1.0.

Linear Inequalities
❖Basic Ideas.

❖Linear Inequalities in Two Variables.

❖Graphing Linear Inequalities in Two Variables.

❖Graphing System of Liner Inequalities.

Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 1

1.1. Basic Ideas
❑The symbol used to express inequalities and their meanings are
given in the following table:

SYMBOL MEANING
< Is less than
≤ Is less than or equal
> Is greater than
≥ Is greater than or equal

Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 2

1.1. Basic Ideas
Examples
❑Determine whether the following statement are correct:
(a) 3 < 4.
(b) −1 < −2.
(c) (−2)(−5) ≥ 10.
(d) 2(−3) + 8 > 9.

Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 3

1.1. Basic Ideas
➢1.1.1. Writing Inequalities
❑Inequalities occurs in applications just as equations do.
Example 1
❑If you must be at least 18years to vote, then you can vote if you
are 18 and older.
NOTE
❑The phrase “at least” means greater than or equal to.

Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 4

1.1. Basic Ideas
Example 2
❑If an elevator has a capacity of at most 20 people, it can hold 20
people or fewer.
NOTE
❑The phrase “at most” means less than or equal to.

Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 5

1.1. Basic Ideas
Exercise
❑Write the inequality that describe each of the following situation:
(a) Innocent plans to spend at most 𝑈𝑆𝐷 500 in a washing
machine including 9% sale tax.
(b) Aisha made a 76 on the mid-term exam. To get a B grade the
average of her mid-term and final exams must be between 80 and
90.

Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 6

1.2. Linear Inequality in Two Variables
❑Generally the linear inequality in two variable can take either of
the following forms:
➢1.2.1. First Form
✓𝑦 > 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 .
✓𝑦 ≥ 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 .
✓𝑦 < 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 .
✓𝑦 ≤ 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐.

Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 7

1.2. Linear Inequality in Two Variables
1.2.2. Second Form
✓𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 > 𝑐 .
✓𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 ≥ 𝑐.
✓𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 < 𝑐.
✓𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 ≤ 𝑐.

Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 8

1.3. Linear Inequality in Two Variables
Examples
1
(a) 𝑦 < 𝑥 + 1 (b) 𝑦 ≥ −2𝑥 + 3 (c) 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 < 6
3
Exercise
Determine which of the points following each inequality satisfy
that inequality:
(a) 2𝑥 + 𝑦 < 3 (−2, 6), (0, 3), (3, 0)
(b) 𝑦 ≥ −2𝑥 + 5 (3, 0), (1, 3), (−2, 5)
Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 9
1.3. Graphing Linear Inequality in Two
Variables
➢1.3.1. First Form
❑Graph the equation 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐.
✓𝑦 > 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 is the region above the line.
✓𝑦 ≥ 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 is the region above the line and on the line.
✓𝑦 < 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 is the region below the line.
✓𝑦 ≤ 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 is the region below the line and on the line.

Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 10

1.3. Graphing Linear Inequality in Two
Variables
Examples
Graph each of the following inequalities:
1
(a) 𝑦 < 𝑥 + 1 (b) 𝑦 ≥ −2𝑥 + 3 (c)𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 − 2 (d) 𝑦 ≤ 4
3
(e) 𝑥 > 3

Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 11

1.3. Graphing Linear Inequality in Two
Variables
1.3.2. Second Form
❑Graph the equation 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐. To find the region containing
the solution you have to test.

❑Choose any point 𝑥, 𝑦 either above or below the line and

substitute 𝑥, 𝑦 back in the given inequality of second form.

