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Introduction to IoT with
Machine Learning and
Image Processing using
Raspberry Pi
Introduction to IoT with
Machine Learning and
Image Processing using
Raspberry Pi

Shrirang Ambaji Kulkarni

Varadraj P. Gurupur
Steven L. Fernandes
MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks
does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of
MATLAB® software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The
MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software.
First edition published 2020
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
© 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-54352-2 (Hardback)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-351-00666-8 (eBook)

Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and
publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their
use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material
reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this
form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and
let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.com
or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-
750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected]
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and
are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Contents

Authors, vii

CHAPTER 1 ■ Introduction 1

CHAPTER 2 ■ Raspberry Pi Unraveled 7

CHAPTER 3 ■ Python and Its Libraries for Machine Learning 19

CHAPTER 4 ■ Machine Learning 81

CHAPTER 5 ■ Introduction to Image Processing 125

BIBLIOGRAPHY, 151

INDEX, 153

v
Authors

Dr. Shrirang Ambaji Kulkarni is a prolific learner, author, and faculty

member with 18-plus years of experience in the field of Computer Science
and Engineering. He is currently working as an Associate Professor at
the National Institute of Engineering in the Department of Computer
Science and Engineering, Mysore, India.

Dr. Varadraj P. Gurupur is an distinguished faculty member and

researcher in the field of Health Informatics. He has authored many
research articles in reputed journals. He is currently working as an
Associate Professor at the University of Central Florida in the Department
of Health Informatics, Florida, USA.

Dr. Steven Lawrence Fernandes is a high-profile researcher in the field

of Image Processing. He is currently working as Post-Doctoral Fellow at
the University of Central Florida in the Department of Computer Science
and Engineering, Florida, USA.

vii
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction

I n the last three decades, technology has changed the way we live our
lives. This happens to be a universally accepted truth. In this book, we
attempt to illustrate the use of a new technology that has changed the
world of communication, computing and computing education. Interest-
ingly, the name of this technology coincides with that of a famous dessert
named Raspberry Pie. Raspberry Pi is a single board computer developed
in the United Kingdom. Incidentally, the organization that started this is
known as the Raspberry Pi Foundation. This was first launched in
the year 2012.
By the year 2015, Raspberry Pi had gained wide-scale popularity. One of
the key features of this technology was its size and adaptability. In some
strange ways, Raspberry Pi was the panacea the world of technology was
dreaming of. To build on this idea of a tiny computer, one must consider
the fact that more than a decade ago you would have computer programs
running on desktops wired to electromechanical systems that would use
them. The advent of the Raspberry Pi enables the community of technology
developers to innovate handheld devices than can encompass the power of
regular computers. Our intention in writing this book is twofold: a) we
want to provide a basic understanding of how a Raspberry Pi can be used
for simple applications, and b) we want to provide fundamental informa-
tion on how a Raspberry Pi can be used to advance innovations in machine
learning and image recognition.
While providing fundamental information on Raspberry Pi, we will
help students comprehend the necessary information required to develop

1
2 ■ IoT using Raspberry Pi

applications and devices. These devices and applications can have a wide
range of applications such as networking devices, using devices and
applications related to privacy and security, creating medical applications
and developing sensors. The authors believe that this range of applica-
tions will help the scientific community adapt Raspberry Pi for use in
some of their projects and thereby enhance its usability.
Additionally, the authors are attempting to present information on
how Raspberry Pi can successfully implement machine learning and
image processing. The information presented in this book will help the
community of researchers synthesize new scientific methods, algo-
rithms, devices and other forms of technology into a wide range of
application domains. The authors envision Raspberry Pi advancing the
development of science and technology across various user domains
such as medicine, security, communication, and the military. Last but
not least, it is our attempt to have this book used as study material for
courses teaching students about using Raspberry Pi. It is our under-
standing that Raspberry Pi can be used extensively in healthcare informa-
tion systems.
In this book, the authors present a transformative interdisciplinary
perspective of Raspberry Pi usage. This idea is based on the philosophy of
transformative transdisciplinary perspective presented by the founding
fathers of Society for Design and Process Science [1]. This philosophy is
based on bringing about a positive transformative change to one domain
by making changes or improvements in another. This philosophy is
applicable to Raspberry Pi because rapid improvements in Raspberry Pi
and its applicability will facilitate and create a rostrum for improvements
in all the domains in which this device can be used. One example will be
the implementation of machine learning algorithms that can aid image
processing. In this book, the authors have dwelled on some of the
fundamental programming concepts that are needed for image analysis
and machine learning. This is another very important reason this book is
needed for its targeted audience.
While we engage ourselves in recognizing the importance of the Rasp-
berry Pi, it is also important to note that Raspberry Pi has competitors or
alternatives available in the market. A brief summary of these alternatives is
listed in Table 1.1.
This book is divided into five chapters. The first chapter provides some
introductory material on Raspberry Pi and a brief introduction to the
 Introduction ■ 3

TABLE 1.1 A List of Raspberry Pi Alternatives Available as of 2019 [2]

Raspberry Pi Model Brief Description

Odroid XU4 Compatible with a few prominent versions of Linux operating

system and comparable to Raspberry Pi 3
UDOO Bolt Works well with desktop applications
ASUS Tinker Board Works with versions of Linux operating system and Chrome
LattePanda Alpha Unlike many alternatives; supports windows 10 and uses an
Intel Core M3 processor
Banana Pi M64 Works with a wider range of operating systems
RockPro 64 A powerful 64 bit CPU
BeagleBone Black Developed by Texas Instruments in collaboration with
Newark element 14
Libre Computer AML- Suitable for image processing
S905X-CC Le Potato
MinnowBoard Turbot Its small size and affordability make it a viable competitor for
the Raspberry Pi.
Odroid H2 Suitable for game streaming and video applications
Arduino Useful for applications involving robotics

