TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS IN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

1. Experiment No 17. Benzoic acid

2. Experiment No 18. Benzaldehyde

3. Experiment No 19. Aniline

4. Experiment No 20 Phenol

5. Experiment No 21. Acetone

Experiment No 17. Benzoic acid

Aim: To identify the functional group in the given organic compound.

S. No Experiment Observation Inference

Preliminary test
State Crystalline May be Carboxylic
1 powder group
white May be Carboxylic
2 Colour group,
Faint, pleasant May be Carboxylic
3 Odour odour group

4 Action with sodium

bicarbonate
Brisk effervescence Presence of
Take 2ml of saturated sodium is observed carboxylic acid
bi carbonate solution in a test
tube. Add 2-3 drops (or a pinch
of solid) of an organic
compound to it.
 Tests for Aliphatic or Aromatic nature:
5 Ignition test:
Take small amount of the Burn with sooty Presence of
organic compound in a Nickel flame Aromatic
spatula and burn it in Bunsen compound
flame.

Test for a Saturation or an Unsaturation

6 Test with bromine water
Take small amount of the
organic compound in a test
tube add 2 ml of distilled water No decolouration
Substance is
to dissolve it. To bromine water saturated
takes place
drop by drop with continuous
shaking.

7 Bayer’s Reagent Test

Pink colour of
To a small amount of organic
KMnO4 is not is Substance is
compound is dissolved in 2 saturated
discharged
ml of alkaline KMnO4.

Conformation Test for Functional group

TEST FOR CARBOXYLIC
8
ACID (Esterification
reaction)
Take about 0.1 g compound in
a test tube, add 1 mL ethanol
A pleasant fruity Presence of
and 2-3 drops of concentrated
odour (Sweet smell) carboxylic group
sulphuric acid. Heat the
is noted
reaction mixture for 10-15
minutes in a hot water bath at
 about 50°C. Pour the reaction
mixture in a beaker containing
aqueous sodium carbonate
solution to neutralize excess
sulphuric acid and excess
carboxylic acid

Write (Left side – White page)

Reaction:
(i) lt is Fischer esterification.
(ii) O18 in H2O
(iii) a substitution of-OH group of-COOH and H-atom of the alcohol. Thus,

Result: (Write right Side )

The given organic compound contains;
(i) Aromatic
(ii) Saturated
(iii) Carboxylic functional group So, the given organic compound is Benzoic acid.

Experiment No 18. BENZALDEHYDE

Aim: To identify the functional group in the given organic compound.
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Preliminary test
1 May be
Liquid
State benzaldehyde,
phenol, amine
May be
Colourless
2 Colour benzaldehyde,
phenol, amine
 May be
Bitter almond odour
3 Odour benzaldehyde
4 Action with sodium
bicarbonate
Take 2ml of saturated
No brisk effervescence Absence of a
sodium hydrogen
is observed carboxylic acid.
carbonate solution in a
test tube. Add 2-3 drops
(or a pinch of solid) of an
organic compound to it.
Tests for Aliphatic or Aromatic nature:
5 Ignition test:
Take small amount of the Presence of an
organic compound in a Burns with sooty flame
aromatic
Nickel spatula and burn it
compound
in Bunsen flame.
Test for a Saturation or an Unsaturation
6. Test with bromine water
Take small amount of the
No decolouration takes Substance is
organic compound in a saturated
place
test tube add 2 ml of
distilled water to dissolve
it. To bromine water drop
by drop with continuous
shaking.
7 Bayer’s Reagent Test
To a small amount of Pink colour of KMnO4
Substance is
is not is discharged
organic compound is saturated
dissolved in 2 ml of
alkaline KMnO4.
Conformation Test for Functional group
Schiff's reagent test:
Take 2 ml of organic
compound taken in a test
 tube. add 2-3 drops of the Pink colour Obtained Presence of an
Schiff’s reagent. aldehyde group
(- CHO)
Tollen’s test
(i) Take 1 mL of freshly
prepared (~ 2 %) silver
nitrate solution in a test
tube. Add 1-2 drops of
Formation of a layer of
sodium hydroxide solution
silver metal on the Presence of an
to it and shake, a dark
inner surface of the aldehyde group
brown precipitate of silver
test tube which shines (- CHO)
oxide appears. Dissolve
like a mirror,
the precipitate by adding
ammonium hydroxide
solution drop-wise.
(ii) To the above solution,
add an aqueous or an
alcoholic solution of the
organic compound.
(iii) Heat the reaction
mixture in a water bath for
about 5 minutes.

Write (Left side – White page)

