Chapter 7

Nationalism and Sectionalism

7.5 Constitutional Disputes and Crises
 Main Idea
Jackson’s presidency featured a number of conflicts
and crises, and it helped bring about the formation
of a rival political party (Whig).

Objectives
• Evaluate the significance of tariffs and nullification.
• Summarize the key events of the conflict over the
second Bank of the United States.
• Analyze the political environment in the U.S. after
Jackson.
 The Nullification Crisis
< President Andrew Jackson
V.P. John C. Calhoun >

• In 1828 Congress adopted an especially high

tariff…Southerners called it the Tariff of
Abominations.
• Congress designed the tariff to protect American
industry…and to embarrass President Adams and
ensure election of Jackson (which it did).
• John C. Calhoun (of S.C.) violently opposed the tariff
and championed nullification.
 The Nullification Crisis
• After the Missouri Compromise, southerner John C.
Calhoun, who supported slavery, became strong
advocate of states rights.

• Calhoun began to champion the concept of nullification –

meaning that states could nullify or void any federal law
deemed unconstitutional.

• Jackson modified the tariff rates but not enough to

satisfy Calhoun.
• Why did Calhoun and supporters expect Jackson to reject
the tariffs?
 The Nullification Crisis
• In 1832 the crisis deepened as the S.C. legislature
nullified the tariff and prohibited collection of tariff
duties…

• S.C. threatened to secede from the Union if the

federal government used force against the state.

• Calhoun resigned as Vice-President and became a

Senator instead.
 The Nullification Crisis
• While Jackson generally supported states’ rights and lower
tariffs, he adamantly opposed nullification and supported
preservation of the Union. Jackson threatened force against
S.C.
• Senator Daniel Webster of MA emerged as
the great champion of nationalism.
Helped get a Force Bill.
• Jackson and Congress reduced tariff and
crisis was avoided …for now.
Is it ironic that Jackson is on the $20 bill???
 The Bank War
• Notwithstanding Jackson’s fight over
nullification, he supported the agricultural
South (Jefferson’s ideals) and Jacksonian
Democrats were wary of northern
industrialists.
• Jackson opposed the second Bank of the
United States (chartered in 1816)…believed it
enriched the wealthy at the expense of
everyone else.
 The Bank War
• Business leaders and many Congressmen valued the Bank.
Congress voted to renew the Bank’s charter in 1832...Jackson
vetoed the renewal …denounced the Bank as “unauthorized by the
Constitution…”

• Bank’s supporters viewed Jackson as tyrant…Led by Henry Clay and

Daniel Webster, the Whig Party formed favoring broad
interpretation of the Constitution and a strong federal government
to manage the national economy.

• Two-party politics re-emerged…but in 1832 Jackson was re-elected

in a landslide and he completed his attack on the Bank of the
United States.
 The Bank War
• Jackson destroyed the second Bank of the United States by transferring
federal funds to state banks. Jackson retired in 1836.
Federal Regulation DOWN
State Banks UP
Paper Bank Notes $ UP
Inflation/Prices WAY UP

• Jackson’s Bank War and decision to stop accepting paper money for the
purchase of federal land further contributed to the Panic of 1837.

Land values and sales DOWN

Hundreds of banks and businesses/investors DOOMED

• Panic of 1837 = worst depression in U.S. history by that time…. Van

Buren’s one-term presidency was plagued by this economic disaster.
 Meanwhile…
• Chief Justice John Marshall died in 1835 and
Jackson chose as his successor Secretary of
the Treasury, Roger B. Taney, who had
managed Jackson’s attack on the Bank of the
United States.

• Remember Taney – he’s going to make a very

BIG, bad decision down the road.
For which policy
does the
cartoonist
criticize Andrew
Jackson?
 ^ “Jackson wields his veto rod against the
Bank of the United States whose heads
represent the directors of the state branches”
 The Whig Party
• The Whigs taste brief victory in 1840
• Tippecanoe and Tyler, too!!! Parades!!!
• William Henry Harrison dies one month after
inauguration - cold day, long speech, short term -
wear a coat!!!
• John Tyler betrays rejects Whig nationalist principles
- against renewal of Bank of the United States and
against Clay’s American System.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DnAJ-8t8Hm8
(MVB^)
 Chapter 7
Nationalism and Sectionalism
7.4 Democracy and the Age of
Jackson
 Main Idea
• The election of 1824 signaled a shift in
American political and social life. As a new
political party emerged, the nation expanded
its concept of democracy in some ways and
narrowed it in others.

• The era became known for one of American

history’s towering and controversial figures –
Andrew Jackson
 The Election of 1824
• James Monroe declines a third term

• Four Democratic Republicans compete for the

Presidency:
– John Quincy Adams, Monroe’s Secretary of State
– William Crawford, Congressional caucus choice
from Georgia
– Andrew Jackson, War Hero from Tennessee
– Henry Clay, Congressman from Kentucky
 The Election of 1824
• The crowded race produced no clear winner; Jackson
won more popular votes than Adams and neither won
a majority of electoral votes.
Name
the other
election!
• For the second time in U.S. history, the House of
• Representatives had to choose a winner.

• “Corrupt Bargain”? Clay supports Adams, Adams

becomes President, Adams appoints Clay Secretary of
State, and Jackson accuses both of corruption. No
proof, but plenty of suspicion. Jackson’s opposition
WEAKENED Adams’ presidency.
The Election of 1824

99/261 =38%
The Election of 1824
 Jackson Begins His Next Campaign
• Jackson actively, openly, constantly criticized the Adams’ presidency, which favored
aggressive federal spending for internal improvements and scientific exploration.
Viewed as aristocratic by Jackson and his supporters

• Jackson began preparing for 1828 election, traveling the country and drumming up
support among the voters.

• Jackson hoped to exploit the increasingly democratic character of national politics

– a new trend in which more states chose presidential electors by popular vote
versus state legislatures.

• And many states rewrote Constitutions to exclude property ownership

requirement for voters – more white men could now pay a tax and vote, expanding
the electorate and increasing voter turn-out (from 350,000 popular votes in 1824
to 2.4 million in 1840).

• Expansion of democracy did not benefit all (most free blacks, all women and all
American Indians could not vote)
 Jacksonian Democracy
• During the mid-1820s Jackson became the
symbol of American democracy

• Jackson celebrated majority rule and the

dignity of the common people. A down-to
earth man of humble origins; A man of the
people, not an aristocrat.
 The Election of 1828
• Jackson’s supporters now Democrats

• Jacksonian Democracy triumphed in 1828 – Jackson won 56% or the

popular vote and 2/3 of the electoral vote, defeating Adams for the
presidency.

• Combining support of southern planters and northern commoners,

the Democrats promised a return to Jeffersonian principles: strong
states and a weak federal government that would not interfere with
slavery….and would keep sectional tensions from destroying the
Union.

• A raucous inaugural celebration…and the triumph of democracy!

 A New Party Structure
• Democrats made changes to the party structure
… a disciplined system of local state committees
and conventions.
• The Party cast out non-conformers
• Elections became the business of professional
politicians and managers
• The Party rewarded faithful with government jobs
• Jackson replaced hundreds of government
workers to reward Democratic activists…the
emergence of the Spoils System: the use of
political jobs as a reward for party loyalty.
 Native American Removal
• Jackson’s political base lay in the South
(capturing 80% of the vote) and voters
expected his help in removing 60,000
American Indians .
» Cherokee
» Chickasaw
» Creek
» Choctaw
» Seminole
 Native American Removal
• Jackson’s victory in the Creek War of 1814
netted millions of acres in Georgia and
Alabama.

• Jackson’s war against the Seminoles in 1818

paved the way for the Adams-Onis Treaty and
U.S. control of Florida (remember the “nest of
pirates and outlaws” and Seminole raids?)
 Native American Removal
• Still many Native Americans stayed in the South and adopted
White American culture.

• The five southeastern tribes became known as the “five

civilized tribes”. But, many southern whites denounced the
tribes.