authors. The second chapter explains different types of Raspberry Pis and
provides the reader with important information on the slots and other
necessary elements of the Raspberry Pi. An explanation on these elements
or parts is essential from a usability perspective. It also provides instruc-
tions on installing the operating system Raspbian [3] on Raspberry Pi.
Additionally, it provides some information on peripheral devices and the
ways in which they can be used with the Raspberry Pi.
The importance of using Raspbian dwells in the idea that installing and
using this operating system is a necessary step in the synthesis of systems
and applications. Raspbian is a freely available operating system for the
Raspberry Pi. It is important to note that Raspbian is not affiliated with the
Raspberry Pi Foundation. Raspbian is a community-funded development
effort as was the case in the early days of the Linux operating system.
Interestingly, Raspbian is a Linux distribution built with the Linux operating
system. Raspbian was first released in the year 2012.
The third chapter explains the elements of Python programming [4]
that are essential with respect to using Raspberry Pi. Here the authors
dwell on esoteric programming details that are needed for successful
Raspberry Pi application. These details include matrix operations, Cholesky
4 ■ IoT using Raspberry Pi

decomposition and modifying data frames. It is important to note that

data manipulation and analysis have become critical in today’s world of
artificial intelligence and big data. Raspberry Pi provides the much-
needed hardware for manipulating big data. The authors understand this
need and provide some basic information on the development of systems
for data manipulation using the Raspberry Pi. Chapter 3 contains neces-
sary program snippets with illustrations of expected outcomes. One of the
critical objectives of this illustration is to help the reader with machine
learning application development using the Raspberry Pi. These applica-
tions can be applied to smart phones, wearable devices, farming devices
and other IoT applications.
Chapter 4 dwells on details with respect to programming machine-
learning systems. The authors explore required approaches for splitting
data sets into test and training sets essential for machine learning algo-
rithm implementations. We use health informatics examples to explain
how machine learning can be implemented using the Raspberry Pi. This
chapter provides the reader with necessary information on synthesizing
expert systems, developing knowledge banks and performing knowledge
curation.
Machine learning implementation is explained with several examples,
programing snippets and figures associated with the outcome of their
implementation. Implementation of machine learning is important in
many domains including health informatics, where machine learning
has been extensively used to predict healthcare outcomes and diagnoses
and for genetics and bioinformatics. Machine learning and big data
analytics have been helpful in predicting the early onset of diseases.
Additionally, the possibility of the development of a disease or disorder
later in life can be predicted with the application of bioinformatics
based on the information derived from human genomes. The integra-
tion of Raspberry Pi into portable biomedical devices enhances the
possibility of computation.
Finally, chapter 5 deals with image processing using the Raspberry Pi.
Here the authors provide many program snippets and associated out-
puts, thereby delineating details that are necessary for the reader to use
the device to perform image-processing algorithms. In recent times, it
has been observed that image processing and machine learning associ-
ate well. Thus, the authors provide information on machine learning
and image processing in this book. With the advent of the Raspberry Pi,
 Introduction ■ 5

the size of the computational device for image processing is reduced

while at the same time it improved the available computability. This
aids the development and synthesis of real-time sensors in need of
advanced processing.
The authors have extensive experience in research and development
of science and technology. Dr. Shrirang Kulkarni has a Doctoral degree
in Computer Engineering; he started his career in research by exploring
and developing technologies for ad hoc wireless networks. He further
identified other areas of science and technology in which his fundamental
approaches could be used, thereby expanding on the transdisciplinary and
transformative nature of his research. He now works on research projects
that involve using the Raspberry Pi for developing machine learning
techniques for healthcare. Additionally, Dr. Kulkarni has written several
books that have attained national attention in India. It is also important
to mention that he has been involved in teaching engineering students
for the last 18 years.
Dr. Steven Fernandes is a well-accomplished researcher in the area of
Internet of Things (IoT), machine learning, image processing and the
design and development of intelligent systems. He has published more
than 40 articles in reputable journals. Additionally, he has served as
a guest editor for several special issues. Dr. Fernandes has been involved
in teaching engineering students in India and the United States for
about a decade.
Finally, Dr. Varadraj Prabhu Gurupur is currently serving as an
Associate Professor with the Department of Health Management and
Informatics at the University of Central Florida. Dr. Gurupur has more
than 100 publications, including a book, chapters, journal articles,
abstracts, conference papers and published reviews. He has worked on
several projects funded by agencies such as the National Science Foun-
dation and the National Institutes of Health. He has been actively
involved with the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers for
over a decade. Additionally, he has been honored with several national,
regional and state level awards in the United States for his accomplish-
ments in the area of Health Informatics. Dr. Gurupur received his
Master’s in Computer Science in the year 2005 and Doctor of Philoso-
phy in Computer engineering in 2010 from the University of Alabama
at Birmingham.
6 ■ IoT using Raspberry Pi

REFERENCES
[1] Society for Design and Process Science Official Website [Online]. Available:
www.sdpsnet.org/sdps/. Accessed: 09/24/2019.
[2] Electromaker [Online]. Available: www.electromaker.io/blog/article/10-
best-raspberry-pi-alternatives. Accessed: 09/24/2019.
[3] Raspbian [Online]. Available: www.raspbian.org/RaspbianImages
[4] S.A. Kulkarni, Problem Solving and Python Programming, YesDee Publish-
ers, Chennai, India, 2017.
 CHAPTER 2

Raspberry Pi Unraveled

2.0 RASPBERRY PI
Raspberry Pi is an Advanced RISC Machines (ARM)-processed, credit-
card sized computer. It was developed by the Raspberry Pi Foundation
in the United Kingdom (UK).

ARM stands for Advanced RISC Machines. The company specia-

lizes in building processors based on Reduced Instruction Set
Computers (RISC) architecture. RISC machines emphasize the
use of registers and smaller instructions and thus can achieve
higher speeds with the ability to execute millions of instructions
per second. The smaller size of ARM processors’ low power
consumption makes them most suitable for miniaturized devices
like the Raspberry Pi.
The latest model (Raspberry Pi 3 B+) uses 1.2 GHz ARM
Cortex – A53 Broadcom BCM 2837 Processor. The significant
difference is the quad-core ARM Cortex A53 (ARMv8) cluster,
which works at 1.2 GHz, making it 50% faster than the Raspberry
Pi 2 model.

2.1 TIMELINE OF RASPBERRY PI MODELS

A brief timeline of various base Raspberry Pi models released to date
follows.

