Materials Science for CHBI

Introduction

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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

o Materials are central to nearly every aspect of human life, including:

▪ Transportation (cars, airplanes)
▪ Housing (construction materials, insulation)
▪ Clothing (textiles, fibers)
▪ Communication (phones, computers)
▪ Recreation (sports equipment, entertainment technology)
▪ Food Production (packaging, tools)
o Every industry relies on materials, shaping the development of human society.

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What is Materials Science & Engineering?

• Materials science
o Investigate relationships between structures and
properties of materials
o Design and develop new materials
• Materials engineering
o Create products from existing materials
o Develop materials processing techniques

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Why Are Materials Important?
• Materials drive advancements in our society
o Stone Age
o Bronze Age
o Iron Age
• What is today’s material age?
o Silicon (Electronic Materials) Age?
o Nanomaterials Age?
o Polymer Age?

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Why is it Important for Engineers to
Understand Materials?
• Products/devices/components that engineers design are
all made of materials
• To select appropriate materials and processing
techniques for specific applications engineers must
o have knowledge of material properties and
o understand the structure-property relationships

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• The light transmittance of some materials depend on their
structural characteristics:

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Relationships Among Processing,
Structure, & Properties
• Processing (e.g., cooling rate of steel from high temperature) affects
structure (microstructure)
• Structure in turn effects hardness

Micrographs adapted from (a) Figure 12.19;

(b) Figure 11.37; (c) Figure 12.34; and (d)
Figure 12.21, Callister & Rethwisch 6e.
(Figures 12.19 & 12.34 copyright 1971 by
United States Steel Corporation. Figure
11.37 courtesy of Republic Steel
Corporation. Figure 12.21 courtesy of
United States Steel Corporation.)

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Materials Selection

Engineers often solve materials selection problems.

Procedure:
1. For a Specific Application → Determine Required Properties
o Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical,
deteriorative.
2. From List of Properties → Identify Candidate Material(s)
3. Best Candidate Material → Specify Processing technique(s)
o To provide required set of properties
o To produce component having desired shape and size
o Example techniques: casting, mechanical forming, welding, heat
treating
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Material Property Types

Properties of materials fall into six categories as follows:

• Mechanical
• Electrical
• Thermal
• Magnetic
• Optical
• Deteriorative

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Mechanical Properties
Affect of carbon content on the hardness of a common steel:

Figure 11.31 (a), Callister & Rethwisch 6e. [Data taken

from Metals Handbook: Heat Treating, Vol. 4, 9th
edition, V. Masseria (Managing Editor), 1981.
Reproduced by permission of ASM International,
Materials Park, OH.]

• Increasing carbon content increases hardness of steel.

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Electrical Properties
Factors that affect electrical resistivity – for copper and copper-nickel alloys:

Figure 13.8, Callister & Rethwisch 6e. [Adapted

from: J.O. Linde, Annalen der Physik Vol 5, p.219
(1932).]

• Increasing temperature increases resistivity.

• Increasing impurity content (e.g., Ni) increases resistivity.
• Deformation increases resistivity.

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Thermal Properties
Thermal Conductivity – measure of a material’s ability to conduct heat

Figure 17.4, Callister & Rethwisch 6e. [Adapted from

Metals Handbook: Properties and Selection:
Nonferrous alloys and Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H.
Baker, (Managing Editor), ASM International, 1979,
p. 315. Reproduced by permission of ASM
International, Materials Park, OH]

• Increasing impurity content (e.g., Zn in Cu) decreases thermal conductivity.

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 Thermal Properties: Low Thermal
Conductivity
Highly porous materials are Material used for space shuttle
poor conductors of heat

• Ceramic Fibers: • Demonstration:

o significant void space o low thermal conductivity of
this material
o low thermal conductivity
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 Magnetic Properties
• Magnetic Storage: • Magnetic Permeability vs.
o Recording medium is Composition:
magnetized by recording o Adding 3 atomic % Si makes Fe
write head. a better recording medium!

Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and A.S. Tetelman,

Figure 18.24, Callister & Rethwisch 6e. (Courtesy of The Principles of Engineering Materials, Figure 1-7(a), p. 9,
1973. (Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson
HGST, a Western Digital Company.) Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.)

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Optical Properties
• The light transmittance of some materials depend on their
structural characteristics:

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Deteriorative Properties: Stress Corrosion
• Small cracks formed in steel bar that was simultaneously stressed and
immersed in sea water
o Form of stress-corrosion cracking

Figure 16.21, Callister & Rethwisch 6e. (from Marine Corrosion, Causes, and Prevention, John
Wiley and Sons, Inc., 19 75. By permission of John Wiley and Sons, Inc.)

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Deteriorative Properties: Effect of Heat
Treating on Crack Growth
• For stress-corrosion cracking, rate of crack growth is diminished
by heat treating

For Aluminum alloy 7178 that is stressed while immersed in a saturated aqueous NaCl
solution, crack growth rate is reduced by heat treating (160°C for 1 h prior to testing).

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General trend in density variation

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General trend in stiffness

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General trend in tensile strength

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General trend in toughness

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General trend in electrical conductivity

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Summary

• Appropriate materials and processing decisions require

engineers to understand materials and their properties.
• Materials' properties depend on their structures; structures are
determined by how materials are processed
• In terms of chemistry the three classifications of materials are
metals, ceramics, and polymers
• Most properties of materials fall into the following six
categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical,
and deteriorative.
• An important role of engineers is that of materials selection.

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Announcements

Reading assignment: Chapter 1 of the textbook

Suggested problems: 1.1; 1.2; 1.3, 1.4, 1.5 (from the 6th
edition, SI version)

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