpipe pressure __________ psi Casing pressure __________ Size of kick __________ bbls
Depth, TVD __________ ft Mud weight __________ lb/gal

III. Establish Circulation

• Open the choke while increasing the pump rate to the selected kill rate.
• Increase the pump rate slowly while holding the casing pressure constant at the shut-in value by slowly opening the choke.
• After reaching the kill rate, note the drillpipe circulating pressure and hold it constant by holding the kill rate constant and
adjusting the choke.
• The drill-pipe pressure should be the sum of kill-rate pressure plus the shut-in-drillpipe pressure (#3). If not, correct by
adjusting the choke.
• Record the new drillpipe pressure __________ psi at __________ strokes/min and __________ bpm.

IV. Circulate Out the Kick

• While holding kill rate constant, keep new drill-pipe pressure constant by adjusting the choke.
• Opening the choke will decrease the drillpipe circulating pressure, while closing the choke will increase the drillpipe
pressure.
• The casing pressure must be allowed to vary to maintain constant bottom-hole pressure.
• When the well is free of gas, salt water and oil, stop the pump and close the choke. Record the new shut-in casing pressure
__________ psi.

V. Increase the Mud Weight

• Calculate the required mud weight (#3) and increase weight in suction pit.

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VI. Circulate the Heavy Mud
• Establish circulation as per III, using the new shut-in casing pressure.
• Hold the kill rate and new circulating casing pressure constant by adjusting the choke.
• Maintain the required mud density in the pits while circulating.
• Circulate the heavy mud to the bit using strokes (#5).
• When the heavy mud reaches the bit, read and record the final drillpipe circulating pressure __________ psi.
• Hold the final drillpipe circulating pressure constant by adjusting the choke while holding the kill-rate constant.
• When the uncut kill mud reaches the surface, stop pumping and check for a flow.

Calculations and Notes

Leak −off pressure
(#1) Fracture mud weight (lb/gal) = .052 x ca sin g depth + Leak-off test mud weight.

_____________ psi
Fracture mud weight (lb/gal) = .052 x ___________ ft + ________ lb/gal = __________lb/gal

(#2) Fracture pressure limit (psi) = .052 x Casing depth x (Fracture mud weight – Present mud weight)

Fracture pressure limit (psi) = .052 x __________ ft x (__________ lb/gal - __________ lb/gal) = __________ psi

Measure at the beginning of each tour, after drilling 500 ft and after each change of more than 0.1 lb/gal mud weight.

If the casing pressure reaches maximum allowed, stop closing the choke, resume circulation holding not more than the
maximum allowed casing pressure and start increasing the mud weight. The mud weight required is estimated from the
maximum drillpipe pressure observed before circulating

(#3) Drillpipe circulating pressure (psi) = Shut-in-drillpipe pressure + Kill-rate circulating pressure

Drillpipe circulating pressure (psi) =__________________ psi +__________________ psi = ________________ psi

19.25 x Shut − in drillpipe pressure

(#4) Required mud weight (lb/gal) = Present mud weight + Bit depth, TVD

19.25 x ____________________psi
Required mud weight (lb/gal) = ___________ lb/gal + ____________________ft = ______________ lb/gal

If two sections or pits are weighted and circulation is established between them, the mud weight can be more evenly
controlled while circulating the hole.

Drillpipe capacity ( bbls / ft ) x Drillstrin g length ( ft )

(#5) Circulating strokes to the bit = Pump Output ( bbls / stroke )

_______________bbl s / ft x _______________ ft
Circulating strokes to the bit = _______________bbls / stroke = _______________ strokes

* Note: After killing the well, the formation pressure will be balanced. Before pulling the pipe out of the hole, the mud weight
must be increased to compensate for the loss in hydrostatic pressure on bottom due to pulling the pipe. This increase
should be the difference in the equivalent circulating density and static mud weight or about 0.3 ppg.

** Use 0.5 lb/gal for the trip margin if the hole diameter is less than 7 in.

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 Well-Control Worksheet
Wait-and Weight Method

Procedure
I. Pre-recorded Information
Casing: Size ________ in. Weight________ lb/ft Grade________ Internal yield________ psi Depth, TVD ___________ ft
Maximum allowable casing pressure:
80% of casing yield (entire well kill) ___________psi
Fracture pressure limit (Initial closure only) (#2) ___________psi* *Must be changed as mud weight changes.
Used only if approved.
Approved by: ________________________________________

Normal circulating rate and pressure: ________ bbls/stroke, ______ strokes/min, ________ bbl/min & __________ psi
Kill rate and pressure: Pump No. 1: ________ bbls/stroke, ______ strokes/min, ________ bbl/min & __________ psi
Pump No. 2: ________ bbls/stroke, ______ strokes/min, ________ bbl/min & __________ psi
Drillpipe capacity: ____________ bbl/ft

II. Immediate Action

When a kick occurs, stop rotary, raise kelly, stop pump, open the choke line and choke (if closed), close annular preventer, close
the choke while observing the casing pressure. Do not let the casing pressure exceed the maximum allowed (#2).

Record: Shut-in-drill-pipe pressure __________ psi Casing pressure __________ Size of kick __________ bbls
Depth, TVD __________ ft Mud weight __________ lb/gal

VI. Establish Circulation

Calculate the required mud weight (#3) and increase the weight in the suction pit.