7
8 ■ IoT using Raspberry Pi

Year: 2012 Year: 2013

Model: Raspberry Pi Model B Model: Raspberry Pi Model A
Size: 85.60 mm × 56.5 mm Size: 85.60 mm × 56.5 mm
CPU: ARM1176JZF-S; 32 bit CPU: ARM1176JZF-S 32 bit
GPU: Broadcom VideoCore IV @ 250 MHz GPU: Broadcom VideoCore IV @ 250 MHz
Speed: 700Mhz Single-Core CPU Speed: 700Mhz Single-Core CPU
RAM: 512MB RAM RAM: 256 MB RAM

Year: 2014 Year: 2015

Model: Raspberry Pi Compute model Model: Raspberry Pi Zero
Size: 67.6 mm × 30 mm Size: 65 mm × 30 mm × 5 mm
CPU: ARM1176JZF-S 32 bit CPU: ARM1176JZF-S 32 bit
GPU: Broadcom VideoCore IV @ 250 MHz GPU: Broadcom VideoCore IV @ 250 MHz
Speed: 700Mhz Single-Core CPU Speed: 1 GHz Single-Core CPU
RAM: 512 MB RAM RAM: 512 MB RAM

Latest Raspberry Pi Model

Year: 2018
Model: Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+
Size: 85mm x 56mm x 17mm.
CPU: Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit
GPU: Dual Core VideoCore IV GPU@400 MHz
Speed: 1.4GHz 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex A53 CPU
RAM: 1GB RAM

2.2 COMPONENTS OF A RASPBERRY PI MODEL 3

A brief component layout of Raspberry Pi Model 3 is illustrated in Figure 2.1.
The model we considered in this book is Raspberry Pi 3 V 1.2

2.2.1 General Purpose Input-Output Pins (GPIO) Pins

There are 40 general purpose input-output pins (GPIO) pins on the
Raspberry Pi board as illustrated in Figure 2.2. These pins help the
Raspberry Pi connect to the real world. With the help of these pins,
the Raspberry Pi can help you control physical devices like motors,
extension boards and LEDs.
The pins on the left side of the board are numbered using odd numbers
from 1 to 39; the right side uses even numbers from 2 to 40. The GPIO
pins are numbered in two nomenclatures. One is the GPIO numbering
 Raspberry Pi Unraveled ■ 9

FIGURE 2.1 Raspberry Pi Model 3.

FIGURE 2.2 GPIO Pins.

and the other is the physical numbering. The GPIO numbering refers to
the Broadcom numbering on System on Chip, whereas the physical
numbering refers to the 40 pins specified on the Raspberry Pi Board.

2.2.2 Broadcom BCM283 7 64bit ARMv7 Quad Core Processor

At the center of the Raspberry Pi is an ARMv7 Quad Core Processor
with 1GB of RAM, which works at 1.2 GHz. The miniature size of the
processor is noticeable. The Quad-Core nature of the processor at the
rate of 1.2 Ghz makes it 50% faster than the Raspberry Pi 2. Coupled
10 ■ IoT using Raspberry Pi

with GPU, the Raspberry Pi can work wonders in number-crunching

situations.

2.2.3 Micro USB Slot

The Micro USB power connector supplies power to the Raspberry Pi
board. This is illustrated in Figure 2.3.
The Raspberry Pi board is powered by 5v DC supply. To turn the
Raspberry Pi on/off you need to turn this power supply on/off.

2.2.4 High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) Port

The Raspberry Pi provides a high definition multimedia interface
(HDMI) output port. This is illustrated in Figure 2.4.
The HDMI port allows the Raspberry Pi to connect to a monitor. For
monitors that support only o video graphics array (VGA) you need an
HDMI to VGA connector cable. With the support from GPU, the
Raspberry Pi can support 1080p video and that could be truly outputted
from an HDMI port.

2.2.5 Audio Jack

For listening to sound, the Raspberry Pi provides a 3.5 mm audio jack. This
is illustrated in Figure 2.5. You can plug earphones into this audio jack.

FIGURE 2.3 Micro USB Slot.

 Raspberry Pi Unraveled ■ 11

FIGURE 2.4 HDMI Port.

FIGURE 2.5 Audio Jack/Port.

12 ■ IoT using Raspberry Pi

2.2.6 Universal Serial Bus (USB) Ports

The Raspberry Pi 3 model provides four universal serial bus (USB)
ports. This is illustrated in Figure 2.6.
The USB ports allow for the connection of a mouse and a keyboard.
However, connecting devices indirectly to the Raspberry Pi through a
USB hub minimizes the power drawn.

2.2.7 Ethernet Socket

The Raspberry Pi provides an Ethernet socket. This is illustrated in Figure 2.7.
The Ethernet cable, with its RJ-45 connector, allows a router to be
connected to the Raspberry Pi. Thus, a router with dynamic host
configuration protocol will allow your Raspberry Pi to connect to the
Internet. However, Raspberry Pi also supports built-in Wi-Fi and Blue-
tooth connectivity.

2.2.8 Micro-SD Card Slot

Raspberry Pi provides an onboard micro-SD card slot. This is illustrated
in Figure 2.8.

FIGURE 2.6 USB Ports.

 Raspberry Pi Unraveled ■ 13

FIGURE 2.7 Ethernet Port.

FIGURE 2.8 SD Card Port.

14 ■ IoT using Raspberry Pi

For the Raspberry to boot through its operating system, it needs

the operating system to reside on the SD card. This is essential, as
Raspberry Pi does not have a hard-drive like in a laptop or desktop.

2.3 RASPBIAN OPERATING SYSTEM

The soul of a computer system is its operating system. The preferred
operating system for Raspberry Pi is Raspbian. Raspbian is based on
Debian, which is a Linux-based operating system highly customized for
Raspberry Pi hardware. The popular versions of Raspberry Pi are Wheezy,
which is based on Debian 7, Jessie, which is based on Debian 8, and Stretch,
based on Debian 9. The operating system considered in this book is Jessie.
The Jessie version of Raspberry Pi focused on making the desktop
more comfortable for end users. The LibreOffice suite was included in
the Jessie version. This helps users write documents, prepare PowerPoints
and work with Excel spreadsheets and databases. All of these are compa-
tible with Microsoft Windows. The Jessie version comes bundled with
BlueJ, a Java development environment for beginners, and Scratch, a
programming language for beginners. The graphical user interface pro-
vided for Raspbian is the Lightweight Desktop Environment or LXDE.

2.3.1 Operating Systems Available for Raspberry Pi

Let us discuss some of the operating systems available for Raspberry Pi,
shown in Table 2.1.