❑If the point 𝑥, 𝑦 above the line satisfies the inequality then the
region will be above the line and if the point 𝑥, 𝑦 below the line
satisfies the inequality then the region will be below the line.
Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 12
1.3. Graphing Linear Inequality in Two
Variables
Examples
Graph each of the following inequalities:
(a) 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 < 6 (b) 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4 ≤ 0 (c) 2𝑥 + 𝑦 < 3

Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 13

Questions
1. Write an inequality to describe each of the following situation:
(a) At 8% sales tax rate, Suzan paid more than $1500 sales tax
when she purchased her new car.
(b) Carlos paid less than $1000 including 40% for shipping and
9% sales tax when he bought his new computer.
(c) Bart and Betty are looking at color television range in price
from $399.99 to $579.99.Bart can afford more than Betty and has
agreed to spend $100 more than Betty when they purchased this
gift for their mother.

Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 14

Questions
2. Determine which of the points following each inequality satisfy
that inequality:
(a) 2𝑥 + 𝑦 < 3 (−2, 6), (0, 3), (3, 0)
(b) 𝑦 ≥ −2𝑥 + 5 (3, 0), (1, 3), (−2, 5)
3. Graph each inequality:
(a) 𝑦 < 𝑥 + 4 (b) 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4 ≤ 0 (c) 2𝑥 < 3𝑦 + 6

Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 15

1.4. Graphing Systems of Linear Inequality
❑Given two inequalities using a connective “and” is true if and
only if both inequalities are true.
❑The region containing the solution for the intersection of the two
inequalities is the one where by both inequalities are satisfied.
Examples
Graph the following compound inequalities
−1
(a) 𝑦 > 𝑥 − 3 and 𝑦 < 𝑥 +2
2
(b) 𝑦 − 2𝑥 ≤ 3 and 𝑦 − 2𝑥 ≥ −3
Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 16
Questions
1. Graph the compound inequality:
(a) 𝑦 > 𝑥 and 𝑦 > −2𝑥 + 3.
(b) 𝑥 ≤ 5 and 𝑦 ≥ −1.
(c) 2𝑥 − 𝑦 < 3 and 3𝑥 − 𝑦 > 0.

Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 17

End

Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 18

2.0. Linear Programming
❖Basic Terminologies.

❖Procedure for Solving Linear Programming Problems.

❖Steps in Formulation of Linear Programming Problems.

Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 19

2. 1. Basic Terminologies
➢2.1.1. Linear Programming Problem (LP Problem)
❑A maximization or minimization problem that can be
formulated in terms of a linear objective function and
constraints in the form of linear equations or inequalities
are called linear programming problems.

➢2.1.2. Objective Function

❑The function to be optimized (maximized or minimized) is
called the objective function.
Example
❑Profit functions and cost functions are examples of
objective functions.
Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 20
2. 1. Basic Terminologies
2.1.3. Linear Constraints
❑The system of equalities or inequalities to which the objective
function is subjected reflects the constraints.
❑A constraint is a condition that a solution to an optimization
problem must satisfy.
Examples
❑Limitations on resources such as materials and labor imposed on
the solution(s) to the problem .
Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 21
2. 1. Basic Terminologies
➢2.1.4. Feasible Solution
❑A feasible solution is a solution for which all the constraints are
satisfied.
➢2.1.5. Feasible Region
❑Is the region where by each point in it is a candidate for the
solution of the problem at hand.
❑It is the collection of all feasible solutions.
NOTE
❑It is possible for a problem to have no feasible solutions.
Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 22
2. 1. Basic Terminologies
➢2.1.5. Optimal Solution
❑Our goal is to find, from among all the points in the feasible
region, the point(s) that optimizes (maximizes or minimizes) the
objective function.
❑Such a feasible solution is called an optimal solution and
constitutes the solution to the linear programming problem under
consideration.

Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 23

2. 1. Basic Terminologies
➢2.1.6. Decision Variables
❑These represent the “decisions that have to be made” or the
“unknowns“
Example
❑Let 𝑥 be the number of days per week mine A is operated and
❑Let 𝑦 be the number of days per week mine B is operated.

