Terna Engineering College

Computer Engineering Department

Program: Sem V

PART A

(PART A: TO BE COMPLETED BY STUDENTS)

Experiment No.7
A.1 Aim:
Design a LAN and establishing connection to other network and understand the basic
working of PING (ICMP) and ARP (DLL).
A.2 Prerequisite:
● Knowledge about LAN, MAN and WAN and NW Elements.
● Linux NW Commands
● HW and IP Address concepts.
● Concept of Analysis, Design, Simulation and Modelling
● Cisco Packet tracer as simulation tool
A.3 Outcome:
After successful completion of this experiment students will be able to

● Ability to select the proper NW Elements required to design NWs.

● Design different LANs.
● Connect the LANs through the routers by addressing the proper addresses.
● To Design an environment to learn various commands and Protocols used by various
layers of networking.
● Simulate the designed NW using PING, ICMP and ARP.
A.4 Theory/Tutorial:

1. Steps to create LAN

Cisco Packet Tracer is an application designed to be able to simulate a network before

actually doing the network development, and also can be used for simulation research in a
network.

1. Work Steps
• Create a network using an Access Point consisting of 10 PCs and 10 Laptops
• Create a WPA2-PSK security system on the Access Point with the SSID as we want
and the Network password.

1. make the network as follows.

1. Then create SSID and Password in Access Point.

● Clicked 2 times on AP.
● After that choose Config tab ◊ select Port 1 ◊ fill in SSID and Password.

1. After that, connect PC and Laptop to AP.

● Clicked 2 times on PC / Laptop.
● Then choose Desktop tab ◊ choose PC Wireless

● After that, choose the Connect tab ◊ choose the name of the AP you want to connect ◊
pressing Connect
● After that fill in the AP password.

● When completed, then PC and Laptop are connected to AP.

● After that fill the IP Address for PC and laptop.

o Clicking 2 times on PC / laptop.
o Then select Desktop tab ◊ choose IP Configuration.
 ● Then choose Static radio button ◊ fill in IP Address.

● After that, perform PING to find out if PC / laptop is connected.

o PC – PC

PC 1 – PC 2

PC 2 - PC 3
PC 3 - PC 4

PC 4 - PC 5
ARP( Address Resolution Protocol):

Most of the computer programs/applications use logical address (IP address) to

send/receive messages, however the actual communication happens over the physical address
(MAC address) i.e from layer 2 of OSI model. So our mission is to get the destination MAC
address which helps in communicating with other devices. This is where ARP comes into
picture, its functionality is to translate IP address to physical address. The acronym ARP
stands for Address Resolution Protocol which is one of the most important protocol of the
Data Link Layer.
 Imagine a device wants to communicate with the other over the internet. What ARP
does? Is it broadcast a packet to all the devices of the source network?
The devices of the network peel the header of the data link layer from the protocol data unit
(PDU) called frame and transfers the packet to the network layer (layer 3 of OSI) where the
network ID of the packet is validated with the destination IP’s network ID of the packet and
if it’s equal then it
responds to the source with the MAC address of the destination, else the packet reaches the
gateway of the network and broadcasts packet to the devices it is connected with and
validates their network ID
The above process continues till the second last network device in the path to reach the
destination where it gets validated and ARP in turn responds with the destination MAC
address.

PING:
The PING utility is a system administrator's tool that is used to see if a computer is operating
and also to see if network connections are intact. Ping uses the Internet Control Message
Protocol (ICMP) Echo function. A small packet is sent through the network to a particular IP
address. This packet contains 64 bytes - 56 data bytes and 8 bytes of protocol reader
information. The computer that sent the packet then waits and listens for a return packet. If
the connections are good and the target computer is up, a good return packet will be received.
PING can also tell the user the number of hops that lie between two computers and the
amount of time it takes for a packet to make the complete trip. Additionally, an administrator
can use Ping to test out name resolution. If the packet bounces back when sent to the IP
address but not when sent to the name, then the system is having a problem matching the
name to the IP address.

2. LAN To be developed using the above steps.

Interface Configuration table:

A6 Design:

SN NAME OF INTERFACE IP Subnet Mask Default Gateway

O. THE DEVICE ADDRESS

1. Router 0 fa0/0 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 --------

2. Router 0 Fa0/1 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 --------

3. Router 1 fa0/0 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 --------

4. Router 1 Fa0/1 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 --------

5. PC0 fa0/0 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1

6. PC1 fa0/0 192.168.1.3 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1

 7. PC2 fa0/0 192.168.1.4 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1

8. PC0 fa0/0 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1

9. PC1 fa0/0 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1

10. PC2 fa0/0 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1

References:

● https://youtu.be/FnH1XUQsoD8
● https://youtu.be/ihKtFQEikFA
 PART B

(PART B : TO BE COMPLETED BY STUDENTS)

(Students must submit the soft copy as per following segments within two hours of the
practical. The soft copy must be uploaded on the Blackboard or emailed to the concerned
lab in charge faculties at the end of the practical in case the there is no Black board access
available)