2.4 TO CONNECT RASPBERRY PI 3 TO MONITOR

Step 1: Connect a monitor to Raspberry Pi via HDMI and a keyboard
and mouse via a USB.
Step 2: Install an Operating System.
Step 2.1: Use new out-of-box software (NOOBs) available at
(https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/).
Step 2.2: Extract the NOOBs downloaded.
Step 2.3: The downloaded NOOBS file must be copied into a
formatted SD card. (SDHC card >2GB and ≤ = 32 GB
follows FAT 32). NOOBs will install Raspbian on the SD
card at the initial boot.
 Raspberry Pi Unraveled ■ 15

TABLE 2.1 Operating System supporting Raspberry Pi

Raspbian
• Raspberry Pi Foundation recommended OS
• A very user friendly desktop environment
• Comes with a lot of pre-installed software
LibreELEC
• Designed to support Kodi-powered media center
• Can be paired with the KODI Remote App
• Can build a small home theater
Windows 10 IoT Core
• Provides integration with Visual Studio
• Supports both ARM and X86 architectures
• Supports development of connected devices
RISC OS
• Performance is key and is emphasized by the designers
• Comes with an archived file, which is unto 4MB, a very small size
• Provides better drag-and-drop options

Step 3: raspi-config
$ sudo raspi-config

You will see the following screen (Figure 2.9). Choose the interfacing options.

FIGURE 2.9 Choosing Interfacing Options.

16 ■ IoT using Raspberry Pi

Press Enter to move into an option and arrow keys to move up/down.
Tab to select the options like <finish>.

Step 3.1: Change the user password. The default login is pi and
password is raspberry.
Step 3.2: Enable boot to Desktop.
Step 3.3: Internationalization options
Step 3.3.1: Change-locale: select a language.
Step 3.3.2: Change time zone.
Step 3.3.3: Change keyboard layout. QWERTY is the
default.

Post successful configuration; the Raspberry Pi environment will look as

shown in Figure 2.10.

FIGURE 2.10 Raspberry Pi Desktop.

 Raspberry Pi Unraveled ■ 17

2.5 APPLICATIONS OF IOT

According to Gartner[1], by 2020 there will be around 2.6 billion
connected devices. This clearly indicates a potential host of
applications.

1. Smart Home: The Smart Home is the most potent application for
IoT. You can control air conditioners, refrigerators, microwave
ovens, lighting and entertainment systems through IoT-based con-
trol systems.
2. Wearable devices: Monitoring human health parameters like heart-
beat, blood pressure and other vitals is possible through wearable
IoT devices. The constraint on these devices is that they must be
small and energy efficient.
3. Farming: Farmers are at times challenged to monitor crops and
livestock at remote farm areas. Now this is possible through IoT.
Also, detecting diseases of crops and water usage can be controlled
through IoT devices.
4. Industrial IoT: It has been now realized that IoT has a host of
applications across different industries like manufacturing, oil and
gas and energy. IoT helps industries in the automation and optimi-
zation of resources.

EXERCISES
1. Show how to make a headless Raspberry Pi installation.
2. Explain why Secure Shell (SSH) is disabled from Raspberry Pi 3
onwards.
3. What type of file system is preferred on the SD card used for
uploading the Raspberry Pi operating system?
4. Discuss the various operating systems available for Raspberry Pi
along with their advantages and disadvantages.
18 ■ IoT using Raspberry Pi

5. Write a note on the most recent industrial applications of Raspberry

Pi as Industrial IoT.

REFERENCE
[1] Gartner, https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2019-08-
29-gartner-says-5-8-billion-enterprise-and-automotive-io, 2019.
 CHAPTER 3

Python and Its Libraries

for Machine Learning

3.1 INTRODUCTION
Python is one of the most popular languages for Machine Learning. One
of the dominant reasons for the popularity of Python is its rich support
of libraries (see Table 3.1).

TABLE 3.1 Libraries for Python

Python Library Usage

NumPy Mathematical applications

SciPy Scientifics Computing
Pandas Data Analysis
Matplotib Data Visualization
Scikit-learn Machine Learning

3.2 PYTHON
3.2.1 What Is Python?
• Python was proposed by Guido van Rossum in the late 1980s.
• It is a simple but powerful high-level programming language.
• It supports procedural and object-oriented concepts.
• Python code is interpreted rather than compiled.

19
20 ■ IoT using Raspberry Pi

3.3 A TYPICAL PYTHON PROGRAM

FIGURE 3.1 A Typical Python Program.

FIGURE 3.2 Output of a Typical Python Program.

 Python and Its Libraries for Machine Learning ■ 21

Thus, we now see a typical Python program, which computes the

square root of every element of a given matrix. A Python program typically
begins with an import statement. The import statement includes Python
modules that provide a programmer with various library functions. In
the mentioned program we have used library functions like map(),
split() and sqrt(). Python follows strict rules for code indentation.
The inner for loop is indented a few more spaces than the outer for
loop is.

3.4 PYTHON KEYWORDS

Keywords are reserved words and cannot be used as names for identi-
fiers or programmer-defined variables. The keywords are listed in the
keyword module and can be printed as seen in Figure 3.3.

FIGURE 3.3 Python Code to Display Keyword List.

3.5 PYTHON VARIABLE

• A python variable must begin with a letter (a – z, A – B) or
underscore (_) followed by letters, numbers or underscore.
• Python variables are case sensitive.

mean valid variable

1_mean invalid variable
mean_new@ invalid variable
_new_mean valid variable
22 ■ IoT using Raspberry Pi

3.6 COMMENTS IN PYTHON

Python provides two types of comments. This is as shown as comments.
py in Figure 3.4.

FIGURE 3.4 Python Program to Demonstrate Comments.

FIGURE 3.5 Output of comments.py.

In Figure 3.5, we observe that comments are ignored by the Python

interpreter.

3.7 PYTHON DATA TYPES

Variables in Python are typeless. Python supports dynamic typing, and
the variable type is decided at runtime Python data types can be
categorized as shown in Table 3.2.
 Python and Its Libraries for Machine Learning ■ 23

TABLE 3.2 Python data types

Python Data Types

Numeric int
long
float
complex
bool
Sequence str
list
tuple
Sets set
frozen set
Mapping dict

To determine the data type of the variable use the type() function in
Python. Python program: datatype.py as illustrated in Figure 3.6.