• Between 1827 and 1830 the states of Georgia, Mississippi and

Alabama dissolved the Indian governments and seized the
lands.

• In Worcester v. Georgia, the Supreme Court ruled in1832 that

Georgia’s land seizure was unconstitutional. Jackson ignored
the Court’s decision!
 Native American Removal
• Jackson had already urged Congress to pass
the Indian Removal Act of 1830 which sought
to peacefully negotiate the exchange of Indian
lands in the South for new lands in the Indian
Territory (modern day Oklahoma).

• Choctaws and Chickasaws reluctantly agreed

to leave…and the Jackson administration
pressured other groups to follow
 The Trail of Tears
• In 1835 a small group of Cherokees who did
NOT represent the tribal nation signed a treaty
with the federal government under which all
Cherokees would leave the South for
Oklahoma.

• Beginning in October 1838 16,000 Cherokees

were forced to walk 1,000 miles to Oklahoma
– estimated 4,000 Cherokees died on this
“Trail of Tears”.
 Violent Resistance
• Several Indian nations resisted and were
forcibly removed by federal troops from native
lands – Creeks, Seminoles, Sauk and Fox
 Chapter 7
Nationalism and Sectionalism
1812-1855

7.3 An Era of Nationalism

 Nationalism Shaped Domestic Policies
• Nationalism
• a dominant political force following War of
1812
• affected economics and foreign policy,
supported by court rulings
• The “Era of Good Feelings” – political harmony
under President Monroe (or so it seemed)
• A spirit of nationalism swept the country
 Nationalist Economic Policies
• Tariff of 1816 – protected U.S manufacturers (and
betrayed D-R’s former principles regarding federal
power and industry)
• Henry Clay’s American System – a proposed national
(federal) economic plan to protect American farmers
and manufacturers from foreign competition;
» Impose tariffs
» Improve roads and canals
» Reestablish a national bank
 Marshall and the Supreme
Court Boost Federal Power
Under John Marshall, Chief Justice from 1801 to 1835, the Supreme Court
favored a strong central government and a national economy. Due in part
to the Marshall Court, U.S. became one large integrated market. Created
broad definition of commerce and asserted the supremacy of federal over
state law.
Landmark Cases
• Marbury v. Madison (1803): judicial review
• Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819): limited state
government’s power to interfere in business contracts
• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): Congress had the power
to charter a national bank, and no state could tax such a
bank
• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): the power to regulate
commerce involving more than one state – interstate
commerce – belonged to the federal government.
 Economy Experiences Panics
• The economy became subject to periodic shocks, or
panics (1819, 1837, 1857)

• Boom-and-Bust Cycles are common in capitalism

– During the “boom” phase, high consumer demand
encourages owners to expand production.
– But, once the expanded supply of goods exceed
demand, a “bust” occurs: prices fall, producers
cut back on production and workers lose jobs.
 Hudson River School
Spirit of Nationalism Reflected in Majestic Scenery
Nationalism Influenced Foreign Affairs
• John Quincy Adams – highly influential Secretary of State
under President Monroe

• Adams-Onis Treaty (ratified in 1821) – Spain cedes Florida to

U.S. and gives up claims to Pacific Coast territory of Oregon.

• Monroe Doctrine (issued in 1823) – Responding to European

threats to colonize Latin America, President Monroe declares
that all European countries must stay out of Latin America,
and in exchange the U.S. will stay out of Europe. The western
hemisphere is America’s business. While not enforced until
the 1890s, the MD did reflect U.S desire for power.
“This momentous question, like a fire-bell in
the night, awakened and filled me with terror.
I considered it at once the [death] knell of the
Union.”
- Thomas Jefferson
 Missouri Compromise
• The spirit of nationalism failed to suppress regional
differences.
• In 1819 there were equal numbers of free and slave states and
admission of Missouri to the Union threatened to tip the
balance of power.
• Henry Clay created the Missouri Compromise: Missouri was
slave, Maine was free and NO slavery in new states above the
36⁰30’N line (except Missouri)
• Short-term crisis solved but long-term, critical differences
between North and South were exposed.
Nationalism
 Chapter 7
Nationalism and Sectionalism

7.2
Sectional Differences
 Key Ideas
• Industrialization occurred mainly in the
Northeast
• A boom in cotton production helped deepen
the South’s commitment to slavery

• The two parts of the country developed in

different ways…leading to political divisions
 The North Embraces Industry
• Democratic Republican policies contributed to
industrial development:
– Embargo of 1807
– War of 1812
– Tariff of 1816 – helped industry, hurt farmers

• How and Why?

 Why the Northeast?
• Greater access to capital

• Abundance of cheap labor

• RIVERS! Many swiftly-flowing rivers provide

water power

• Whereas…Southern land and climate favored

agriculture.
 Social Change in the North

• Industrialization changed the way Americans

worked…
– Less skill required for many jobs
– Skilled artisans suffered reduced wages

• Workers organized for higher wages, fewer

hours, better conditions, and the right to form
labor unions - but little success in early 1800s.
 A Middle Class Emerges
• Industrialization helped some people: the
bankers, accountants, lawyers…a new middle
class

• Middle class work shifted away from the home,

and homes moved away from urban, factory
centers. Work became separate from family life.

• Neighborhoods became segregated by class and

race.
 Immigrants
• Before 1840 immigration consisted mainly of
Protestants from England or Scotland

• # of immigrants rose from 600,000 in the 1830s, to

1.5 million in 1840s and 2.8 million in 1850s; surge
mostly from IRELAND and GERMANY.
– Pushed by political upheavals, economic depressions, and rural famines.
– Unlike predecessors, most new immigrants were Catholic or Jewish

• Most immigrants poor – arrived in Northeast and

worked in low-paying jobs in factories, docks, or
homes as domestic servants.
 Social and Political Strains
(due to rapid influx of immigrants)

• Shabby neighborhoods

• Competition for jobs and housing between new immigrants

and free African Americans – fueling ethnic tension

• Protestants distrusted Catholics – assumed to be

anti-democracy

• Anger over depressed wages

• Emergence of Nativists – anti-immigration movement

 Southern Agricultural Economy and
Society
• Cotton production surges
• Industrialization - increased demand
• Cotton Gin – faster, cheaper, more productive
processing of cotton
• Westward Expansion – more farms producing cotton

• Cotton Boom Spreads Slavery

• Overseas slave trade abolished in 1807; illegal trade
and interstate trade fill the gap
• Demand for slaves soared
• # of slaves increased from 1.5 million in 1820 to 4
million in 1860
A
B
C
E
F
G
H
I
 Economic Consequences
(of “King Cotton”)
• Cotton production limited regional development
• South became too dependent on cotton; when
prices fell, planters went bankrupt

• Plantations dispersed the population – stunted

industrial and urban development

• Few immigrants attracted to South due to lack

of commercial development. By 1850, North
had 2x # of free people than South – increasing
political power of the North.
 Cultural Consequences
(of “King Cotton”)
• Dispersed population and burden of slavery
led to high levels of illiteracy among slaves and
whites.

• South opposed education of slaves, didn’t

support education of poor whites.

• Proslavery forces’ view: slavery no longer a

necessary evil…it was a “positive good”.
The North The South
 The North The South

Wage labor
Middle class Slave Labor
Industrialization Relied on Agriculture King Cotton
Immigrants Cotton Dispersed Population
Urban, commercial centers Racial tension
Less regional Development
Neighborhoods More illiteracy
Increasing Political power Decreasing Political Power
Greater literacy
 Chapter 6
The New Republic
1789-1816

6.4 The War of 1812

 Section Questions
• Why did the U.S. go to war with Britain, and what
was to the outcome of that war?

• What events led to the War Hawks’ call for war?

• What were the major battles and conflicts of the War

of 1812 and why were they significant?

• What was the significance of the War of 1812?

 Gearing Up For War
• 1809: Congress replaced failed embargo with Nonintercourse
Act aimed at France and Britain – US would resume trade
with whichever country that lifted restrictions on US shipping
• 1810: Macon’s Bill No. 2 restored trade with Britain and
France but if either country recognized US neutrality, US
would resume trading sanctions against the other country.

