{

"nbformat": 4,
"nbformat_minor": 0,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"name": "Fake News Classifier.ipynb",
"provenance": [],
"collapsed_sections": []
},
"kernelspec": {
"name": "python3",
"display_name": "Python 3"
}
},
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "ZcCDbZGhmnXs",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 34
},
"outputId": "b0e2a7db-7a5b-4204-f40b-f9d72e236c47"
},
"source": [
"# Connecting Google Drive with Google Colab\n",
"from google.colab import drive\n",
"drive.mount('/content/drive/')"
],
"execution_count": 1,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Drive already mounted at /content/drive/; to attempt to forcibly
remount, call drive.mount(\"/content/drive/\", force_remount=True).\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "0XL8qSiJnAVC",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
"# Loading essential libraries\n",
"import numpy as np\n",
"import pandas as pd"
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
},
{
 "cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "IwIMTAGSnbX1",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
"# Loading the dataset\n",
"df = pd.read_csv('/content/drive/My Drive/Colab
Notebooks/Datasets/kaggle_fake_train.csv')"
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "6iuacjz-npgZ",
"colab_type": "text"
},
"source": [
"# **Exploring the dataset**"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "Z9-6SqmfnpP4",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 34
},
"outputId": "37bc4432-62b2-4761-cdcd-8c32d9df6e4c"
},
"source": [
"df.shape"
],
"execution_count": 4,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"(20800, 5)"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 4
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "d4znM4TJnj5w",
"colab_type": "code",
 "colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 34
},
"outputId": "f0f5bcb2-d6e8-43ff-8e53-335461332127"
},
"source": [
"df.columns"
],
"execution_count": 5,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"Index(['id', 'title', 'author', 'text', 'label'], dtype='object')"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 5
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "HAfocePXnvmY",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 197
},
"outputId": "8083a24b-07a5-4162-ce57-1b905b76cd9f"
},
"source": [
"df.head()"
],
"execution_count": 6,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<div>\n",
"<style scoped>\n",
" .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
" vertical-align: middle;\n",
" }\n",
"\n",
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" vertical-align: top;\n",
" }\n",
"\n",
" .dataframe thead th {\n",
" text-align: right;\n",
" }\n",
"</style>\n",
 "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
" <thead>\n",
" <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
" <th></th>\n",
" <th>id</th>\n",
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" <td>Iranian woman jailed for fictional unpublished...</td>\n",
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"text/plain": [
" id ... label\n",
 "0 0 ... 1\n",
"1 1 ... 0\n",
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"\n",
"[5 rows x 5 columns]"
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},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 6
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "QmgbOrT6nyP6",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
"# Dropping the 'id' column\n",
"df.drop('id', axis=1, inplace=True)"
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "ktyP94y6n-m6",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 34
},
"outputId": "1094409b-8352-47d4-ff07-b46204aedcfb"
},
"source": [
"df.columns"
],
"execution_count": 8,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"Index(['title', 'author', 'text', 'label'], dtype='object')"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 8
}
]
 },
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "NfDeH3knoE31",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 72
},
"outputId": "40dbfec0-80aa-4c93-e058-3ed358d5e658"
},
"source": [
"# Importing essential libraries for visualization\n",
"import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
"import seaborn as sns\n",
"%matplotlib inline"
],
"execution_count": 9,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [

"/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/statsmodels/tools/_testing.py:19:
FutureWarning: pandas.util.testing is deprecated. Use the functions in the public
API at pandas.testing instead.\n",
" import pandas.util.testing as tm\n"
],
"name": "stderr"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "NEc1wXHkoAf8",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 460
},
"outputId": "83cb4538-692c-4b23-fe97-9e260eab1863"