VII. Prepare the Drill-Pipe-Pressure Schedule (page 3)

VIII. Establish Circulation

• Open the choke while slowly increasing the pump rate to the selected kill rate.
• Adjust the choke to hold the casing pressure constant at the shut-in value while increasing the pump rate to the kill rate.
• Hold the kill rate constant throughout the kill procedure.
• The Initial Circulating pressure should be the sum of the kill-rate pressure plus shut-in-drillpipe pressure.
• If the Initial Circulating Pressure (drillpipe pressure) is not correct when the kill rate is reached, adjust it by adjusting the
choke.

IX. Circulate the Heavy Mud

• Maintain the kill mud weight (#3) in the suction pit while circulating at the kill rate.
• Adjust the choke to maintain the correct drillpipe circulating pressure for the corresponding pump strokes on the chart.
• Opening the choke will decrease the drillpipe circulating pressure, while closing the choke will increase the drillpipe
pressure.
• When the heavy mud reaches bit (#6), hold the drillpipe circulating pressure constant until heavy mud reaches surface.
• When the uncut kill mud reaches the surface, stop circulating, and check for a flow.

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Calculations and Notes
Leak −off pressure
(#1) Fracture Mud Weight = .052 x ca sin g depth + Leak-off test mud weight

_____________ psi
Fracture Mud Weight = .052 x ___________ ft + ________ lb/gal = __________lb/gal

(#2) Fracture pressure limit (psi) = 052 x Casing depth x (Fracture mud weight – Present mud weight)

Fracture pressure limit (psi) = .052 x __________ ft x (__________ lb/gal - __________ lb/gal) = __________ psi

Measure at the beginning of each tour, after drilling 500 ft and after each change of more than 0.1 lb/gal mud weight.

When shutting the well in, if the casing pressure reaches maximum allowed, stop closing the choke, resume circulation at
maximum rate, while holding maximum allowable casing pressure, and start increasing the mud weight. Mud weight
required is estimated from maximum drillpipe pressure observed before circulating.

19.25 x Shut − in drillpipe pressure

(#3) Required mud weight (lb/gal) = Present mud weight + Bit depth, TVD *

19.25 x ____________________psi
Required mud weight (lb/gal) =___________ lb/gal + ____________________ft =_____________ lb/gal

If two sections or pits are weighted and circulation is established between them, the mud weight can be more evenly
controlled while circulating hole.

(#4) Initial circulating pressure = Shut-in-drill-pipe pressure + Kill-rate-pressure

Initial circulating pressure =________________ psi + ________________ psi =_________________ psi

Re qired m ud weight
(#5) Final circulating pressure (psi) = Kill-rate pressure x Original m ud weight

_____________ lb / gal
Final circulating pressure (psi) = ______________ psi x _____________ lb / gal = _____________ psi

Drill − pipe capacity ( bbls / ft .) x Drillstrin g length ( ft )

(#6) Circulating strokes to the bit = PumpOutput ( bbls / stroke )

_______________bbls / ft x ___________________ ft
Circulating strokes to the bit = ____________________bbls / stroke = _______________ strokes

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Prepare the Drill-Pipe-Pressure Schedule

• Enter the pump strokes required to pump the kill-mud to the bit (#6) on the bottom line under the Pump Strokes column
• Calculate one-tenth of the total strokes by dividing by ten. Increase the number of strokes by one-tenth and record on each
line below until the total strokes are reached.
• Enter the Initial Circulating Pressure (#4) on the top line under the Drillpipe Pressure column.
• Enter the Final Circulating Pressure on the bottom line (#5) under the Drillpipe Pressure column
• Subtract the Final Circulating Pressure from the Initial Circulating Pressure. Calculate one-tenth of this difference by
dividing by ten.
• Subtract this one-tenth value from the Initial Circulating Pressure and enter it on the first line below the Initial Circulating
Pressure. Continue to decrease the Circulating Pressure by subtracting the one-tenth value and recording it on the line below
the previous value until the Final Circulating Pressure is reached.

DRILLPIPE CIRCULATING PRESSURE SCHEDULE

Pump Strokes Circulating Pressure

________________ (Initial) ________________
________________ ________________
________________ ________________
________________ ________________
________________ ________________
________________ ________________
________________ ________________
________________ ________________
________________ ________________
________________ ________________
________________ (Final) ________________

* Note: After killing the well, the formation pressure will be balanced. Before pulling the pipe out of the hole, the mud weight
must be increased to compensate for the loss in hydrostatic pressure on bottom due to pulling the pipe. This increase
should be the difference in the equivalent circulating density and static mud weight or about 0.3 ppg.

** Use 0.5 lb/gal for the trip margin if the hole diameter is less than 7 inches.

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11.9 – BRINES
SINGLE SALT WEIGH UP

Salt to add (lbs) = [ (Wo/Wf x Sf) – So ] x VolBrine

VolFinal (bbls) = Wo/Wf x Vo

Wo = water fraction of original fluid in bbl/bbl

Wf = water fraction of final fluid in bbl/bbl
So = salt of original fluid in lbs/bbl
Sf = salt of final fluid in lbs/bbl
Vo = Volume of original fluid in bbls

If actual weights are not available on the chart then interpolate for accuracy

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