• France agreed to lift restrictions so President Madison

ordered sanctions against British BUT France continued to
seize US ships.
 Battling Native Americans
• Tecumseh and brother wanted to preserve Native
American culture and unite Indian nations in armed
resistance against US expansion (“spiritual and military
resistance movement”)

• Gov. William Henry Harrison of Indiana Territory and

troops destroyed Tecumseh’s village on the Tippecanoe
River.

• Native American movement lost some momentum but

most escaped to fight again
 War Hawks
• 1811: Strongly nationalistic “War Hawks” pushed for
war against Britain due to impressments and support
for Native Americans

• Insisted on invasion of British-held Canada to cut

arms supply and drive Britain from North America.

< Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun,

Kentucky South Carolina >
 War Breaks Out
• June 1812 Madison urged Congress to declare war
against Britain due to interference with trade,
impressments and support for Indian attacks -
declaration caused deep divisions in nation
• US was weak and unprepared
• Invasion of Canada failed due to poor performance of
untrained state militias and of regular army;
embarrassing loss of Detroit
• Small US navy won battles (!), including a battle on Lake
Erie enabling the re-taking of Detroit
 Native Americans and British
• US unable to conquer British Canada but defeated Native
Americans in the US
– In 1813 Harrison killed Tecumseh
– In 1814 Andrew Jackson crushed Creek Indians of Alabama,
then invaded Spanish Florida and defeated Seminoles
• In 1814 more British troops arrived after defeat of Napoleon
in Europe - invaded several US cities/locations and blockaded
coast BUT most attacks ended in British defeat thanks to
improved US soldiers
• British invaded Washington D.C., burned the White House and
Capitol but were defeated en route to Baltimore.
 War’s Aftermath and Effects
December December January January
1814 1814 <2 weeks> 1815 <2 weeks> 1815

l-----------l---------l----------------l---------------l-----------l
Hartford Treaty Battle of * News of New Orleans
Convention of New Orleans Victory and Treaty of Ghent
Ghent reach D.C. (Jackson’s a hero)
Signed * News of Federalists’ H.C.
demand for Constitutional
amendment to increase
political power of N.E. also
reaches D.C.
Key Points:
1. Battle of New Orleans takes place after treaty (tragic)
2. News of peace and Federalists’ demands reach D.C at the same time (humiliating)
3. Timing of news regarding treaty and New Orleans victory gives Americans impression
of victory in War of 1812 – even though no gains are made (prewar boundaries
restored, issues of neutrality and impressments not addressed).
4. Illusion of victory leads to surge in American pride and nationalism.
USS Constitution under sail in August 2012, Boston Harbor
 War’s Aftermath and Effects
• Federalists mocked as defeatists and traitors – by
1820 the party was dead.
• Surge in American nationalism (Jackson’s a hero)
• War shattered Native American resistance
• Land in the West and South is opened for
settlement. New states, bigger, stronger union.
• Way was paved for acquisition of Florida
(Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819)
 Question of the Day
In what ways did Napoleon affect American
expansion and war?
 Chapter 6
A New Republic
6.3 The Age of Jefferson
 The Age of Jefferson
• Election of 1800
– Democratic Republicans won presidency
(Jefferson) and control of Congress
– Federalists never reclaim national power

• Section Focus Question:

– What were the successes and failures of the
Jefferson administrations?
 The Age of Jefferson
• Jefferson’s Presidency :
– Encouraged Congress to drop Alien & Sedition
Acts and unpopular taxes
– Major cuts to army, navy & bureaucracy
– Increased revenue from trade and land sales
– Reduced national debt from $80 million to $57
million
 Key Questions
• What is judicial review?

• Why did Jefferson oppose the US Supreme Court’s

use of judicial review?

• Why did Jefferson approve the Louisiana Purchase?

• In what way did the Purchase contradict Jefferson’s

preference for strict construction of the
Constitution?
 Judicial Review
• The US Supreme Court, under Chief Justice John Marshall,
established the power of judicial review.

• Judicial Review: the power to review laws to determine if

they are constitutional.

• Marbury v. Madison set the precedent; the Supreme Court

ruled that part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 was
unconstitutional. From then on, the Marshall’s Supreme
Court overruled many state laws, usually to protect business
and interstate commerce.
 John Marshall, Chief Justice
• Marshall applied four of Hamilton’s principles to
interpret the Constitution:

1. Established Judicial Review

2. Insisted Federal laws were superior to state
laws
3. Practiced broad interpretation, found implied powers
for the national government
4. Insisted on the sanctity of contracts
 Louisiana Purchase
• In 1801 France’s military dictator, Napoleon, forced Spain
to return New Orleans and Louisiana Territory to him.

• Jefferson wanted Territory for farming, trade, (especially

the Mississippi) and westward expansion for an
increasing population.

• After troubles in Haiti, Napoleon agreed to sell Territory

to America for $15 million – a HUGE bargain. ($298
million today)

• Jefferson avoided war with France/Napoleon over land

with purchase of Louisiana Territory
Louisiana Purchase
Lewis & Clark

Sacajewea
 Constitutional Problem
• Jefferson strongly believed in strict construction of
the Constitution…

• Yet the Constitution does not specify that presidents

have the authority to purchase new territory…

• Jefferson used implied powers to buy the

Territory…neither he nor Congress could say no to
such a great deal.
 Jefferson’s Foreign Troubles
The Barbary War
• Jefferson refused to pay increased protection money
to Barbary pirates (Barbary States of North Africa)
• Jefferson sent the small U.S. navy to blockade the
port of Tripoli
• US won a favorable peace in 1805
and showed military and diplomatic
strength.
 Jefferson’s Foreign Troubles

Re-export Trade
• From 1793-1807 war in Europe meant opportunity for US ships to
re-export goods bound for France from Indies (US to France)

• Re-export trade soared from $300,000 in 1790 to $59 million in

1807, tripling the size of the US merchant marine and boosting US
economy

• Trade caused hostility with Britain –the US helped its enemy,

France, and became Britain’s greatest commercial competitor

• British warships began to seize more US merchant ships and

impressed US sailors (6,000 by 1812) to serve in British navy.
 Jefferson’s Foreign Troubles

Embargo of 1807
• In retaliation for British attack on U.S. warship
Chesapeake and impressment of its sailors,
Jefferson imposed embargo against Britain
• Embargo backfired and bankrupted U.S.
merchants & hurt farmers, sailors, and economy
• Riots, anger and shift in support for Federalists.
Jefferson lifted failed embargo before retirement
as President. (Dem-Rep Madison still won 1808)
O GRAB ME!
 Chapter 6
The New Republic
6.2 The Struggle Over Foreign Policy
Part 2 - Adams’ Presidency
 Washington’s Farewell
• Washington refuses third term (precedent!)
and retires to Mount Vernon.
• A. Many great accomplishments : defeat of
Indians, western settlement, neutrality, and
increased foreign trade;
• B. Some political turmoil. Examples?
• C. Advice to successors: temper political strife
for national unity and avoid messy foreign
affairs.
 C.
• You tell me!
Washington’s Farewell Address
 Adams and the XYZ Affair
• John Adams (Federalist) elected President in 1796 over
Thomas Jefferson (Democratic Republican). Narrow
victory along regional/sectional lines.

• Problems with France : France seized American

merchant ships; minor diplomats (“X, Y, & Z”) insulted
Americans and demanded bribes and loans. “Millions
for defense but not one cent for tribute!”

• Adams and Congress expanded the military (the Navy!)

and narrowly avoided war with France. The public was
outraged at France.
 Alien and Sedition Acts
• Anger over XYZ affair, taxes and France
brought support for Federalists and suspicion
toward Democratic Republicans and
foreigners.