},
"source": [
"# Visualizing the count of 'fake news' in the dataset\n",
"plt.figure(figsize=(10,7))\n",
"sns.countplot(x='label', data=df)\n",
"plt.xlabel('News Classification')\n",
"plt.ylabel('Count')"
],
"execution_count": 10,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"Text(0, 0.5, 'Count')"
]
 },
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 10
},
{
"output_type": "display_data",
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TbNFcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\n",
"text/plain": [
"<Figure size 720x504 with 1 Axes>"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": [],
"needs_background": "light"
}
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "BrlePiZKoucH",
"colab_type": "text"
},
"source": [
"# **Data Cleaning and Preprocessing**"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "_LRbTGNmpd-G",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 34
},
"outputId": "ef0d8d6d-490b-485d-a7d5-92526e1bc1c1"
},
"source": [
"print(df.shape)"
],
"execution_count": 11,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
 "(20800, 4)\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "l7RrAvHcouSu",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 105
},
"outputId": "943ca986-eb4d-4ced-916b-6182e2a5cc00"
},
"source": [
"# Finding any NaN values\n",
"df.isna().any()"
],
"execution_count": 12,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"title True\n",
"author True\n",
"text True\n",
"label False\n",
"dtype: bool"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 12
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "mSKDDIQJoqAb",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 34
},
"outputId": "7dea0972-a942-400c-babc-6625d4124d74"
},
"source": [
"# Dropping NaN values\n",
"df.dropna(inplace=True)\n",
"print(df.shape)"
],
"execution_count": 13,
"outputs": [
 {
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"(18285, 4)\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "htWTugiepSur",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
"news = df.copy()"
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "8Ywllapkpg9N",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
"news.reset_index(inplace=True)"
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "Hs7V09SpqB2E",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 52
},
"outputId": "4a07a6f6-6e27-4f56-f48a-5e4ea453c0c0"
},
"source": [
"# Importing essential libraries for performing Natural Language Processing
on 'kaggle_fake_train' dataset\n",
"import nltk\n",
"import re\n",
"nltk.download('stopwords')\n",
"from nltk.corpus import stopwords\n",
"from nltk.stem import PorterStemmer"
],
"execution_count": 16,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
 "text": [
"[nltk_data] Downloading package stopwords to /root/nltk_data...\n",
"[nltk_data] Package stopwords is already up-to-date!\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "xsWQfY8lqRLF",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
"# Cleaning the news\n",
"corpus = []\n",
"ps = PorterStemmer()\n",
"\n",
"for i in range(0,news.shape[0]):\n",
"\n",
" # Cleaning special character from the news-title\n",
" title = re.sub(pattern='[^a-zA-Z]', repl=' ', string=news.title[i])\n",
"\n",
" # Converting the entire news-title to lower case\n",
" title = title.lower()\n",
"\n",
" # Tokenizing the news-title by words\n",
" words = title.split()\n",
"\n",
" # Removing the stopwords\n",
" words = [word for word in words if word not in
set(stopwords.words('english'))]\n",
"\n",
" # Stemming the words\n",
" words = [ps.stem(word) for word in words]\n",
"\n",
" # Joining the stemmed words\n",
" title = ' '.join(words)\n",
"\n",
" # Building a corpus of news-title\n",
" corpus.append(title)"
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "lZ3JNG4ZtK5R",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 194
},
"outputId": "19a24970-296f-444a-e186-c33b554c8b15"
},
"source": [
 "corpus[0:10]"
],
"execution_count": 18,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"['hous dem aid even see comey letter jason chaffetz tweet',\n",
" 'flynn hillari clinton big woman campu breitbart',\n",
" 'truth might get fire',\n",
" 'civilian kill singl us airstrik identifi',\n",
" 'iranian woman jail fiction unpublish stori woman stone death
adulteri',\n",
" 'jacki mason hollywood would love trump bomb north korea lack tran
bathroom exclus video breitbart',\n",
" 'beno hamon win french socialist parti presidenti nomin new york
time',\n",
" 'back channel plan ukrain russia courtesi trump associ new york
time',\n",
" 'obama organ action partner soro link indivis disrupt trump
agenda',\n",
" 'bbc comedi sketch real housew isi caus outrag']"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 18