Reaction:
Result: (Write right Side)
The given organic compound contains;
(i) Aromatic
(ii) Saturated
(iii) Aldehyde functional group
So, the given organic compound is benzaldehyde.
Experiment No 19. Aniline
Aim: To identify the functional group in the given organic compound.
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Preliminary test
May be
liquid
1 State benzaldehyde,
phenol, amine
2 Colour yellowish oily liquid May be an amine
3 Odour fish-like odour May be an amine
5 Action with sodium
bicarbonate
Take 2ml of saturated Absence of a
No brisk effervescence
sodium hydrogen carboxylic acid.
is observed
carbonate solution in a
test tube. Add 2-3 drops
(or a pinch of solid) of an
organic compound to it.
Tests for Aliphatic or Aromatic nature:
Ignition test:
6
Take small amount of the Presence of an
organic compound in a Burns with sooty flame aromatic
Nickel spatula and burn it compound
in Bunsen flame.
Test for a Saturation or an Unsaturation
Test with bromine water
7
Take small amount of the Decolouration with
 organic compound in a bromine water and Presence of
test tube add 2 ml of formation of white aromatic Amine
distilled water to dissolve
precipitate
it. To bromine water drop
by drop with continuous
shaking.
8 Bayer’s Reagent Test
To a small amount of
Substance is
Pink colour of KMnO4
organic compound is
saturated
is not is discharged
dissolved in 2 ml of
alkaline KMnO4.
Conformation Test for Functional group
Azo dye test
(i) Take a small amount of
an organic substance add
2 mL of dilute hydrochloric
acid in a test tube. Cool
the content of the test
The formation of a Presence of
tube in ice. (ii) To the ice
scarlet red dye aromatic primary
cooled solution add 2 mL
amine.
of 2.5% cold aqueous
sodium nitrite solution.
(iii) In another test tube,
dissolve 0.2 g of
 -naphthol in dilute
sodium hydroxide
solution. (iv) Add
diazonium chloride
solution prepared in step
(ii) into the cold
 -naphthol solution slowly
with shaking.
Write (Left side – White page)
Reaction: Azo dye test

Result: (Write right Side)

The given organic compound contains;
(i) Aromatic
(ii) Saturated
(iii) Amine functional group
So, the given organic compound is Aniline.

Experiment No 20. Phenol

Aim: To identify the functional group in the given organic compound.
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Preliminary test
1 State liquid May be
benzaldehyde,
phenol
2 Colour colorless May be
benzaldehyde,
phenol
3 Odour Phenolic odour May be phenol
5 Action with sodium
bicarbonate
Absence of a
Take 2ml of saturated No brisk effervescence
carboxylic acid
sodium hydrogen is observed
carbonate solution in a
test tube. Add 2-3 drops
(or a pinch of solid) of an
organic compound to it.
Tests for Aliphatic or Aromatic nature:
6 Ignition test:
Take small amount of the Presence of an
organic compound in a smoky flame
aromatic
Nickel spatula and burn it
compound
in Bunsen flame.
Test for a Saturation or an Unsaturation
7 Test with bromine water
Take small amount of the
organic compound in a
test tube add 2 ml of Presence of
white precipitate that
distilled water to dissolve unsaturated
smells like antiseptic
it. To bromine water drop compound
by drop with continuous
shaking.
8 Bayer’s Reagent Test
To a small amount of
pinkish-purple to Presence of
organic compound is
brown unsaturated
dissolved in 2 ml of
compound
alkaline KMnO4.
Conformation Test for Functional group

Ceric ammonium nitrate

test:Take 1 mL solution of Phenolic –OH
Appearance of red
organic compound group is
colour
dissolved in a suitable conformed
 solvent. Add a few drops
of ceric ammonium nitrate
solution. (NH4)2Ce (NO3)6
Ferric chloride test:
Take 2 mL of aqueous or
Appearance of a blue, Phenolic –OH
alcoholic solution of the
green, violet or red group is
organic compound in a
colour conformed
test tube, add neutral
ferric chloride solution
dropwise and note the
colour change

Write (Left side – White page)

Reaction: Neutral ferric chloride Test

Result: (Write right Side)

The given organic compound contains;
(i) Aromatic
(ii) unsaturated
(iii) Alcohol functional group
So, the given organic compound is Phenol.
Experiment No 21. Acetone
Aim: To identify the functional group in the given organic compound.
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Preliminary test
1 State Liquid May be Aldehyde
(or) Ketone
2 Colour Colourless May be Aldehyde
(or) Ketone
3 Odour Nail polish remover May be Ketone
4 Action with sodium
bicarbonate
No brisk Absence of a
Take 2ml of saturated
effervescence is carboxylic acid
sodium hydrogen carbonate
observed
solution in a test tube. Add 2-
3 drops (or a pinch of solid)
of an organic compound to it.
Tests for Aliphatic or Aromatic nature:
6 Ignition test:
Take small amount of the Burn with non-sooty Presence of
organic compound in a flame Aliphatic
Nickel spatula and burn it in
compound
Bunsen flame.
Test for a Saturation or an Unsaturation
7 Test with bromine water
Take small amount of the
The orange color Compound is
organic compound in a test
of Bromine unsaturated
tube add 2 ml of distilled
disappears.
water to dissolve it. To
bromine water drop by drop
with continuous shaking.
8 Bayer’s Reagent Test pink color Compound is
To a small amount of organic disappears unsaturated
 compound is dissolved in 2
ml of alkaline KMnO4.
Conformation Test for Functional group
2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine
Appearance of
test (Brady’s reagent)
yellow, orange or
Take 2-3 drops of the liquid
orange-red Presence of
organic compound in a test
precipitate ketone
tube. Add a few drops of an
(Does not appear at
alcoholic solution of 2,4-
room temperature,
dinitrophenylhydrazine.
warm the mixture in
a water bath for a
few minutes and
cool )
Legal’s test:
A small amount of the
organic substance is taken in
a test tube. Add 1 ml of
Red colouration. Presence of
sodium nitro prusside
ketone
solution is added and then
sodium hydroxide solution is
added in dropwise.

Write Left side – White page)

Reaction:
Propanone and dinitrophenylhydrazine react to produce propanone
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone
Legal’s test: ( Sodium nitroprusside)

Result: (Write right Side)

The given organic compound contains;
(i) Aliphatic
(ii) unsaturated
(iii) Ketonic functional group So, the given organic compound is Acetone.