➢THEOREM 1
❑If a linear programming problem has a solution then it must
occur at a vertex, or corner point, of the feasible region associated
with the problem.
Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 24
2.2. Procedures for Solving LP Problems
✓Graph the feasible set.
✓Find the coordinates of all corner points (vertices) of the feasible
region.
✓Evaluate the objective function at each corner point.
✓Find the vertex that renders the objective function a maximum or
minimum.
✓If there is only one such vertex, then this vertex constitutes a
unique solution to the problem.
✓If the objective function is maximized or minimized at two
adjacent corner points of feasible region, there are infinitely many
optimal solutions given by the points on the line segment
determined by these two vertices.
Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 25
2.2. Procedures for Solving LP Problems
Examples
Find the optimal solutions to the following LP problems:
max 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 1.2𝑦 min 𝑧 = 3𝑥 + 5𝑦
s. t 2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 180 s. t 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 ≥ 36
1. (a) (b)
𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≤ 300 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 ≥ 45
𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0

max 𝑧 = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 min 𝑧 = 3𝑥 + 4𝑦
s. t 2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 180 s. t 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 3
(c) (d)
𝑥≤6 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≥ 4
Tuesday, February 7, 2023
𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0
HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 26
2.2. Procedures for Solving LP Problems
max 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 min 𝑧 = 2𝑥 + 4𝑦
s. t 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 4 s. t 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≥ 40
2. (a) (b)
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≥ 12 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 30
𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0

3. Find the maximum and minimum of 𝑧 = 10𝑥 + 12𝑦 subjected

5𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≥ 63
𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 18
to
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 51
𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0

Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 27

2.3. Steps in Formulation of LP Problems
✓Identify the decision variables and assign symbols to them.
▪These are variables whose values we wish to determine.
✓Identify the objective function, and express them as a liner
function of decision variables.
▪It may take the form of maximization (eg. profit) or minimization
(eg. cost).
✓Identify the set of constraints and express them as linear
equations/inequalities in terms of decision variables.
✓Identify any Upper or Lower bounds, on the decision variables.
▪In physical problems, negative values of decision variables have
no valid interpretation.
Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 28
2.3. Steps in Formulation of LP Problems
Examples
1. A carpenter manufactures chairs and tables. He has 100𝑚2 of
woods and 40ℎ𝑟𝑠 of production time per week. Total production
cannot exceed 70 items per week and the number of chairs can not
exceed the number of tables by more than 35. A chair requires
2𝑚2 of wood and1hr labor per chair. A table requires 1𝑚2 of wood
and 2hrs labor per table. The carpenter makes profit of Tshs. 8,000
and Tshs. 5,000 for each chair and table respectively. He is
seeking a production schedule that will maximize his profit.

Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 29

2.3. Steps in Formulation of LP Problems
2. Juma makes luxury cars and jeeps for high-income men and
women. He wishes to advertise with 1 minute spots in comedy
shows and football games. Each comedy spot costs 50$ and is seen
by 7M high-income women and 2M high-income men. Each
football spot costs 100$ and is seen by 2M high-income women
and 12M high-income men. How can Juma reach 28M high-
income women and 24M high-income men at the least cost?

Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 30

2.3. Steps in Formulation of LP Problems
3. ABZ company wishes to produce two types of tokens: type A
and type B. Each type-A token will result in a profit of $1, and
each type-B token will result in a profit of $1.20. To manufacture a
type-A token requires 2 minutes on machine I and 1 minute on
machine II. A type-B token requires 1 minute on machine I and 3
minutes on machine II. There are 3 hours available on machine I
and 5 hours available on machine II. How many tokens of each
type should the company make in order to maximize its profit?

Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 31

2.3. Steps in Formulation of LP Problems
4. A company manufactures two products, A and B, on two
machines, I and II. It has been determined that the company will
realize a profit of $3 on each unit of product A and a profit of $4
on each unit of product B. To manufacture a unit of product A
requires 6 min on machine I and 5 min on machine II. To
manufacture a unit of product B requires 9 min on machine I and 4
min on machine II. There are 5 hrs. of machine time available on
machine I and 3 hrs. of machine time available on machine II in
each work shift. How many units of each product should be
produced in each shift to maximize the company’s profit?
Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 32
2.3. Steps in Formulation of LP Problems
5. Perth Mining Company operates two mines for the purpose
of extracting gold and silver. The Saddle Mine costs $14,000
per day to operate, and it yields 50 oz of gold and 3000 oz of
silver each day. The Horseshoe Mine costs $16,000 per day to
operate, and it yields 75 oz of gold and 1000 oz of silver each
day. Company management has set a target of at least 650 oz
of gold and 18,000 oz of silver. How many days should each
mine be operated so that the target can be met at a minimum
cost?
Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 33
2.3. Steps in Formulation of LP Problems
6. Deluxe River Cruises operates a fleet of river vessels. The fleet
has two types of vessels: A type-A vessel has 60 deluxe cabins and
160 standard cabins, where as a type-B vessel has 80 deluxe
cabins and 120 standard cabins. Under a charter agreement with
Odyssey Travel Agency, Deluxe River Cruises is to provide
Odyssey with a minimum of 360 deluxe and 680 standard cabins
for their 15-day cruise in May. It costs $44,000 to operate a type-A
vessel and $54,000 to operate a type-B vessel for that period. How
many of each type vessel should be used in order to keep the
operating costs to a minimum? What is the minimum cost?
Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 34
2.3. Steps in Formulation of LP Problems
7. JF Chemical manufactures three chemicals: A, B, and C. These
chemicals are produced via two production processes: 1 and 2.
Running process 1 for an hour costs $4 and yields 3 units of A, 1
of B, and 1 of C. Running process 2 for an hour costs $1 and
produces 1 unit of A and 1 of B. To meet customer demands, at
least 10 units of A, 5 of B, and 3 of C must be produced daily.
Graphically determine a daily production plan that minimizes the
cost of meeting JF Chemical’s daily demands.

Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 35

2.3. Steps in Formulation of LP Problems
8. Truckco manufactures two types of trucks: 1 and 2. Each truck
must go through the painting shop and assembly shop. If the
painting shop were completely devoted to painting Type 1 trucks,
then 800 per day could be painted; if the painting shop were
completely devoted to painting Type 2 trucks, then 700 per day
could be painted. If the assembly shop were completely devoted to
assembling truck 1 engines, then 1,500 per day could be
assembled; if the assembly shop were completely devoted to
assembling truck 2 engines, then 1,200 per day could be
assembled. Each Type 1 truck contributes $300 to profit; each
Type 2 truck contributes $500. Formulate an LP that will
maximize Truckco’s profit.
Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 36
2.3. Steps in Formulation of LP Problems
9. A farmer plans to plant two crops, A and B. The cost of
cultivating crop A is $40 per acre whereas that of crop B is $60
per acre. The farmer has a maximum of $7400 available for land
cultivation. Each acre of crop A requires 20 labor-hours, and each
acre of crop B requires 25 labor-hours. The farmer has a
maximum of 3300 labor-hours available. If she expects to make a
profit of $150 per acre on crop A and $200 acre on crop B, how
many acres of each crop should she plant in order to maximize her
profit?

Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 37

2.3. Steps in Formulation of LP Problems
10. Farmer Jones must determine how many acres of corn and
wheat to plant this year. An acre of wheat yields 25 bushels of
wheat and requires 10 hours of labor per week. An acre of corn
yields 10 bushels of corn and requires 4 hours of labor per week.
All wheat can be sold at $4 a bushel, and all corn can be sold at $3
a bushel. Seven acres of land and 40 hours per week of labor are
available. Government regulations require that at least 30 bushels
o f corn be produced during the current year.

Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 38

End

Tuesday, February 7, 2023 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS 39