• Federalists took advantage… and Congress

passed four (highly controversial) laws in 1798
to protect the country from foreign enemies
and domestic dissent.
 Alien and Sedition Acts
• Three Alien acts aimed mainly at French and Irish
refugees - 1. increased period of required residency
for citizenship from 5 to 14 years; 2. required
foreigners to register with the government; and 3.
allowed the president to jail or expel any foreigner
thought to be “dangerous to the peace and safety” of
the country.
 Alien and Sedition Acts
• One Sedition Act making it a crime to speak or write
against the government and its public
officials…targeting Democratic Republicans and
contradicting the First Amendment protecting free
speech and free press. Nine newspaper editors and
one Congressman (all Democratic Republicans) tried
and convicted.
• Many believed acts to be unconstitutional; some
states sought to nullify laws (Virginia and Kentucky
Resolutions – anonymously written by Madison and
Jefferson). Deeper, more bitter political divide.
 Congressional Melee! Democratic
Republican Mathew Lyon and Federalist
Roger Griswold
 The Election of 1800
• Alien & Sedition Acts and increased federal taxes unpopular
and controversial - Adams on the hot seat!

• Federalist Adams lost heated election; Democratic

Republicans Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied; Hamilton
supported - and Federalist congressmen eventually chose -
Jefferson as President.

• A mess – but the first peaceful transfer of power from one

party to another. (Constitution amended in 1804 to separate
voting for President and Vice President; Burr killed Hamilton
in 1804 duel)
 Aaron Burr- Alexander Hamilton: Got
Milk?:
1.http://youtu.be/OLSsswr6z9Y
2.http://youtu.be/Z-KoAi3Nl9Q
 Chapter 6
The New Republic 1789-1816

6.2 The Struggle Over Foreign Policy

Part 1 – Washington’s Presidency

Washington
presents Red
Jacket with a
peace medal
in 1792 >
 The New Republic
Questions to Ponder
• Why would American merchants favor tariffs?

• Why were Democratic Republicans opposed to the National

Bank?

• Why were southern states opposed to the federal assumption

of state debt?

• How would the National Bank benefit trade and industry?

• Why would Federalists be pro-Britain and

Democratic-Republicans be pro-France?
The Struggle Over Foreign Policy
• Key Question: How did foreign policy challenges
affect political debate and shape American
government?
• Objectives:
– Explain how territorial expansion brought Americans into
conflict with the British and with Native Americans
– Describe American relations with Britain, France and Spain
– Analyze how the political parties’ debates over foreign
policy further divided them.
 Major Challenges
• Build a government

• Make peace with Native Americans

• Maintain control over expanded borders
• Establish foreign policy during volatile times
(France and Britain at war, again)
 Conflict in the Ohio Valley
• British forts/troops still located in America’s
Northwest Territory (Great Lakes) – providing
arms and ammunition to Native Americans

• Americans lose battles with Native American

confederacy (led by war chief, Little Turtle) but
tide turns in 1794. General Wayne defeats
confederacy at Battle of Fallen Timbers and they
sign Treaty of Greenville. America gets Ohio.

• Northwest Territory is open to settlement.

Battle of Fallen Timbers, Ohio

Little Turtle,
Warrior Chief of the Miami >
 Foreign Policy – France
• 1789 French Revolution - Americans initially welcomed
spread of republicanism

• By 1793 Britain and France at war.

• Eventually Americans divided on the French Revolution, its

extreme violence and its declaration of war on monarchy
(in France and elsewhere in Europe - Britain).

• By 1794 Democratic-Republicans supported French

Republic despite violence; Federalists denounced violence
of French Republic and supported Britain.
French Revolution
 Foreign Policy - Neutrality
• With support of both American political
parties, President Washington issues
Neutrality Proclamation of 1793 (to “pursue a
conduct friendly and impartial towards the belligerent
powers”);
• America is too weak to get involved in war
• America is dependent on British imports and tariff
revenue (90% of American imports from Britain!)
• Neutrality = American policy toward Europe until the
20th century
 Foreign Policy - Treaties
• Jay Treaty of 1794 between U.S. and Britain – no
more British forts but Americans forced to pay
prewar debts and accept restrictions with ships.
Controversial!

• Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795 between U.S. and Spain

- America gains access (free shipping rights) to
Mississippi River and New Orleans
 Outcome
• Removal of British forts, victories over Native
Americans, and secure access to New Orleans
led to
•More western settlement
•More land sales and federal revenue to
repay debt

» Chapter 6, Section 2 to be continued…

 The New Republic
1789-1816

6.1
Government and Party Politics
 Government and Party Politics
Question: How did debate over the role of government
lead to the formation of political parties?

Know:
• the steps Washington’s administration took to build
the federal government
• Hamilton’s plans for the economy and the opposition
to them
• How a two-party system emerged in the new nation
 President Washington
• Washington unanimously elected first
President of the United States in 1789

• An extraordinary responsibility and daunting

task

• Washington must build a federal government,

solve problems and establish precedents
Federal Hall, New York City
 Building the Federal Government
• A new government starting with huge
problems:
– $52 million in war debt
– No navy and a small army
– Spain closes the Mississippi in New Orleans to American trade
– Britain has forts along the Great Lakes
– No respect from abroad
– Untested Constitution
 Building the Federal Government
• Very small federal government at first:
– Executive Branch = President Washington, Vice
President John Adams and several clerks from the
Confederation
– Congress of Representatives and Senators from 10
states
• Few rules and no precedents
• Washington builds a Cabinet (executive branch)
• Congress passes Judiciary Act of 1789
 Washington Nominates (and the Senate
confirms) a Cabinet (a very important precedent)

Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson,

Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of State

Edmund Randolph,
Attorney General

General Henry Knox,

Secretary of War
 Judiciary Act of 1789
• Congress organizes the federal court system
(judicial branch)
– 6 Supreme Court Justices; one Chief Justice (John
Jay) and five Associates
– 13 Federal District Courts (one per state)
– 3 Circuit Courts of Appeal
– 1 Attorney General
 Hamilton’s Plan
• Main Problem: US and states owed $77
million to foreign nations and individuals for
war costs
• Proposed Solution: A Three-Point Plan
1. Pay debt and interest in full; replace old low-value
bonds with new full-value, interest-bearing bonds.
2. Raise money to pay the debt; Pass the Tariff of 1789
and a new excise tax
3. Standardize the banking system; create a national
bank and a national mint
 Point Arguments For Arguments Against Lasting Legacy

∙ Build confidence in the ∙ Reward rich speculators ∙ Established the

1.Pay the national and new nation and punish ordinary United States as
states’ debt in full, with ∙ Financial stability citizens who sold low trustworthy
Interest ∙ Free up state money ∙ Southern states already
for commercial and paid debts and resented ∙ Unified the
industrial activities – being taxed to pay country
stimulate the economy Northern debts

2. Impose excise taxes ∙Pay debts and raise money ∙Some people resented these ∙Established precedent
and tariffs for the new nation and help new taxes and tariffs of nation paying its
manufacturers debts

3. Create national bank ∙Help government regulate ∙The Constitution did not ∙Created a model on
and national currency economy and commerce; specifically say the federal which today’s Federal
generate income (raise government could create a Reserve System is
money) through loans; help national bank. based
manufacters
 Hamilton’s Plan
• Hamilton saw three great benefits to his plan:
• Establish financial credibility, making future
borrowings easier

• Buy political support from the wealthiest Americans

• Enrich investors who will then build factories, ships and

wharves

Plan would redistribute wealth from South to North and

from farmers to merchants
 The Constitution
• Loose Construction (Hamilton): broad
interpretation of Constitution; implied powers
and Congress’ elastic clause (Article I, Section
8). Enact laws for the general welfare.