FIGURE 3.6 Python Program to Demonstrate Different Data Types.

24 ■ IoT using Raspberry Pi

FIGURE 3.7 Output of datatype.py.

3.8 PYTHON OPERATOR PRECEDENCE

The Python operator and precedence are given in Table 3.3.

TABLE 3.3 Python Operator Precedence and Associativity

Operator Highest Associativity
** Right-to-left
~+− Left-to-right
* / % // Left-to-right
+− Left-to-right
>> << Left-to-right
& Left-to-right
^| Left-to-right
<= < > >= Left-to-right
<> == != Left-to-right
= %= /= //= −= += *= **= Right-to-left
is is not Left-to-right
In not in Left-to-right
not or and Lowest Left-to-right
 Python and Its Libraries for Machine Learning ■ 25

3.8.1 Evaluate the Following Python Expression

2 + 3 * 4//5 − 17
Step 1: (3*4) = 12
Step 2: 12//5 = 2 (Integer division)
Step 3: 2 + 2 = 4
Step 4: 4−17 = −13
Ans = −13

3.8.2 Evaluate the Following Python Expression

2**3+4//7−6*9
Step 1: (2**3) = 8
Step 2: 4//7 = 0 (Integer division)
Step 3: 6 * 9 = 54
Step 4: 8 + 0 = 8
Step 5: 8−54 = −46
Ans = − 46

3.9 CONDITIONAL CONSTRUCTS IN PYTHON

Conditional constructs are used in Python to take action based on certain
conditions. The conditions can involve comparison expressions or arith-
metic expressions, and their outcome is either True or False.
Structure of IF-ELSE Statement in Python
if condition1:
statement 1
elif condition2:
statement 2
else:
statement 3
26 ■ IoT using Raspberry Pi

Example: Consider the following description

0–1: baby
1–2: toddler
2–12: child
13–17: teenager (14 = early teens)
18 +: adult
Python program:if_elif_stmt.py is illustrated in Figure 3.8.

FIGURE 3.8 Python Program to Demonstrate if elif Statements.

FIGURE 3.9 Output of Python Program if_elif_stmt.py.

 Python and Its Libraries for Machine Learning ■ 27

3.10 TERNARY OPERATOR IN PYTHON

The syntax for Python’s ternary operator is as follows.
a if test else b

FIGURE 3.10 Python Program to Demonstrate Use of Ternary Operator.

FIGURE 3.11 Output of Python Program to Demonstrate Ternary Operator.

3.11 LOOPING CONSTRUCTS IN PYTHON

At times when certain statements are to be executed repeatedly, loops
are useful. Thus, the statements are executed continuously until some
conditions are met.

3.11.1 While Loop

A while loop is an entry-controlled loop. Thus, the loop is entered only if
the entry condition is satisfied. There may be a counter that keeps count
of the number of time the loop is executed and finally when a certain
threshold is reached, the loop terminates. The syntax is as follows
28 ■ IoT using Raspberry Pi

while expression:
statement
The while loop iterates as long as the condition is True. The Statement
can be a single statement or block of statements.
Example: Python program while_loop.py as seen in Figure 3.12.

FIGURE 3.12 Python Program to Demonstrate while loop.

FIGURE 3.13 Output of while_loop.py.

3.11.2 For Loop

The for loop in Python iterates over a given range of values. The syntax
of the for loop is as follows
for item in sequence:
print item
Example: Python program – for_loop.py as illustrated in Figure 3.14.
 Python and Its Libraries for Machine Learning ■ 29

FIGURE 3.14 Python Program to Demonstrate for_loop.py.

FIGURE 3.15 Output of Python Program for_loop.py.

To perform a similar iteration using the for loop in the reverse

manner, consider the program for_loop_reverse.py.

FIGURE 3.16 Python Program to Demonstrate for loop in the Reverse Manner.
30 ■ IoT using Raspberry Pi

FIGURE 3.17 Output of Python Program for_loop_reverse.py.

3.11.3 Else in Combination with While and For Loop

The else condition with while loop activates when the while entry condition
become False. For example, consider the Python program illustrated in
Figure 3.18.

FIGURE 3.18 Python Program to Demonstrate else in Combination with

while loop.
 Python and Its Libraries for Machine Learning ■ 31

FIGURE 3.19 Output of Python Program for else with while loop.
The else statement is clubbed with the for loop in the case in which the
for loop has been exhausted by iterating with all elements in the sequence.
For example, consider the Python program illustrated in Figure 3.20.

FIGURE 3.20 Python Program to Demonstrate else in Combination with for loop.

FIGURE 3.21 Output of Python Program for Else with for loop.
32 ■ IoT using Raspberry Pi

3.12 STRINGS IN PYTHON

Strings are contiguous set of characters enclosed by double quotes in
Python.
Example: “Hello”
“Raju”
The concatenation of two strings is performed with the “+” operator.
Example a = “Good” and b = “Morning”. Then a+ b will give Good Morning.
The operator “in” returns True if the given character is in the string.
The operator “not in” returns True if the given character is not in the
given string. Example G in Good returns True and G not in Morning
returns True.

3.12.1 String Built-in Methods

Following are some of the commonly used string methods

a. len(string) returns the length of the string.

Example: len(“morning”)
Output: 7
b. lower() converts uppercase letters into lowercase.
Example: str= “HELLO”
print str.lower()
Output: hello
c. find() finds whether the string is there in a string or in a substring
of the string.
find(sub, start = 0, end = len(string))
Example: str= “morning”
str.find("r",0,len(str))
Output: 2
d. replace() replaces the old string with a new string and returns the
updated string.
replace(old, new, max_occurrence)
Example: str="Good Morning"
str.replace("Morning", "Evening",1)
Output: 'Good Evening'
 Python and Its Libraries for Machine Learning ■ 33

e. split() method provides a way to split a string into small substrings

separated by a delimiter. The output is a list.
Example: str="Winning is everything"
str.split()
Output: ['Winning', 'is', 'everything']

3.13 LIST IN PYTHON

A list is comma-delimited values enclosed in square brackets. Example
lst = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']. The Python program list_op.py illustrates in Figure
3.22 an example of list.

FIGURE 3.22 Python Program to Demonstrate an Example of list.

FIGURE 3.23 Output of Python Program list_op.py.