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "DfYUcXaHucBM",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
"# Creating the Bag of Words model\n",
"from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer\n",
"cv = CountVectorizer(max_features=5000, ngram_range=(1,3))\n",
"X = cv.fit_transform(corpus).toarray()"
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "aiMfO0Qju3C1",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 34
},
"outputId": "c839a381-f688-4df5-9208-c94d3619e8f7"
},
 "source": [
"X.shape"
],
"execution_count": 20,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"(18285, 5000)"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 20
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "f6BVxTlPvH4e",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 141
},
"outputId": "d0514d18-0da5-4a44-a631-8cc007698742"
},
"source": [
"X[0:10]"
],
"execution_count": 21,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"array([[0, 0, 0, ..., 0, 0, 0],\n",
" [0, 0, 0, ..., 0, 0, 0],\n",
" [0, 0, 0, ..., 0, 0, 0],\n",
" ...,\n",
" [0, 0, 0, ..., 0, 0, 0],\n",
" [0, 0, 0, ..., 0, 0, 0],\n",
" [0, 0, 0, ..., 0, 0, 0]])"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 21
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "iRdKyXDCvMOv",
 "colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
"# Extracting dependent variable from the dataset\n",
"y = news['label']"
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "7Yy_1Blwvg14",
"colab_type": "text"
},
"source": [
"# **Model Building**"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "Fn8ZmMWLvVUe",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
"from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split\n",
"X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.20,
random_state=0)"
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "FjKxXNTGwUEd",
"colab_type": "text"
},
"source": [
"## *Multinomial Naive Bayes*"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "TOTTYdh3wPdD",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 34
},
"outputId": "86afa01f-d085-430d-a086-ed9fc4ec1cca"
},
"source": [
"# Fitting Naive Bayes to the Training set\n",
"from sklearn.naive_bayes import MultinomialNB\n",
 "nb_classifier = MultinomialNB()\n",
"nb_classifier.fit(X_train, y_train)"
],
"execution_count": 24,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"MultinomialNB(alpha=1.0, class_prior=None, fit_prior=True)"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 24
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "uFsgFy_4xAWl",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
"# Predicting the Test set results\n",
"nb_y_pred = nb_classifier.predict(X_test)"
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "WI7i5hVtxATy",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 87
},
"outputId": "eb962398-3307-46d0-e046-1c6661afb046"
},
"source": [
"# Accuracy, Precision and Recall\n",
"from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score, precision_score, recall_score\
n",
"score1 = accuracy_score(y_test, nb_y_pred)\n",
"score2 = precision_score(y_test, nb_y_pred)\n",
"score3 = recall_score(y_test, nb_y_pred)\n",
"print(\"---- Scores ----\")\n",
"print(\"Accuracy score is: {}%\".format(round(score1*100,2)))\n",
"print(\"Precision score is: {}\".format(round(score2,2)))\n",
"print(\"Recall score is: {}\".format(round(score3,2)))"
],
"execution_count": 26,
"outputs": [
{
 "output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"---- Scores ----\n",
"Accuracy score is: 90.16%\n",
"Precision score is: 0.87\n",
"Recall score is: 0.91\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "Gwb8A_jKxAQJ",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
"# Making the Confusion Matrix\n",
"from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix\n",
"nb_cm = confusion_matrix(y_test, nb_y_pred)"
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "zRve76rKxAME",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 52
},
"outputId": "8c85590d-e407-451a-f618-291b48b7d9c3"
},
"source": [
"nb_cm"
],
"execution_count": 28,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"array([[1823, 217],\n",
" [ 143, 1474]])"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 28
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
 "metadata": {
"id": "ONbdg2xuxYNP",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 457
},
"outputId": "a043ba0a-43d1-4c22-8b4b-3ea9a7dbca39"
},
"source": [
"# Plotting the confusion matrix\n",
"plt.figure(figsize=(10,7))\n",
"sns.heatmap(data=nb_cm, annot=True, cmap=\"Blues\", xticklabels=['Real',
'Fake'], yticklabels=['Real', 'Fake'])\n",
"plt.xlabel('Predicted values')\n",
"plt.ylabel('Actual values')\n",
"plt.title('Confusion Matrix for Multinomial Naive Bayes Algorithm')\n",
"plt.show()"
],