• Strict Construction (Jefferson & Madison)

strict interpretation; limit federal government
to powers explicitly stated in Constitution.
 Compromise
• Congress agrees to Hamilton’s plan to pay
national debt, establish an excise tax, and
create a national bank; BUT…

• Southern states only agree to

assumption/payment of state debt if national
capitol is moved to the South…Washington
D.C.
 The Whiskey Rebellion
• 1794 – rural farmers in western Pennsylvania violently
rebelled against the excise tax on WHISKEY. Attacked tax
collectors, burned barns.
• 2,000 farmers threatened Pittsburgh
• Washington, Hamilton and a force of 12,000 militiamen
SUPPRESSED the rebellion – NO bloodshed but plenty of bitter
feelings and political divisions regarding the role of federal
government.
 Two-Parties
Federalists Democratic-Republicans

• Led by Hamilton • Led by Thomas Jefferson

• Strong Central Government • States should have more
• Wanted economy based on power
industry and trade • Based economy on farming
• Pro-British • Pro-French
• Loose Construction • Strict Construction
 Chapter 5
Creating the Constitution
1781-1789
5.2 Drafting the Constitution
 Questions and Objectives
• What new system of national government did
the delegates agree upon at the Constitutional
Convention of 1787?

– Understand the reasons for the Convention.

– Summarize the rival plans of government.
– Describe the compromises made.
 The Constitutional Convention
• By 1787 most Americans agreed the Articles
were flawed:
1. Congress needed the power to regulate
interstate and international commerce.
2. Congress needed the power to tax people.

• 12 of 13 states (not RI) sent delegates to Philly

to amend the Articles
Independence Hall
Philadelphia >
Constitutional Convention
Who Were They???
 Who Were They?
All • White Males

• Educated
Most • Talented 55
• Wealthy

> 1/2 • Lawyers

“Well-bred, well-fed, well-wed, and well- read”

 The Delegates
• Secrecy so delegates could speak freely
• Washington elected president of the convention
• Leading thinkers :
– Alexander Hamilton (disliked democracy! Sought
balance of aristocracy, monarchy, and republicanism)
– James Madison (skeptical of democracy! But favored
republicanism with checks and balances…and
believed a large republic with diverse interests would
best preserve the common good)
– Both supported strong central government
 Rival Plans of Government
The Virginia Plan - The New Jersey Plan -
“The Large State Plan” “The Small State Plan”
• Proposed by Madison • Proposed by William
• Three branches: legislative, Paterson
executive and judiciary • Unicameral Legislature –
• Bicameral Legislature – equal representation for
representation in both states regardless of
houses based on population population
• National Congress would
have power to veto any • Executive Committee (no
state law single President)
• Strong President (7 yr term) • Strong states
 The Great Compromise -
“The Connecticut Compromise”
• Proposed by Roger Sherman of CT
• Executive Branch
• Bicameral Legislature
– Senate: equal number of reps per state
– House of Representatives: number of reps based on
population
• Judiciary
• No national veto over states (some powers forbidden)
• A system of federalism
 Three-Fifths Compromise
• Issue: how to count population when determining
representation and taxation
• All whites plus three-fifths of the slave
population
• In hopes of maintaining unity between North
and South:
– no ban on slavery considered for Constitution
– slave trade extended 20 more years to 1807
– fugitive slave clause
 Chapter 5
Creating the Constitution
5.3 Ratifying the Constitution
n g i s
no thi
“… in but
a
cert and
e a t h
d .”
xe s
ta

Benjamin Franklin, 1789

What has enabled the Constitution to
endure for more than 200 years?
• Ambiguous language

• Flexibility

• Article V – future amendments are allowed

 Overview
Section Question: How did Americans ratify the
Constitution, and what are its basic principles?

Objectives:
• Summarize the arguments for and against
ratification of the Constitution
• Describe how the Constitution was ratified
• Explain the principles of the Constitution
 The Struggle Over Ratification
• 39 of 42 delegates endorsed the new Constitution
• Delegates exceeded their mandate. How so?
• How many states had to approve the Constitution?
– They created new laws…nine.
• Why did Congress send the Constitution to specially
elected state conventions for approval?
– State legislatures would likely not approve
reduced power
 Federalists and Anti-Federalists
• A ten-month bitter struggle over ratification of the
Constitution (official approval) followed.
– Federalists: Favored strong government and
supported ratification
» Only a new government would overcome
difficulties facing the nation
– Anti-Federalists: Feared strong government and
opposed ratification
» A threat to liberty…plus, no bill of rights!
 Federalist and Anti-Federalist Camps
Federalists Anti-Federalists
• Intimately familiar with the • Outnumbered Federalists
Constitution and well-organized • Problem: Anti-Federalists and no
• Strong leaders: Madison, alternative plan.
Dickinson & Hamilton; Key • Strong leaders: S. Adams,
supporters: Washington & Hancock, Clinton, Henry, Lee
Franklin (successful state politicians)
• Believed Constitution was not • Farmers (majority of Americans)
perfect but a strong central opposed Constitution and
government was necessary for distrusted Federalists as
republic’s survival. End chaos. aristocrats hostile to the Republic
• Federalists generally popular in • Main Argument: strong central
cities (seaports and newspapers). government will abuse states’
• Main Argument: separation of rights and individual liberties.
powers limits government power.
 The Federalist
aka the Federalist Papers
• In 1787-88 series of 85 pro-Constitution essays
written by Hamilton, Madison and Jay (pen name
“Publius”) were published in NY newspapers
• Brilliant arguments and explanations of republican
government and politics…
– separation of powers in three branches of government,
with checks and balances, would prevent tyranny
– real threat to liberty was state legislatures that lacked
checks and balances
 State by State Ratification
• DE (12/87) unanimously approved Constitution,
followed by PA, NJ, GA and CT.

• MA (2/6/88), MD and SC approved Constitution and

the promised amendments that would protect
citizens’ rights.

• NH became 9th state to approve (with promised

amendments) on 6/21/88. Enough to put
Constitution into effect but supporters knew NY and
VA must be on board for government to work well.
 Virginia and New York
and NC and RI…

• VA = tough fight between top-notch leaders

but Washington’s strong support and
proposed amendments yield approval.
• NY =close call/narrow vote but The Federalist
and Hamilton’s leadership are decisive;
approved 7/26/88.
****Constitution goes into effect****
NC and RI – did not ratify until 11/89 and 5/90 respectively
when the new government was already operating.
1. Why are states represented by pillars in a foundation?

2. According to the cartoon, how many states have ratified the Constitution?

3. Why does the cartoon suggest that all the states should ratify the Constitution?
1. Who is identified with the success of ratification here?

2. What does the float represent?

3. Where might this celebration have taken place?

4. Why does the float not include George Clinton’s name (NY
delegate)
• "On the Erection of the Eleventh Pillar"
Massachusetts Centinel
• Boston: August 2, 1788
Woodcut
New-York Historical Society Library
• Boston's Massachusetts Centinel had begun a series of
illustrations showing "The Federal Pillars" rising to support a
"Grand Republican Superstructure," a metaphor for the
Constitution. As each state ratified the Constitution, an
additional pillar was raised. On August 2, 1788, the Centinel
published a cartoon showing the pillar representing New York
as erected, followed by a poem, "The Federal Edifice," and a
statement that the news of ratification, "an event so little
expected," had arrived.
 Bill of Rights
• Several crucial states ratified because they
were promised a bill of rights.

• Anti-Federalists supported and Federalists did

not oppose a Bill of Rights (the latter didn’t
think it was necessary). Madison, “The Father
of the Constitution” took charge of the
amendments.
 Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights protect both individuals and states against
what people feared would be too much government power.

• First Eight Amendments: Individual Civil Liberties

• Ninth Amendment: Listing certain rights for the people does

NOT mean other rights don’t exist.

• Tenth Amendment: All power not given to the federal

government or denied to the states are RESERVED to the
states, or to the people. {addresses Anti-Federalist concerns
for states’ rights and sovereignty}
 Chapter 4
The American Revolution
4.4 War’s End and Lasting Effects
 The British Invade the South
• Britain seeks help from southern Loyalists – but
does not support Loyalist militias

• British win early victories.

• Continental Army and militias (guerilla warfare)

take on British army under Lord Cornwallis.

• British distracted by Spanish attacks.