3.13.1 List Methods

• len(list) gives the length of the list.
lst=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
34 ■ IoT using Raspberry Pi

len(lst)
Output: 4
• list.reverse() reverses the elements of the list.
lst=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
lst.reverse()
lst=['d', 'c', 'b', 'a']
• list.sort() sorts the elements of the list in ascending order.
lst=['d', 'c', 'b', 'a']
lst.sort()
lst= ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']

3.14 TUPLES IN PYTHON

Tuples are sequences similar to lists except that they are immutable
(i.e., they cannot be changed and they use parentheses). Example tup=
('a', 'b', 'c', 'd')

• len(tuple) gives the length of the tuple.

tup=('a', 'b', 'c', 'd')
len(tup)
4
• max(tuple) returns the max value in a tuple.
tup=(1,2,3,4)
max(tup)
4
• min(tuple) returns the min value of the tuple.
tup=(1,2,3,4)
min(tup)
1

3.15 DICTIONARIES IN PYTHON

Dictionaries are key value pairs separated by “:” and enclosed in curly
braces. Example dict ={'a': 'apple', 'b': 'ball', 'c': 'cat', 'd': 'dog', 'e': 'elephant'}
 Python and Its Libraries for Machine Learning ■ 35

3.15.1 Methods on Dictionaries

• dict.items() returns dictionary as key/value pairs.
print dict.items()
[('a', 'apple'), ('c', 'cat'), ('b', 'ball'), ('e', 'elephant'), ('d', 'dog')]
• dict.keys() returns the dictionary’s keys only.
print dict.keys()
['a', 'c', 'b', 'e', 'd']
• dict.values() returns the dictionary’s values only.
print dict.values()
['apple', 'cat', 'ball', 'elephant', 'dog']

3.16 PYTHON FUNCTIONS

A user-defined function in Python is defined with the def keyword.
A function can accept parameters and return a value.

FIGURE 3.24 Python Program to Demonstrate a Function That Can Accept and
Return a Value.

FIGURE 3.25 Output of Python Function Program.

36 ■ IoT using Raspberry Pi

3.17 NUMPY INTRODUCTION

NumPy is an abbreviation that stands for numerical python. It is a
fundamental python package useful for performing data analysis and
supporting machine-learning algorithms. As datasets for machine learning
algorithms come from a variety of sources and follow different formats, it
becomes quite challenging to process the same. These datasets may include
images, text or sound clips. These data sources for processing are visualized
as numerical arrays. Thus, NumPy as a python package supports huge
capabilities for array processing. NumPy also provides the following
functionalities:

• ndarray, which supports high-dimensional arrays with superior

performance capabilities.
• Mathematical functions to support operations on entire arrays as
a single unit.

It provides support for linear algebra operations and allows Python code
to interact with C and C++.
How to use NumPy
The convention is to use NumPy with the command as illustrated in
Figure 3.26.

FIGURE 3.26 Usage of NumPy module.

If you see the above screen, the execution of import numpy as np

resulted in the interpreter prompt ⋙; this means that the NumPy
package is installed correctly.
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 I took his advice, accepting at the same time the somewhat
battered silver flask which Bobby lugged out hastily from an inside
pocket. It was full of neat brandy, and, having gulped down a
generous mouthful, I proceeded to give them a compressed but
faithful description of the evening's entertainment. The whole recital
only occupied a short while, for in spite of its amazing nature neither
of them attempted to interrupt me.

"So you see what comes of not keeping your appointments,

Robert," I finished. "The diamonds have gone; here am I with a
cracked collar-bone, and——"

A sudden sound attracted our attention, and we all three turned

round abruptly. Christine was standing at the head of the staircase,
with her hand on the banister. Dressed in an old sailing jersey of
mine, with a pair of white flannel trousers rolled up over her bare
feet and ankles, she presented such a delightfully unexpected
picture that for perhaps a couple of seconds none of us moved or
spoke.

"Let me introduce you," I said. "Christine, this is Bobby, and this

is Inspector Campbell. I have just been telling them how you saved
my life."

She came down the staircase, and with a simultaneous movement

both my companions started forward to meet her. Bobby, however,
arrived first.

"Put it there," he exclaimed, burying her slender hand in his huge

brown fist. "I told Jack he'd got a prize-packet, and, by God! it's the
truth."

Campbell's greeting was a shade more formal

"You're a very gallant young lady, miss, and I'm proud and
honoured to make your acquaintance."
 With shining eyes Christine looked from one to the other of them.

"I knew that you wouldn't fail us," she said. Then, coming
towards me, she added eagerly: "But what are we waiting for? Why
don't we start at once?"

I got up from my chair.

"Christine's right," I cried. "How about your launch, Bobby? Has

anything gone wrong with her?"

"Gone wrong with her!" he echoed indignantly. "Of course it

hasn't."

"Then why were you late?" I demanded.

"I was kept for an hour at that cursed office. There was some
Admiralty business that had to be attended to."

Christine turned to him, her face alight with excitement.

"We have still time." she said. "If we can catch them up before
they get to Holland——"

She was interrupted by Campbell.

"She's talking sense, the young lady," he exclaimed. "They can't

be very far ahead of us, and there's twenty thousand pounds reward
if we get the stones."

"It's my uncle's life I'm thinking of," declared Christine

passionately.

Campbell made an obvious effort to appear sympathetic.

"Never fear, miss," he rejoined. "We'll bring him back to you and
the diamonds as well."
 "I am coming too," said Christine quietly.

The Inspector stared at her in dismay.

"But, my dear young lady——" he began.

"You may as well save your breath, Campbell," I remarked. "If

three hundred yards of water can't stop Miss de Roda——"

"Why the blazes shouldn't she come?" demanded Bobby

indignantly. "She's got more pluck and grit than all the rest of us put
together."

"Have it your own way," returned Campbell. "I'm thinking there'll

be some bloody work before we get the bracelets on Dr. Manning,
but if you choose to run the risk—" He broke off with a shrug of his
shoulders, and Bobby stepped forward, glancing down at Christine's
bare feet.

"Haven't you got any shoes?" he asked. "You can't go through the
shrubbery like that."

"Yes, I can," she replied. "I've done it already."

"Well, I'm hanged if you'll do it again," he retorted. "You're all cut

about and bleeding as it is. You hop up on my back like a sensible
girl."

He stooped down, and, without making any fuss or protest,

Christine at once accepted the proffered lift.

