16-BIT SIMPLE MICROPROCESSSOR

A Course Based Project Report submitted to

20EC3353: DIGITAL CIRCUIT DESIGN LAB

In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted by

BY
P. BHAVANA 228W1A04B3
P. TEJA 228W1A0491
P. SHANMUKH 228W1A0492

Under the esteemed guidance of

V.SARITHA MADAM
Course coordinator

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

V.R SIDDHARTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
(AFFILIATED TO JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KAKINADA)
APPROVED BY AICTE- ACCREDITED BY NBA
VIJAYAWADA-520007
DECEMBER- 2023

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 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the work is being presented in this 20EC3352, Analog
Electronics Lab course-based project entitled as “16-BIT ALU”, submitted towards the
partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology
in Electronics and Communication Engineering Department in Velagapudi Ramakrishna
Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada is an authentic record of our work

The matter embodied in this report has not been submitted by us for the award
of any other degree. Furthermore, the technical details furnished in various chapters of
this report are purely relevant to the above project and there is no deviation from the
theoretical point of view for development and implementation.

P. BHAVANA-228W1A04B3
P. TEJA-228W1A04B4
P. SHANMUKH-228W1A04B5

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TABLE OF CONTENTS page no

o Abstract 4
o Theory 5
o Circuit Diagram 7
o Procedure 8
o Program 9
o Output 9
Conclusion 10

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 ABSTRACT

Verilog language has the capability of designing a module in

several coding styles. Depending on the needs of a design, internals
of each module can be defined at four level of abstractions.
Irrespective of the internal abstraction level, the module would
behave exactly in the similar way to the external environment.

It can function as the “brain” of a personal desktop computer. A

computer's microprocessor performs arithmetic and logic
operations, provides temporary memory storage, and times and
regulates all elements of the computer system
General-purpose microprocessors in personal computers are used
for computation, text editing, multimedia display, and
communication over the Internet.

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AIM: Design and implementation of 16-bit ALU using Verilog HDL

REQUIREMENTS:
1) PC

2) VIVADO 2018.1 SOFTWARE

THEORY:

A microprocessor is a programmable electronics chip that has

computing and decision-making capabilities similar to central
processing unit of a computer. Any microprocessor-based
systemshaving limited number of resources are called
microcomputers.
Nowadays, microprocessor can be seen in almost all types of
electronics devices like mobile phones, printers, washing machines
etc. Microprocessors are also used in advanced applications like
radars, satellites and flights. Due to the rapid advancements in
electronic industry and large-scale integration of devices results in a
significant cost reduction and increase application of
microprocessors and their derivatives.

The microprocessor follows a sequence: Fetch, Decode, and then

Execute. Initially, the instructions are stored in the memory in a
sequential order. The microprocessor fetches those instructions from
the memory, then decodes it and executes those instructions till
STOP instruction is reached.

ARTHIMATIC AND LOGIC UNIT (ALU):

In computing, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a combinational digital

circuit that performs arithmetic and bitwise operations on integer binary
numbers. This contrasts with a floating-point unit (FPU), which operates

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on floating point numbers. It is a fundamental building block of many
types of computing circuits, including the central processing unit (CPU)

of computers, FPUs, and graphics processing units (GPUs).

The inputs to an ALU are the data to be operated on, called operands, and
a code indicating the operation to be performed; the ALU's output is the
result of the performed operation. In many designs, the ALU also has
status inputs or outputs, or both, which convey information about a
previous operation or the current operation, respectively, between the
ALU and external status registers.

PROCEDURE:

STEP1: Switch on the computer and create a folder on the desktop.

Step 2: Open the folder and create a new folder in it.

Step 3: Right click on it and then select ‘Open in terminal.

Step 4: Now open the command window and check LAN connection
here, it should be wired on. Then only it runs.

Step 5: Now Type csh and enter.

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Step 6: Now type source /home/install/cshrc and click on enter.

Step 7: Now type gedit <foldername>. v for program and click on

enterand save it.

Step 8: Again, repeat the step 7 for testbench with gedit

<foldername_tb>. v

Step 9: Type nclaunch -new and click enter in the open terminal window.

Step 10: It enters into cadence, then click Multiple steps create cds.lib

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 save.

Step 11: Keep the Verilog option (3rd option) and click on ok and again
ok.

Step 12: Select both files i.e., program and test bench and click on
“Launch vloc”.

Step 13: Then select each one in the work.lib and click on elaborate.

Step 14: Then a testbench file appears

Step 15: Click on simulate

Step 16: Select the testbench file and click on waveforms.

Step 17: Click on run and zoom out for clear output.