 Siege at Yorktown
• Washington and Rochambeau trap
Cornwallis at Yorktown

• French Navy fleet blocks British escape

• Cornwallis surrenders on October 19, 1781 –

the war is essentially over
 The War Ends
Four main factors contribute to Patriots
Success:
1. British made tactical mistakes.
2. British misunderstood political nature of
the conflict.
3. Patriots were highly motivated and
Washington was a shrewd leader.
4. Patriots received critical assistance from
France.
 Treaty of Paris
• Benjamin Franklin, John Jay and John
Adams negotiated for Americans

• Key Provisions:
– Britain recognizes independence of America
– Generous Boundaries (more territory than
Patriots won in the war) - western border of tis
Mississippi River…
More Reasons Why the British Lost
• War was far from homeland (slow
communication, dispassionate)

• No loyalist uprisings

• Continent too large to conquer

• American perseverance
The Revolution Impacts Society
• Greatest Winners: Patriot men of modest
prosperity
– Political rights and western expansion

• Biggest Losers: Loyalists and Native

Americans
– No protection
 Women and African Americans
• Women gain respect as “republican
mothers”
– Still, few legal, political or economic rights

• End of slavery (emancipation) in the North

– Still, most Americans accepted slavery as
natural
– Not much manumission in the South
 Revolutionary Ideas Spread
• Over the next three centuries, the Patriots’
principles inspired revolutions around the
world
 Chapter 4
The American Revolution
1765 - 1783

4.3 Turning Points of War

Even brutes do not eat their young…
- Thomas Paine, Common Sense
 Turning Points of the War
• What factors helped the Patriots win the
war?
• What were Britain’s advantages at the
beginning of the war?
• What mistakes did Britain make?
• What were the major military turning
points of the war?
 Opposing Sides
British
Strengths Weaknesses
•Manufacturing Leader • Underestimated the enemy
(ships and weapons) • Misunderstood the conflict
•Established Government - A revolutionary war
•Well-Trained Soldiers - Mercenaries
•More money (gold)
 Opposing Sides
Patriots
Strengths Weaknesses
• General Washington • Untrained Soldiers
- Leadership • Lack of Money (C.C. no
- Skillful Retreats power to tax)
• Persistence • Inflation
• Aid and Assistance from • Blockades
Civilians • No Navy
 The Battle of Bunker Hill
• 16,000 militiamen from NH, CT, RI and MA head to
Boston

• Lord (General) William Howe wanted to prove supremacy

of trained soldiers…a “bloodbath”

• A Moral Victory for Patriots; British take the hill (after

Patriots run out of ammunition) but Patriots show resolve

• 1000 dead among British, more 2x than Americans. Loss of

↑ British Leaders.
The Battle of
Bunker Hill
 Evacuation Day
The Siege of Boston ends, thanks to Generals Washington
and Knox. The British fleet leaves Boston Harbor. March 1776.

•
The War Shifts to the Middle States
• British take New York City on September 15, 1776

• Continentals nearly crushed; Washington and

army retreat across NJ

• Surprise attack on Christmas night (12/26/76)

against Hessions at Trenton… modest victory
raised spirits
 Washington Crossing the Delaware
December 26, 1776

Turning Points: American victories at Trenton and

Princeton boost morale, enlistments for winter of 1776-77
 The BIG Turning Point
• After several defeats in 1777, Patriots defeat British at
Saratoga…their greatest victory yet.

• Victory at Saratoga led France to recognize American

independence and enter the war

• Now, France risked an open alliance with America

With France’s money, troops, supplies and navy,

war becomes equal
 Valley Forge
- Harsh conditions
- Washington’s leadership
- Baron von Steuben

“These are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine
patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that
stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is
not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the
conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too
lightly: it is dearness only that gives everything its value.”
- Thomas Paine
The Crisis, December 23, 1776
 The Frontier War
• West of Appalachian Mountains, more skirmishes
between American settlers and Indians
• Most Indians support British…why? Especially
destructive.
• War moves west (present-day IN and IL);
Americans and French allies take settlements and
post, and take back Vincennes fort…Ohio River
Valley
 Critical Thinking Questions
1. In what ways did the British misunderstand the conflict with the
colonies?

2. How were the Patriots able to continue fighting, despite losing most
of the battles?

3. How important was French assistance to the Patriot’s struggle?

 Critical Thinking Questions – Possible Answers
4. In what ways did the British misunderstand the conflict with the
colonies?
A: The British failed to consider the Patriots a real threat, so they lost
troops and wasted resources in futile attacks. Also the British
fought a traditional war (i.e. thinking capturing seaports would
force surrender). Patriots kept fight back despite setbacks.

5. How were the Patriots able to continue fighting, despite losing most
of the battles?
A: Washington’s leadership – he retreated to save lives; civilians,
French and Spanish helped

6. How important was French assistance to the Patriot’s struggle?

A: Very important – secret weapons and supplies early in war, open
alliance (troops, money, navy) later)
 Chapter 3
The American Colonies
Take Shape

ˆRobert Rogers of
New Hampshire
(“Rogers’ Rangers”)
3.4 Wars of Empire
 Wars of Empire
• By the mid-18th century England, France, Spain
and the Netherlands were locked in a worldwide
struggle for empire.

• Conflicts spread to the American colonies.

• The relationship between the British and their

colonists became strained.
 European Competition
and the Colonies - Background
• Between 1689 and 1748 the British and the French
fought a series of wars, mostly in Europe. Spilled
over to North America.

• Balance of Power: Starting in the 17th century

support from most Indians was a French
advantage in N.A. BUT Indians benefited from the
middle position (“Middle Ground”).

• Balance Shifts: By 1754 British colonists (1.5

million) greatly exceeded French (70,000). The
outnumbered French worked with Indian allies
to resist British colonial expansion.
 The French and Indian War
• A Point of Conflict: the fertile Ohio River Valley was
claimed by French and British, though largely unsettled.
French built Fort Duquesne to prevent British settlement.

• British Governor of Virginia, Robert Dinwiddie, sent

colonial troops – under the command of Col. George
Washington - to evict the French from Fort Duquesne.

• Washington’s defeat touched off a world war that

eventually spread from America to Europe, Asia, Africa
and the West Indies.
 French and Indian War
At first, the British fared poorly in North
America (destroyed forts, settlement raids)
Disastrous
defeat at Fort
Duquesne,
1755;

Braddock
killed,
Washington
led skillful
retreat
 French and Indian War
In 1758-59 the tide of war shifted with several strategic
victories for British:
• British cut off French shipping to the Americas
• Many Indians switched to better-supplied British

• British seized Louisbourg at the mouth of the St.

Lawrence River

• British take Quebec (1759), then Montreal

(1760)…forcing surrender of Canada and Great Lakes
forts
 Treaty of Paris (1763)
• In 1763 war ended triumphantly for British:
– Kept Canada, Great Lakes country, Ohio River Valley and
Florida.
Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763-4)
 Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763-4)
• Conquest of Canada was dreadful for Indians –
British settlers flooded onto Indian lands in
western PA and VA

• Attacks on forts, raids on settlements – Indian

uprising; Indians’ goal was to weaken British and
lure French back

• Rebellion fizzled as Indians’ supplies short.

 Proclamation of 1763 and
Aftermath of War
• Document ordered colonial settlers to remain east of the
Appalachian Mountains.

• British troops too few to restrain settlers pushing westward.

• Aftermath: Cost of war - and war debt - fueled tensions

between British and colonists; British wanted reimbursement
and greater control.

• Lack of cooperation among colonies also fueled tensions;

British and colonies had eventually rejected Albany Plan of
Union.

• British imposed new taxes and regulations on colonial trade.

 Chapter 5
Creating the Constitution
5.1 A Confederation
of States – Part II
 Western Lands
• Western settlement threatened to escape the
government’s control
– settlers crossed the Ohio River and provoked war with
Native Americans
– US feared secession of settlers

• Federal government was in debt and cash-strapped.