Roll No. B65 Name:Siddhant Gokhale

Class : TE-B Batch : B3

Date of Experiment: Date of Submission

Grade :

B.1 Document created by the student:

Working of PING (ICMP) and ARP

(DLL)
B.3 Observations and learning:

In this exercise, we designed a LAN and established a connection to another network,

focusing on understanding the basic operations of PING (ICMP) and ARP (DLL). Through
the use of Cisco Packet Tracer, you explored how devices within a LAN communicate using
IP and MAC addresses, observing how PING tests connectivity and how ARP resolves IP
addresses to MAC addresses. This hands-on experience reinforced concepts related to
network elements, Linux networking commands, and the fundamental workings of LANs,
contributing to a deeper understanding of network design, simulation, and analysis.

B.4 Conclusion:

Upon successful completion of this experiment, students will be equipped to select

appropriate network elements for designing networks, create and configure various LANs,
and connect these LANs through routers using correct IP addressing. Additionally, they will
gain the ability to design an environment conducive to learning various networking
commands and protocols across different layers. Finally, students will be able to simulate
their network designs using tools like PING, ICMP, and ARP, reinforcing their understanding
of network operations and troubleshooting techniques.

B.5 Question of Curiosity

1. What is CISCO Packet tracer? How one can make use of it learning CN?
Cisco Packet Tracer is a powerful network simulation tool developed by Cisco that
allows users to design, configure, and troubleshoot virtual networks. It's widely used
in learning computer networking (CN) because it provides a realistic, interactive
environment where students can experiment with different network configurations,
practice using Cisco commands, and simulate real-world networking scenarios
without the need for physical hardware. By using Packet Tracer, students can
visualize network operations, test their knowledge, and develop practical skills in a
controlled, risk-free setting.

2. What are all the NW elements you will in the CISCO Packet Tracer?
In Cisco Packet Tracer, the key network elements include end devices like PCs,
servers, and IP phones, network devices such as routers, switches, and wireless
access points, and connection types like Ethernet, serial, and fiber optic cables.
You can also work with hubs, repeaters, and bridges, as well as various
networking protocols and software tools. These elements allow users to design,
simulate, and analyze complex network topologies in a virtual environment.

3. Define the following and provide the example for each

a. IP address
b. DNS
c. Subnet mask
d. Gateway
e. RIP
a. IP Address: An IP address is a unique numerical label assigned to each device
connected to a network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. It identifies
the host and provides the location within the network. For example, `192.168.1.1` is a
common IP address in a home network.

b. DNS (Domain Name System): DNS is a system that translates human-readable

domain names (like `www.example.com`) into IP addresses that computers use to
identify each other on the network. For example, DNS converts `www.google.com` to
`142.250.190.46`.

c. Subnet Mask: A subnet mask is used to divide an IP address into network and host
portions. It determines which part of an IP address belongs to the network and which
part identifies the device. For example, `255.255.255.0` is a common subnet mask for a
Class C network.

d. Gateway: A gateway is a network node that serves as an access point to another

network, often connecting a local network to the internet. For example, `192.168.1.254`
could be the default gateway for devices in a home network.

e. RIP (Routing Information Protocol): RIP is a dynamic routing protocol used in local
and wide-area networks to determine the best route for data through a network. It uses
hop count as a routing metric. For example, RIP would choose the route with the fewest
hops between the source and destination.

4. What is Ping? It belongs to which protocol family.

Ping is a network diagnostic tool used to test the connectivity between two devices
on a network. It works by sending Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo
request packets to the target device and waits for an echo reply. Ping measures the
round-trip time for the messages sent from the source to the destination, helping to
identify network issues like packet loss or latency. Ping belongs to the ICMP
protocol family, which is part of the Internet Protocol (IP) suite.

5. ARP request is always a broadcast why?

An ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) request is always a broadcast because it
needs to reach all devices within a local network to find the MAC address
associated with a specific IP address. Since the sender doesn’t initially know which
device on the network has the required IP address, the ARP request is sent as a
broadcast to all devices on the subnet. Each device then checks if the IP address in
the ARP request matches its own, and the device with the matching IP address
responds with its MAC address, enabling direct communication.

6. What does an ARP reply carry?

An ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) reply carries the MAC (Media Access
Control) address of the device that owns the IP address specified in the ARP
request. When a device receives an ARP request asking for the MAC address
corresponding to its IP address, it responds with an ARP reply. This reply includes
 its MAC address, allowing the requesting device to map the IP address to the correct
MAC address and enabling direct communication at the data link layer.

7. What is RARP? How it is different from ARP?

RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) is a protocol used by a device to
discover its IP address based on its MAC address. Unlike ARP (Address Resolution
Protocol), which translates an IP address into a MAC address, RARP performs the
reverse operation. While ARP is used to identify the MAC address of a device to
facilitate communication on a network, RARP was used to enable a device, often
without a preconfigured IP address, to obtain its IP address from a server. RARP
has largely been replaced by more advanced protocols like BOOTP and DHCP for
this purpose.