Introduction To ICT

Presenter: Ousman Faal

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Contents
An overview of ICT
Understanding the computer system
Characteristics of Computers
Understanding Software
Identify types of computer malware
Identify classes of computers
Understanding computer networking
The Internet & The Web
Common ICT abbreviations

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What is ICT?
Information and Communication Technology is a more
specific term that stresses the role of integrated
communications and the integration of
telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals),
computers as well as necessary enterprise software,
storage, and audio-visual systems, which enable users to
access, store, transmit, and manipulate information.

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 THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

Apple Macintosh
1984

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Apple iMac

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What is a Computer?
Computer came from the word “Compute” which means to
“Calculate”.
It’s an electronic device which is capable of inputting data,
process, store and output data or information according to
instructions given to it in a program.

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Basic computer concept
A computer is a data processing
device that performs four major
functions:
1. It gathers data, or allows Process
users to input data.
2. It processes data into Input (Data) Output (Information)
information.
3. It outputs data and
information. Store
4. It stores data and
information.
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Data & Information
Data-is a raw fact or unprocessed information, e.g.
number, text, image, video and sound, in a form that is
suitable for storage or processing by a computer.
Information- The meaningful material derived from
processed data, or the results achieved from a data, or the
meaning that is attached to a data.

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Characteristics of Computers
• Man developed computers so that it could perform
operations such as calculation, data processing or
entertainment.
• Today, computers are everywhere, in our offices, homes,
appliances, automobiles etc. the list is endless and they
perform different types of task from simple to complex.
• Most of the world's infrastructure runs on computers,
and the computers have profoundly changed our lives,
mostly for the better.
Speed
 The computer can process data very fast, at the rate of
millions of instructions per second (MIPS). Some
calculations that would have taken hours or days to
complete can be done in few seconds using a computer.
Accuracy
 Computer provides a high degree of accuracy. The level of
accuracy depends on the instructions given to it, because
computers only do what it’s told to do.
Storage Capability
 Large volumes of data and information can be stored in
the computer and also retrieved whenever required.
Versatile
 The computer is versatile in nature. It can perform
different types of tasks with ease. At one moment you
can use the computer to prepare a letter and in the next
moment you may play music or print a document.
Resource Sharing

Today’s computers have the

capability to connect with
each other, which is called
Computer Networking.
Diligence
 The computer does not get tired or fatigued when used
for a longer period of time. It can perform long and
complex calculations with the same speed and accuracy
from the start till the end.
Computer Components
HARDWARE SOFTWARE

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Hardware
Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or
components of a computer such as monitor, keyboard, hard
drive, mouse, CPU, memory, motherboard etc. all of which
are physical objects that you can actually touch.

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Hardware Categories
SYSTEM UNIT PERIPHERALS

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System Unit

The System Unit is also

known as a "system Case".
Also sometimes incorrectly
referred to as the "CPU“. It
is the enclosure that
contains most of the
components of a computer
and protects the internal
devices.

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Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The CPU also called “Processor” or

“Microprocessor”. The chip is
located on the motherboard, it’s
the brain of the computer because
all data processing are done here,
either calculation or data
transport.
Parts Of A CPU
•1. Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU)
•2. Control Unit (CU)

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Peripherals
A peripherals are devices that connects to a computer. They
expands the computer’s capabilities.
There are three different categories of peripheral devices:
Input Devices
Output Devices
Storage Devices

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 Input Devices

These are devices that enable you to insert data into a computer.

Joystick

Keyboard
Scanner Webcam

Microphone

Light Pen
Mouse Touch Screen

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Output Devices

These are devices that outputs or displays information that has been process by a computer .

Monitor

Speaker

Plotter

Projector
Printer

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 Storage Devices

These are devices that are used to store data or information permanently.

USB Flash Drive CD Rom DVD Rom

Floppy Disk
External Hard Drive

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Computer Memory
In computing, memory refers to the physical devices used to
store programs or data in a temporary or permanent basis
for use in a computer or other digital electronic devices.
There are two kinds of computer memory:
• Primary Memory
• Secondary Memory
Binary Digits (BITS)

Is the smallest unit of

information in a computer. A bit o 8 Bits=1 Byte
is represented by the numbers 1
and 0, which correspond to the o 1024 Bytes= 1 Kilobyte
states on and off, true and false, o 1024 Kilobytes= 1 Megabyte
or yes and no.
o 1024 Megabytes= 1 Gigabyte
o 1024 Gigabytes= 1 Terabyte