• Western lands became the TREASURY of the new

government.
 Western Settlement
• Land Ordinance of 1785: a system for dividing
public lands into townships
• Uniform sizes,
standardized prices

• Favored wealthy
speculators
 Western Settlement
• Northwest Ordinance of 1787: how states
would be added and governed
1. no people in territory: governor and judges
2. pop. of 5000 adult free men: + assembly
3. pop. of 60,000: apply for statehood
• Freedom of religion, rights of common law
• No slavery in the Northwest Territory – a
precedent
 Conflicts with Spain and Britain
• No respect from Spain or Britain
• Spain forbade American trade with New
Orleans
• Britain:
– return to mercantilism - no American trade with
British West Indies
– Frontier forts on American lands
• Calls for stronger national government
 Weaknesses of the Articles of
Confederation
• Congress could not levy or collect taxes.
• Congress powerless to regulate interstate
commerce and foreign trade.
• One state, one vote regardless of size.
• 2/3 majority votes required to pass new laws.
• All votes required to amend laws.
• No separate executive branch to enforce acts
• No system of federal courts
 The Great Depression 1784-88
• Less trade – more unemployment, lower
prices, greater debts

• Most farmers were in debt, lacked cash to pay

creditors/suppliers and taxes

• Lawsuits and losses of crops, livestock and

farms
• Some states’ debtor relief measures angered
(“cheated!”) creditors
 Shays’
Rebellion
Trouble in
Massachusetts
with farmers’ debt,
taxes, and penalties.

Riots and Protests

Daniel Shays and his

mob captured
But the message was
clear – the US needed
better rules.
 Chapter 5
Creating the Constitution
1781-1789
5.1 A Confederation of States, Part I
 Section Focus Question
What form of national government did the
Patriots create initially, and what events
revealed that a new government was
necessary?

• After the war, Patriots refused to entrust the

new Union with much power…
most authority remained with the states.
 Objectives
• Explain how the state’s constitutions reflected
republican ideals.
• Describe the structure and powers of the
national government under the Articles of
Confederation.
• Summarize the Congress’ plan for the
settlement and governance of western lands.
• List the main weaknesses of the Articles.
 Early State Governments
• State governments already in place
(assemblies)

• 150 years of self-government

• Willing to reform state governments; not

willing to give up power to other governments
 Early State Governments
• In 1776 states began creating state constitutions
– All called for republics
– Government by consent of the governed

• More democratic Patriots wanted state governments with

strong legislatures and weak (or no…PA) governors
– Unicameral legislature (only PA and GA) whose members were
elected by the people

• More conservative Patriots wanted state governments with

more balance between common voters and wealthy,
well-educated gentlemen
– Bicameral legislature (most states )
 Early State Governments
• Democratic Gains
– Expanded power of the common people(all reps elected)
– Almost all enlarged legislatures (smaller districts, more
reps)
– Almost all governors elected
• Who was allowed to vote?
– Most states preserved colonial property requirements to
vote… though owning farms was widespread
• Freedom of Religion
– Most states guaranteed freedom of religion in
constitutions (except MA and CT)
 Articles of Confederation
• The Second Continental Congress assumed
powers of government after America declared
war against Britain in June 1776.

• In 1777 Continental Congress drafted the original

constitution for the union of states: Articles of
Confederation

• Under John Dickinson (PA)’s leadership, Congress

designed a loose confederation of 13 states
rather than a strong, centralized government
 Articles of Confederation –
Structure of Government
• New national (federal, central) government
consisted of a congress of delegates
– Congress of delegates chosen by state legislatures,
not voters
– Each state had a single vote…no matter how large
or small
– The powers to make, implement, and enforce the
laws were all placed with the Congress… no
President or executive branch
 Articles of Confederation –
Powers of the New National Congress
• Articles granted certain limited powers to
Congress (mostly external):
– Declare and conduct war
– Negotiate peace
– Regulate foreign affairs
– Administer relations with Indian nations
• Congress had NO power to raise money through
taxes.
• To approve NEW laws: 2/3 of states required
• To amend laws: all 13 states required
 The Continental Congress -
What Did They Do???
Successes Failures
- Declared War Financing the War (blame it on
- Declared Independence the states)
- Advised States to Form
Governments
- Chose and Kept George
Washington
- Created Military
- Conducted Victorious War
- Created Diplomatic Corps
- Created Articles of
Confederation
 Chapter 4
The American Revolution
1765-1783

4.1 Causes of the Revolution

 < King George III

British Prime Minister,

George Grenville >

James Otis,
Boston Lawyer, Patriot >

< Samuel Adams,

Sons of Liberty, Patriot
 England’s New Empire
• Treaty of Paris 1763
– French are out, English territory is huge

– Trouble with Indians as settlers push west

– The Proclamation Line of 1763

• A need for colonial land policy
 Actions and Reactions
Key Question:
What caused the colonists to rebel against the
British?
Keep in Mind:
• Colonists’ political heritage
• Colonists’ reactions to new taxes
• Methods Colonists’ used to protest British taxes
• The significance of the first Continental
Congress
 Political Heritage
• British Government was the model for
colonists…in what ways?
– Colonists believed British government was
best in the world…many rights

– Yet, wealthy men controlled British and

colonial governments
Lord North, British Prime Minister, 1770:
“I can never acquiesce in the absurd
opinion that all men are created equal
 Political Heritage
• Important differences between British and
colonial governments:
– Formal documents (colonial) vs. collection of
accumulated laws (British)
– 2/3 of free colonial men qualified to vote vs.
<1/4 British men.
• “Virtual” representation
– Parliament expected obedience; Colonists
saw themselves as equal members of the
British political body – subject to elected
officials
 Compare and Contrast
British Government American
Colonial Government
King: Inherited executive power Governor: Appointed by and
served the king but paid by
colonial Legislature

Parliament Colonial Legislatures

Lords: Aristocrats with inherited Upper House or Council:
titles inherited legislative power - Appointed by governor
- Prominent colonists but w/out
Commons: inherited titles.
- Elected by men with lots of property Lower House or Assembly:
- < ¼ of men qualified to vote - Elected by men w/ property
- About 2/3 of men
qualified to vote

Colonists did not elect any

members of Parliament
 The End of Salutary Neglect
• HUGE war debts; should the colonists pay?? Grenville
and Parliament said yes…
• The Sugar Act of 1764 (external tax on imported
molasses)
• The Quartering Act of 1765 (provide housing and
supplies
• The Stamp Act of 1765 (internal tax on printed materials -
first DIRECT tax on colonists - repealed in 66)
 Taxation Without Representation
• Colonists’ Protests & Boycotts
– How did the Stamp Act threaten colonists’
prosperity and liberty?
• Financial burden
• Conspiracy to limit Americans’ access to written
documents
• No representation in Parliament
• Possibility of more taxes
– Why did colonists’ reaction puzzle
Parliament?
 Colonial Protests Intensify
Tax Resistance took three forms:
1. Intellectual Protest
– Pamphlets, resolutions, speeches and sermons
– Enlightenment Ideas (Locke, Montesquieu)
– What were the Virginia Resolves?
2. Economic Boycotts
– Stamp Act Congress 1765
– Nonimportation agreements Sons of Liberty
Daughters of Liberty
3. Violent Intimidation
Title: “Tarring and Feathering”

• Complete “Analyze Visuals”

Why is Grenville portrayed as the father of a dead child?

What is the significance of the ships and warehouses?