Campbell's grim eyes watched her appreciatively.

"You stick close to me, Commander," he said. "I'll go ahead of you

with the light, and then you can see where you're putting your feet.
I wouldn't have you drop that lass, not for a twenty pound note."
 He produced an electric torch from his pocket, and switching on
the current, led the way out into the garden. Bobby followed, with
Christine on his back, and, just waiting to close the door, I hurried
after them and ranged myself alongside of Campbell.

There was very little mist left, and the moon, although
occasionally obscured by clouds, was now shining brightly. We
passed through the iron gate and entered the shrubbery, where I
showed them the broken wire which had been the cause of my
downfall. Then, step by step, we moved cautiously forward along the
winding path, until a glimmer of light in front of us showed that the
trees were coming to an end.

As we emerged on to the saltings Christine slipped lightly to her

feet.

We could see the launch lying out in the tideway, and a dark
figure, silhouetted sharply against the water, standing on guard over
a small dinghy.

"There's Jenkins!" said Bobby, in a relieved whisper.

At the sound of his voice the sailor wheeled round quickly; and
then, seeing us advancing across the grass, drew himself up to the
salute.

"Anything happened?" enquired Bobby.

"All quiet, sir," came the curt answer.

"In you get," continued Bobby, motioning us towards the dinghy.

He turned to Jenkins, who was moving away to unhitch the

painter.

"We've got to catch that launch, Jenkins," he said, "the one we

saw coming out from the opposite shore. She's making for
Rotterdam, and no matter if we break the blasted engines we're
going to overhaul her before she gets there."

"Very good, sir," returned Jenkins indifferently.

He waited until we had scrambled in, and then, unfastening the

rope, took his place at the oars. Two or three strokes brought us
alongside, where Bobby held the boat steady while we clambered on
board over the low iron railing.

I shepherded Christine and Campbell to the cockpit, and, leaving

them there, lent what assistance I could to the others in the task of
getting under way.

Within five minutes of our feet touching the deck the anchor was
hauled in, and we were heading out into the open estuary, with the
black water rippling past our stern.

Bobby, who had taken the wheel, signalled to me to come aft.

"You'll find a pair of night glasses in the cabin," he observed.

"You'd better go up into the bows and keep a look-out."

I nodded. "If you've got such a thing as a spare gun," I said, "I'll
borrow that too."

"There are a couple of Webleys about somewhere," he replied.

"Ask Jenkins for them and give the other one to Campbell."

I dropped down the narrow hatch, and, having discovered the

glasses, made my way forward to where Jenkins was busy with the
engines. He left them for a moment, to reappear with a brace of
useful-looking revolvers, and thus equipped I crawled back to the
cockpit.

I found Christine and the Inspector sitting side by side, apparently

on the most friendly terms.
 "Here you are, Campbell," I said, offering him his choice. "I
promised you a bit of shooting, and the odds are that you'll get it."

With a significant gesture the detective tapped his hip.

"Not for me, thank you," he replied. "If Dr. Manning wants to
argue I've got an old friend here who'll do all the talking that's
necessary."

Christine stretched out her hand.

"I'll take the other one," she announced.

Campbell made an attempt to interfere, but he was too late to be

effective.

"You needn't worry about me," said Christine reassuringly. "I

know how to use a revolver."

"I'm not surprised to hear it, miss," was the answer. "All the
same, if it comes to a shooting match, the proper place for you is in
the cabin."

"He's right, Christine," I added. "For heaven's sake keep under

cover when we run alongside."

She looked up at me eagerly.

"You think we shall catch them, then?"

"Of course we shall," I answered. "It's not likely that they can do
more than twenty, and Bobby can knock nearly forty out of this old
jigger." I squeezed her hand comfortingly in the darkness.

"I'm going up forward now to keep a look-out for them," I

continued. "As soon as you hear me let off a yell you'll know that
they're in sight."
 With surprising tact Campbell turned away his head, and, having
taken full advantage of the opportunity, I swung myself up on to the
deck and started off in the direction of the bows.

We were now racing through the water at a tremendous speed,

the whole frail shell quivering and rocking beneath the powerful beat
of the engine. On either side a great rolling wave curved away from
the ship's stern, and behind us a broad wake of white foam gleamed
and tossed in the fitful light of the moon.

I crept forward to the end of the deck, and, crouching down in

the angle of the railing, stared long and steadily through my glasses.

As there was no sign of our quarry it was clear that she was
already round the point. Manning had doubtless seen Bobby's launch
returning up the estuary and had wasted no time in getting away
from "The Laurels" directly he had discovered Christine's flight. At
the lowest computation he must now be at least six miles ahead of
us. Provided the moonlight held, however, he would still be in sight
by the time he reached the bar, and I glanced anxiously at heavy
masses of cloud which were gathering ominously from the south-
east.

On we went, the water becoming rougher every minute as we

forced our way into the trough of the incoming tide.

Bit by bit the coast opened out on our right, until at last we were
almost opposite the big clump of trees which marks the extreme end
of the southern shore.

Clutching the rail to steady myself, I once more raised my glasses.

Then, in a lather of spray and foam, we suddenly shot out into full
view of the sea, and at the same moment a wild, involuntary shout
broke from my lips.

There, not half a mile ahead of us, was the launch. She was lying
broadside on under the full light of the moon, and one glance was
sufficient to show me she had broken down. Even at that distance I
could make out two figures working frantically at the engines and
another huddled shape in the bows.

"We've got 'em!" roared Bobby, above the throb of the pistons.

He spun over the wheel, and, swinging round like a greyhound on

the trail, we leaped seaward straight for our helpless prey.

I found Campbell standing beside me, a revolver gripped in his

hand.

"If there's any sign of trouble," he said quietly, "shoot at once.

You keep your eye on Craill and I'll look after Manning."

I had rather it had been the other way on, but there was no time
for arguing.

Even as he spoke I saw Manning fling down his useless spanner,

and, wiping his hands coolly with a piece of cotton waste, step up
into the stern. Craill followed, his evil, scowling face in strange
contrast to the smiling calm of the other.

Slackening speed at just the right moment, Bobby brought us

alongside with masterly precision.

Campbell leaned forward, his eyes fixed grimly on the pair of

them.

"It's no use, doctor," he said, "your luck's out this time."