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Primary Memory
These are computer memories that have direct access to the
CPU (Central Processing Unit).
Basically, there are two types RAM (Random Access
Memory) and ROM (Read Only Memory).
Types of Primary Memory
RAM ROM
◦ A RAM is a temporal memory ◦ ROM is a permanent memory
that allows stored data to be storage medium used in
accessed directly in any computers and other
random order. electronic devices.
.
Secondary Memory
Secondary storage (also known as external memory or
auxiliary storage), differs from primary memory in that it is
not directly accessible by the CPU; they must be copied to a
primary memory (RAM) before they can be processed by
the CPU.
Types of Secondary Memory

USB Flash Drive

Hard Drive SD Card

Memory Card Magnetic Tape

Compact Disc
SOFTWARE
Software is any set of instructions that directs a computer's
processor to perform specific operations.
Types of software:
•System software (Operating System)
•Application software

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SYSTEM SOFTWARE
System software is an operating system
designed to operate and control the computer
hardware and to provide a platform for running
application software.

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Operating System
Categories of Operating systems :
•Windows
•Linux
•Mac OS X (Unix)

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 Windows

Windows XP
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 OS X

OS X 10.11 (Unix-based OS)

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 Ubuntu 14 OS
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Mobile Operating Systems
A mobile operating system, also referred to as mobile OS, is the operating system
that operates a Smartphone, tablet, PDA, or other digital mobile devices.
Common Mobile Operating Systems:
• Android (Google)
• iOS (Apple)
• Blackberry OS (Blackberry Limited)
• Windows Phone (Microsoft)
• Symbian (Nokia)
• Firefox OS (Mozilla foundation)

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 ANDROID 6.0

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 Windows
Phone OS

Windows 10 Mobile
Windows Phone 8

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Blackberry OS

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APPLICATION SOFTWARE
 These are computer programs installed within an Operating
System that users access to carry out a task.
 Examples of Application Software.
Word Processors (Microsoft Word)
Spreadsheet (Microsoft Excel)
Database (Microsoft Access)
Presentation (Microsoft PowerPoint)
Desktop Publishing (Microsoft Publisher, InDesign)
Graphics Applications (Photoshop, CorelDarw)
Media Players (VLC, iTunes)
Internet Utilities (Skype, Firefox)

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Word Processor

Word Processor - is an
application program for
manipulating text-
based documents; the
electronic equivalent of
paper, pen, typewriter
and eraser.

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Spreadsheet

A Spreadsheet -is an
application program
commonly used for
budgets, forecasting,
and analyzing other
financial-related tasks.

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Database

Database - is an
application that can
collect data or
information and
organize it for easy
retrieval.

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Malware (Malicious Software)
 malicious software, is an application (script or code) designed to
disrupt computer operation, gather sensitive information, or gain
unauthorized access to computer systems. It is a general term used
to describe any kind of software or code specifically designed to
exploit a computer, or the data it contains, without consent.

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Types of Malware
• Virus
• Worm
• Trojan Horse
• Spyware
• Adware
• Zombie

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Virus

•A computer virus is a
malware program that, when
executed, replicates by
inserting copies of itself into
other computer programs,
data files, or the boot sector
of the hard drive; when this
replication succeeds, the
affected areas are then said to
be "infected".

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Worm
•A computer worm is a
standalone malware computer
program that replicates itself in
order to spread to other
computers. Often, it uses a
computer network to spread
itself, relying on security failures
on the target computer to
access it. Unlike a computer
virus, it does not need to attach
itself to an existing program.

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Trojan Horse

•A Trojan horse, or Trojan, in

computing is any malicious
computer program which
misrepresents itself as
useful, routine, or
interesting in order to
persuade a victim to install
it.

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Adware

•The term adware is

frequently used to describe a
form of malware which
presents unwanted
advertisements to the user of
a computer. The
advertisements produced by
adware are sometimes in the
form of a pop-up or
sometimes in an "unclosable
window".
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Spyware
•Spyware is a type of malware
that is installed on a computer
without the knowledge of the
owner in order to collect the
owner's private information.
Spyware is often hidden from
the user in order to gather
information about internet
interaction, keystrokes (also
known as keylogging),
passwords, and other valuable
data.
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Zombie

•In computer science, a

zombie is a computer
connected to the Internet
that has been compromised
by a hacker, computer virus
or trojan horse and can be
used to perform malicious
tasks of one sort or another
under remote direction.