 Boston
Massacre
1770
 New Taxes Lead to Protests
• Townshend Acts 1767 (new – indirect- import duties on
numerous everyday items)

• Colonists’ Reaction? Revived protests, boycotts, street

violence. British exports fell.
– Largest riots occurred in Boston
– Dissolution of MA Legislature
– Liberty – seized for smuggling in 1768
– Occupation of Boston
– Boston Massacre 1770

• Parliament backed down… pulled soldiers, kept tea tax

Boston Tea Party 1773
New Taxes, New Laws, More Colonial Unity
• Tea Boycott
• Boston Tea Party 1773

• Coercive Acts of 1774 (aka “The Intolerable Acts”)

– Closed the port of Boston
– More quartering of troops
– British officials to be tried in Britain
– Interfered with local colonial government
– The Quebec Act 1774 – extending southern border of Canada

• First Continental Congress

 Patriots and Loyalists Disagree
• Key: most colonists supported the Continental
Congress and the boycott of British imports, but a
large minority preferred British rule…Loyalists
• Loyalists: “Champions of law and order”; fear of
disorder…doubted colonists could defeat the
British Empire
• About 1/5 of colonists remained loyal to Crown

• Loyalists Oppose Patriots’ Demands (taxes, oaths of

allegiance, militia drafts for new Patriots’ war, less
free speech)
• John Adams video clip:

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hFWZ9
25zK0A
 Compare and Contrast
British Government American Colonial Government

King: Inherited Governor:

executive power Appointed by and served
Parliament the king but paid by colonial
Lords: Aristocrats with inherited Legislature
Titles inherited legislative power Colonial Legislatures
Upper House or Council:
Commons: Elected by men with - Appointed by governor
lots of property; - Prominent colonists but w/out
< ¼ of men qualified inherited titles.
to vote Lower House or Assembly:
- Elected by men w/ property
- About 2/3 of men
qualified to vote
 Chapter 4

The American Revolution

1765 - 1783
4.2 Declaring Independence
 4.2 Declaring Independence
Key Question:
What events led the colonists to declare their independence
from Britain?

Understand:
• Why fighting broke out to begin the American Revolution and
the response of the Second Continental Congress
• How Loyalists viewed Patriots
• What was the impact of Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
• Why Congress declared independence and the ideas
underlying the Declaration of Independence
 War Begins
• Colonial stockpile of arms and ammunition in Concord –
preparing for war.

• General Thomas Gage (Gov. of MA) provoked battles

• Minutemen militia: full-time farmers, part-time soldiers,

quick to respond

• April 19, 1775: 700 British troops (Redcoats) meet 70

Patriots in Lexington, killing 8 Patriots

• From Concord to Lexington, hundreds of minutemen

harrass British troops; killed or wounded > 200
Redcoats. British retreat to Boston; the war has begun.
 B

Battles of Lexington and Concord

Battles of Lexington and Concord
 The Second Continental Congress
• May 1775: Colonial delegates assemble in Philadelphia
and Congress assumes responsibility for the war

• Commander in Chief of the new Continental Army:

George Washington

• Most colonists hoped to remain in British Empire but

w/out paying taxes to Parliament

• In July 1775 – after 3 months of war – “Olive Branch

Petition” affirming allegiance to King George III, not
Parliament. MORE TROOPS TO BOSTON!
 Patriots and Loyalists Disagree
• Key: most colonists supported the Continental
Congress and the boycott of British imports, but a
large minority preferred British rule…Loyalists
• Loyalists: “Champions of law and order”; fear of
disorder…doubted colonists could defeat the
British Empire
• About 1/5 of colonists remained loyal to Crown

• Loyalists Oppose Patriots’ Demands (taxes, oaths of

allegiance, militia drafts for new Patriots’ war, less
free speech)
 Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
January 1776: Common Sense - a short but
powerful book swung popular opinion in
favor of independence (150,000 copies sold)

Paine’s radical proposal:

• Independence from Britain
• Republican state governments
• A union of new states

Paine depicted the king, not Parliament, as the enemy of

American liberty; NO MORE TYRANNY! NO MORE ARISTOCRACY!

Common Sense appealed to the common people

Declaration of Independence
Declaration of Independence
• Second Continental Congress approves the
Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776

• Jefferson’s words borrowed from

Enlightenment ideas:
▪ All men are created equal
▪ Unalienable rights of Life, Liberty and the
pursuit of Happiness
▪ Government derives just powers from the
consent of the governed
▪ The right of the people to change or replace
any government that fails to protect rights
 Declaration of Independence
► Reasons for Independence are stated in the Declaration.
“Repeated injuries and usurpations”.

► Americans had demanded simple, existing rights as

British subjects.

► The King is a Tyrant, “unfit to be the ruler of a free

people”.

► Birth of a new nation of “Free and Independent

States”…united States of America…power to wage war,
establish alliances, and trade with other countries.
 Benjamin Franklin
After Congressional delegates signed the
Declaration of Independence, Franklin
said –

We must, indeed, all hang together, or

most assuredly, we shall all hang
separately.

What did he mean?

 Chapter 7
Nationalism and Sectionalism
1812-1855
7.1 Industry and Transportation
 The Transportation Revolution
• As of 1800 water provided the most efficient way
to move people and goods.

• Original 13 states and all major settlements were

situated near or around rivers, lakes and/or the
Atlantic

• Overland transportation was expensive, slow and

hazardous
 New Developments in Transportation

• Turnpikes = roads for which users pay a toll…most failed to make a

profit or increase speed transportation… not significant!
• Steamboat = first major advance in
transportation
– Fulton designed the first commercially successful
steamboat – the Clermont - (1807)
– Unlocked the potential of the Mississippi River Basin
– Easier (upstream!), faster (from 4 months to 20 days
to 6 days to go 1,440 miles!), less expensive !
 New Developments in Transportation
• Canals = a second transportation advance.
– U.S. canal network increased from 100 miles in 1816 to
3,300 miles in 1840…mostly in the Northeast

– Efficient water transportation connecting farms and cities

– Less expensive (from $100 to $4 to ship a ton of freight

from Buffalo to NYC on Hudson River!) More efficient!

– Erie Canal boosted value of Great Lakes farms (easier

access to eastern markets) and helped make New York
greatest commercial center of U.S.
The Erie Canal (1825)

Erie Canal
363 miles from
Lake Erie
to Hudson River
New Developments in Transportation
• Railroads = the most dramatic advance in
transportation (1820s in U.S.)
– First horse-pulled, then steam-powered on iron rails
– Compared to ships… Faster, easier
Stronger(carry more weight, scale hills)! Cheaper to
build! Spelled the end for canal boom.
_ American rail network increased from 13 miles of track
in 1830 to 31,000 by 1860
“I’m on the road to nowhere…”
 Industrial Revolution
• Developments in technology also transformed
manufacturing (machines made production
faster! cheaper!); Transformation = Industrial
Revolution

• Starts in Britain in 1700s…U.S. in 1793 (Slater)

• I.R. changed nation’s economy, culture, social

life, and politics
 (American) Industrial Revolution
• Samuel Slater built nation’s first
water-powered textile mill in 1793
(Pawtucket, Rhode Island)
– Produced one part of textile…cotton thread

– Utilized family system… entire families worked at

factories and lived in factory-owned villages
Samuel Slater
 Francis Cabot Lowell
• Lowell (and Boston Associates) develops
another industrial system in New
England…the (Lowell) Factory System.
– first mill was in Waltham, MA… Fully operational
mill in which all operations in the manufacture of
cloth occured
– They built more factories along the Merrimac
River…forming town of Lowell. Employees =
“Lowell girls”…housed and closely supervised
 Factory Work Changes Lives
• Growth of factories increased speed and
volume production and

• Changed lives by increasing pace of work and

dividing work into small tasks for separate
workers …requiring LESS SKILL and LESS
TRAINING
 Inventions
• New methods of production for industry and
agriculture
– Interchangeable Parts (Eli Whitney) – identical
components
– led to more efficient product of manufactured
goods…like the sewing machine, decreasing the
cost and time to make clothing
 Inventions
• Electric Telegraph (Samuel F.B. Morse, 1837)

FASTER!
 Inventions
• Agriculture remained the LARGEST industry in the
United States.
• American farms became more productive, raising
larger crops for the market (greater fertility of
Midwest farms, better methods for planting,
tending, and harvesting crops and for raising
livestock)
• After 1840…steel plow (John Deere) and the
mechanical reaper (Cyrus McCormick)
 Songs!
• Erie Canal:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HcNJ2RMOd3U
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Koj5yGigFNU

Bruce Springsteen
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Koj5yGigFNU

• Song of the Spinners:

http://vimeo.com/70889971