With a ghastly sound, half-way between a sob and a scream, the

gaunt figure of de Roda rose suddenly from the deck. A torrent of
Spanish curses burst from his throat, and, dropping the bag of
diamonds which he was still holding, he staggered to the side,
shaking his fists at us in a frenzy of maniacal rage.
 I heard a low cry of anguish beside me, and, as I half turned
round, I saw Manning and Craill whip out their revolvers.

I think we must all have fired simultaneously. The only thing I

actually remember is a blinding crash in my head as I pitched
forward against the rails.

*****

For a little while I thought that I was still dreaming. Then the low
murmur of voices became so persistent that at last, with a
tremendous effort, I managed to open my eyes.

"What's that?" I demanded.

There was the scrape of a chair, and the next moment Bobby and
Christine were standing beside the bed.

"It's all right, old lad," said the former soothingly. "We're both
here."

I looked up in bewilderment. I had a vague feeling that I was

back in my cabin on the Neptune and that somehow or other Bobby
ought to be Ross.

"Some blighter pushed me into the dock," I said irritably.

Then, with the same startling abruptness as before, a wave of

memory surged through my aching brain.

"Good Lord!" I cried, starting up. "Where am I? What's

happened?"

Christine sat down beside me, and very tenderly took my hand in
hers.

"You are back on the island, dear, in your own room. There's
nothing to be anxious about or worried over. It's all finished, and we
are just here together—you and I and Bobby."

I let my head sink back on the pillows.

"I remember now," I said. "I stopped a bullet, didn't I? I've a sort
of recollection of seeing a lot of stars, and after that everything's a
blank."

Bobby seated himself on the other side of my couch.

"This is splendid," he remarked. "You'll be asking for a whisky and

soda before we know where we are."

Christine leaned forward and rearranged the pillows.

"Tell me," she whispered, "is your head hurting you very much?"

I put my hand to my forehead and found it encircled by a wet

bandage.

"It's aching a bit," I admitted. "What's the damage? Anything

serious?"

"Well, it was rather a close shave," said Bobby drily. "Manning's

bullet ripped along the side of your skull and knocked you out as
clean as a whistle. A devilish good shot—under the circumstances."

There was a moment's pause.

"Go on, Robert," I said, "you're just getting interesting."

Christine made a faint movement of protest.

"The doctor will be here in a minute. Hadn't we better wait?"

"No, no," I protested. "I must hear what happened."

She glanced across at Bobby.

 "Very well, then," she said quietly, "you tell him."

"I don't know if Manning saw you fall," continued Bobby, "but if so
it was the last thing he did see on this earth. We all fired directly he
raised his hand. He got three bullets, one from Christine, one from
Campbell, and one from me. It will be a very interesting point as to
which of us killed him."

"And Craill?" I asked.

"You laid Craill out all right. At the present moment he's in the
Pen Mill Police Station nursing a sick elbow."

For an instant I hesitated. Christine must have guessed my

unspoken question, for when I looked up at her her eyes were wet
with tears.

"We found my uncle lying dead on the deck," she whispered. "Dr.
Ross had always told me that any great shock or excitement——"

Her voice faltered, and, breaking into a pitiful little sob, she buried
her face in her hands.

"My poor darling," I said hoarsely. "I'd have given anything in the
world——"

With a brave effort she raised her head and brushed away the
tears which were running down her cheeks.

"I know," she said, "I know how you feel. I can't help crying, it's
all so sad and terrible, but even if it were possible I don't think I
would wish him to be alive. It nearly broke my heart to see him as
he was. Now at least he is at peace."

She turned to Bobby.

 "Don't bother about me," she added. "Just tell him the rest before
the doctor comes."

"There isn't much more to tell," said Bobby quietly. "We towed the
launch to Pen Mill, and Campbell went ashore and rang up the
police. The Head Constable came over at once and brought the
doctor with him. There was the devil of a fuss, as you can imagine.
Fortunately, however, the old boy knew all about Campbell, and after
a lot of jaw we were allowed to bring you back here and put you to
bed. It was nearly midnight by then, and we've been taking turns
sitting up with you ever since."

"What's the time now?" I demanded.

Bobby glanced at his watch.

"Close on twelve."

"And where's Campbell?" I asked.

"He stopped ashore with the police. There's going to be an

inquest on Manning this afternoon, and——"

He was interrupted by a loud ring at the front door bell.

Christine rose quickly.

"It's probably the doctor," she said. "He promised to come over as
soon as he was free."

She motioned Bobby to remain where he was, and, crossing the

room, disappeared into the passage.

"We got the diamonds all right," added Bobby cheerfully.

"Campbell had a squint at them, and he says there are only about a
third missing. He reckons you ought to get at least twenty thousand
out of the Brazilian Government."
 "I've had my share," I said. "You and he and Christine can split it
up between you."

"I'll do nothing of the sort," began Bobby indignantly. "If you like
to give Campbell—" He stopped short at the sound of returning
footsteps, and a moment later Christine entered the room.

"A man has called with a message from Mr. Campbell," she said.
"He wants you to go over to the hotel at once."

Bobby got up from the bed.

"Something to do with this infernal inquest I suppose."

He reached for his cap, which was lying on the dressing-table,

and, having patted Christine paternally on the shoulder, walked to
the doorway, where he turned round and surveyed us both.

"So long, my children," he observed. "Settle it for when you like,

but don't forget that I'm to be best man."

*****

For just a second after he had gone we both remained silent.

"I suppose we must let him have his way," I said. "We can't very
well refuse after all he's done for us."

Christine stood looking down at me with a world of love and

tenderness in her eyes.

"I don't know why it is," she said helplessly, "I feel as if I wanted
to laugh and cry at the same time."

I stretched out my hand and drew her down on to the bed beside
me.
 "It's only this house, dear heart," I said gently. "As soon as it's all
over we'll go away together and——"

She stopped me with a little gesture.

"But I don't want to go away," she whispered. "I think Greensea

Island is the only place in the world that I was ever really happy in."

I sat up, and, putting my arms around her, pressed my lips to

hers.

"Oh, but your shoulder!" she faltered. "Your poor shoulder! The
doctor said——"

"Hang the doctor," I exclaimed, and with this ungrateful sentiment

I kissed her again.

THE END
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GREENSEA ISLAND:
A MYSTERY OF THE ESSEX COAST ***

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