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Sources of Malware
Malicious websites
Most free downloads from the web
Adware (advertising software)
Email attachments
File sharing
Installing untrusted applications
Cracked softwares

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Symptoms of Malware
Reduction in computer performance
unexpected crashes
Anti-virus software disabled
Unfamiliar error messages
Missing files
Some applications not responding
Pop-up advertisements
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Preventing Malware Infection
Run up-to-date security software (anti-virus)
Always get latest software updates
Understand how malware works
Scan removable media drives before using
Regular scanning of your device with your Anti-Virus software
Secure your network
Don’t use open Wi-Fi
Think before you click…

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 Classes Of Computers

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Classes Of Computers
Supercomputers
Mainframes
Mini Computers
Microcomputers (Personal Computers)
• Desktop Computers
• Laptops/Notebook Computers
• Handheld/Palmtops
• Tablet PCs
• Smartphone
• SmartWatch

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 Supercomput
er
A supercomputer is a
computer at the
frontline of current
processing capacity,
particularly speed of
calculation.
Supercomputers play
an important role in
the field of
computational
science, and are used
for a wide range of
computationally
intensive tasks in
various fields,
including weather
forecasting, climate
research etc.

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 Mainframes
Mainframe
computers are
computers used
primarily by
corporate and
governmental
organizations for
critical applications,
bulk data processing
such as census,
industry and
consumer statistics,
enterprise resource
planning and
transaction
processing.

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 Desktop
Computers
Is a personal Desktop PC
computer (PC) is a
general-purpose
computer, whose
size, capabilities,
and original sale
price makes it
useful for
individuals, and
which is intended
to be operated Apple iMac
directly by an end-
user with no
intervening
computer
operator.
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 Laptop
(Notebook) Windows Laptop PC
A laptop
computer is a
personal
computer for
portability. A
laptop has most of
the same
components as a
desktop computer.

Apple MacBook Air

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 Handheld
Computers Handheld PC
(Palmtops)
A Handheld PC, is
a computer built
around a form
factor which is
smaller than any
standard laptop
computer. It is
sometimes
referred to as a
Palmtop.

PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)

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 Tablet PC
A tablet computer,
or simply tablet, is
a one-piece mobile
computer that is
between a Laptop
and a Smartphone.
Devices typically
offer a touch
screen, with finger
(or stylus) gestures
acting as the
primary means of
Samsung Galaxy Tab (with
control. iPad Air (with iOS) Android OS)

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 Smartphone
A smartphone is a
mobile phone built on
a mobile operating
system, with more
advanced computing
capability and
connectivity than a
feature phone.

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Computer Network

A computer network is
defined as having two or
more devices (such as,
printers or storage
media) that are linked
together for the purpose
of sharing information
and resources.

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Types of Networks
LAN (LOCAL AREA NETWORK)
WAN (WIDE AREA NETWORK)

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The Internet?
Internet, computer-based global information system or the
global interconnection of networks.

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Uses of The Internet

Communication Sports
Education News
Science and E-commerce
technology
Fun & Gaming
Research
Friends & Dating
Advertisement

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The World Wide Web
World Wide Web (WWW), computer-based network of
information resources that combines text and multimedia.
The information on the World Wide Web can be accessed
and searched through the Internet, a global computer
network. The World Wide Web is often referred to simply
as “The Web.”

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Website
A Web Site is a place in the web that contains web pages of
information located on a server connected to the internet.
Websites have many functions and can be used in various
fashions; a website can be a personal website, a
commercial website, a government website or a nonprofit
organization website. Websites can be the work of an
individual, a business or other organization, and are
typically dedicated to a particular topic or purpose.
.

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Common IT Abbreviations
•CPU •PC
◦ Central Processing Unit • Personal Computer
•RAM
•ALU
◦ Random Access Memory
• Arithmetic & Logic Unit
•ROM
◦ Read Only Memory •HTTP
• HyperText Transfer Protocol
•LCD
◦ Liquid Crystal Display •3G
•USB • 3rd Generation of Wireless
◦ Universal Serial Bus
Technology

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Common IT Abbreviations
•SIM •APP
• Subscriber Identity Module • Application
•APN •Ad
• Access Point Name • Advertisement
•OS •IP
• Operating System • Internet Protocol
•SMS •WWW
• Short Message Service • World Wide Web
•MMS •GPS
• Multimedia Message Service • Global Positioning System
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Common IT Abbreviations
•MAC • DVD
• Macintosh • Digital Versatile Disc
•ATM • CD
• Automated Teller Machine • Compact Disc
•GSM • GUI
• Global System for Mobile
• Graphical User Interface
•GPRS • CLI
• General Packet Radio Service
• Command Line Interface
• CRT
• Cathode Ray Tube
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 The End

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