PROGRAM:

module alu (
input [7:0] A, B, // ALU 8-bit Inputs
input [3:0] ALU_Sel, // ALU Selection
output [7:0] ALU_Out, // ALU 8-bit Out);
reg [7:0] ALU Result;
always @ (*)
begin
case (ALU_Sel)
4'b0000: // Addition
ALU_Result = A + B;
4'b0001: // Subtraction
ALU_Result = A - B;
4'b0010: // Multiplication
ALU_Result = A * B;
4'b0011: // Division

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 ALU_Result = A/B;
4'b0100: // Logical shift left
ALU_Result = A<<1;
4'b0101: // Logical shift right
ALU_Result = A>>1;
4'b0110: // Rotate left
ALU_Result = {A [6:0], A [7]};
4'b0111: // Rotate right
ALU_Result = {A [0], A [7:1]};
4'b1000: // Logical and
ALU_Result = A & B;
4'b1001: // Logical or
ALU_Result = A | B;
4'b1010: // Logical xor
ALU_Result = A ^ B;
4'b1011: // Logical nor
ALU_Result = ~ (A | B);
4'b1100: // Logical nand
ALU_Result = ~ (A & B);
4'b1101: // Logical xnor
ALU_Result = ~ (A ^ B);
4'b1110: // Greater comparison
ALU_Result = (A>B)?8'd1:8'd0;
4'b1111: // Equal comparison
ALU_Result = (A==B)?8'd1:8'd0;
default: ALU_Result = A + B;
endcase
end
endmodule

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OUTPUT:

----------------------------------------------------
------------------
|

|ALU_Sel| ALU Operation

----------------------------------------------------
------------------
| 0000 | ALU_Out = A + B;
----------------------------------------------------
------------------
| 0001 | ALU_Out = A - B;
----------------------------------------------------
------------------
| 0010 | ALU_Out = A * B;
----------------------------------------------------
------------------
| 0011 | ALU_Out = A / B;
----------------------------------------------------
------------------
| 0100 | ALU_Out = A << 1;
----------------------------------------------------
------------------
| 0101 | ALU_Out = A >> 1;
----------------------------------------------------
------------------
| 0110 | ALU_Out = A rotated left by 1;
----------------------------------------------------
------------------
| 0111 | ALU_Out = A rotated right by 1;

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----------------------------------------------------
------------------
| 1000 | ALU_Out = A and B;
----------------------------------------------------
------------------
| 1001 | ALU_Out = A or B;
----------------------------------------------------
------------------
| 1010 | ALU_Out = A xor B;
----------------------------------------------------
------------------
| 1011 | ALU_Out = A nor B;
----------------------------------------------------
------------------
| 1100 | ALU_Out = A nand B;
----------------------------------------------------
------------------
| 1101 | ALU_Out = A xnor B;
----------------------------------------------------
------------------
| 1110 | ALU_Out = 1 if A>B else 0;
----------------------------------------------------
------------------
| 1111 | ALU_Out = 1 if A=B else 0;
----------------------------------------------------
------------------*/

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MICROPROCESSOR APPLICATIONS

A microprocessor makes daily life easier because of its low cost, low
power, small weight, and vast application in every field. There are several
applications of microprocessors. Some of the important applications are:

Industrial Applications of Microprocessors

o Some industrial items which use microprocessors technology
include: cars, boats, planes, trucks, heavy machinery, elevators,
gasoline pumps, credit-card processing units, traffic control devices,
computer servers, most high-tech medical devices, surveillance
systems, security systems, and even some doors with automatic
entry.

Transportation Industry
o Automobiles, trains and planes also use microprocessor technology.
o Consumer vehicles-buses, cars, trucks -integrate microprocessors to
communicate important information throughout the vehicle. E.g.,
navigation systems provide information using microprocessors and
global positioning system (GPS) technology.

Computers and Electronics

o Microprocessor-drives technology is the brain of the computer. They
are used in all type of computers ranging from microcomputers to
supercomputers.
o A cell phone or mobile device executes game instructions by way of
the microprocessor.
o VCRs, televisions and gaming platforms also contain
microprocessors for executing complex instructions and tasks.

In Medicals
o Many medical devices, like an insulin pump, are typically controlled
by a microprocessor. The microprocessors perform various

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 functions, such as processing data from bio-sensors, storing
measurements, and analyzing results.

Instrumentation
o Microprocessor is also very useful in the field of instrumentation.
Function generators, frequency counters, frequency synthesizers,
spectrum analyses and many other instruments are available, when
microprocessors are used as controller.

Entertainment
o The use of microprocessor in entertainment equipment, toys and
home entertaining applications is making them more useful and
fullerof features.

Embedded Systems at Home

o A number of modern devices in the home are microprocessor based
i.e., camera; washing machines; calculators; hi-fi systems;
telephones; microwave ovens; burglar alarms etc. The input are
usually simple numeric keyboards, sensors, buttons or while the
output include lights, simple LCD screens displays, motors and
relays, LEDs, buzzers etc.

Office Automation and Publication

o Microprocessor based system with software packages has changed
the office environment. Microprocessors based systems are being
used for spread sheet operations, word processing, storage etc.
o The Publication technology has revolutionized by the
microprocessor.

Communication
o In communication the telephone industry is most important. In this
industry, microprocessors are used in digital telephone sets,
telephone exchanges and modem etc.

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 o The use of microprocessor in satellite communication, television,
has made teleconferencing possible.
o Railway reservation and airline reservation system also uses
microprocessor technology. WAN (Wide Area Network) and LAN
(Local Area Network) for communication of vertical information
through computer network.

RESULT:

16- bit microprocessor is designed and implemented using Verilog HDL

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