"execution_count": 29,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "display_data",
"data": {
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lkrjgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n",
"text/plain": [
"<Figure size 720x504 with 2 Axes>"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": [],
"needs_background": "light"
}
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "BT6y8yv60bdD",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 230
 },
"outputId": "4228b7a0-906d-4e0e-e0be-948806dc967a"
},
"source": [
"# Hyperparameter tuning the Naive Bayes Classifier\n",
"best_accuracy = 0.0\n",
"alpha_val = 0.0\n",
"for i in np.arange(0.1,1.1,0.1):\n",
" temp_classifier = MultinomialNB(alpha=i)\n",
" temp_classifier.fit(X_train, y_train)\n",
" temp_y_pred = temp_classifier.predict(X_test)\n",
" score = accuracy_score(y_test, temp_y_pred)\n",
" print(\"Accuracy score for alpha={} is: {}%\".format(round(i,1),
round(score*100,2)))\n",
" if score>best_accuracy:\n",
" best_accuracy = score\n",
" alpha_val = i\n",
"print('--------------------------------------------')\n",
"print('The best accuracy is {}% with alpha value as
{}'.format(round(best_accuracy*100, 2), round(alpha_val,1)))"
],
"execution_count": 30,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Accuracy score for alpha=0.1 is: 90.51%\n",
"Accuracy score for alpha=0.2 is: 90.51%\n",
"Accuracy score for alpha=0.3 is: 90.59%\n",
"Accuracy score for alpha=0.4 is: 90.51%\n",
"Accuracy score for alpha=0.5 is: 90.43%\n",
"Accuracy score for alpha=0.6 is: 90.37%\n",
"Accuracy score for alpha=0.7 is: 90.27%\n",
"Accuracy score for alpha=0.8 is: 90.21%\n",
"Accuracy score for alpha=0.9 is: 90.16%\n",
"Accuracy score for alpha=1.0 is: 90.16%\n",
"--------------------------------------------\n",
"The best accuracy is 90.59% with alpha value as 0.3\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"colab_type": "text",
"id": "iO5PakIjwfG7"
},
"source": [
"## *Logistic Regression*"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "d4G5qV5GwlBI",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
 "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 105
},
"outputId": "7063a510-ac34-48cf-bbb9-e0adf7a4856f"
},
"source": [
"from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression\n",
"lr_classifier = LogisticRegression(random_state=0)\n",
"lr_classifier.fit(X_train, y_train)"
],
"execution_count": 31,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"LogisticRegression(C=1.0, class_weight=None, dual=False,
fit_intercept=True,\n",
" intercept_scaling=1, l1_ratio=None,
max_iter=100,\n",
" multi_class='auto', n_jobs=None, penalty='l2',\
n",
" random_state=0, solver='lbfgs', tol=0.0001,
verbose=0,\n",
" warm_start=False)"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 31
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "c11DXHNjy9Nz",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
"# Predicting the Test set results\n",
"lr_y_pred = lr_classifier.predict(X_test)"
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "qyHBMjwezBsa",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 87
},
"outputId": "44f22748-a6cd-4b79-d330-bdb156fe2339"
},
 "source": [
"# Accuracy, Precision and Recall\n",
"from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score, precision_score, recall_score\
n",
"score1 = accuracy_score(y_test, lr_y_pred)\n",
"score2 = precision_score(y_test, lr_y_pred)\n",
"score3 = recall_score(y_test, lr_y_pred)\n",
"print(\"---- Scores ----\")\n",
"print(\"Accuracy score is: {}%\".format(round(score1*100,2)))\n",
"print(\"Precision score is: {}\".format(round(score2,2)))\n",
"print(\"Recall score is: {}\".format(round(score3,2)))"
],
"execution_count": 33,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"---- Scores ----\n",
"Accuracy score is: 93.52%\n",
"Precision score is: 0.89\n",
"Recall score is: 0.97\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "3eAw7HB-zEJ6",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
"# Making the Confusion Matrix\n",
"from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix\n",
"lr_cm = confusion_matrix(y_test, lr_y_pred)"
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "NUrSlyY8zJ7K",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 52
},
"outputId": "9065685e-804c-47d4-dd30-69e613c12e1d"
},
"source": [
"lr_cm"
],
"execution_count": 35,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
 "data": {
"text/plain": [
"array([[1850, 190],\n",
" [ 47, 1570]])"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 35
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "F4x7FKj9zZHM",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 457
},
"outputId": "9c65b440-31b5-4c76-b88d-0a78cc2b0a18"
},
"source": [
"# Plotting the confusion matrix\n",
"plt.figure(figsize=(10,7))\n",
"sns.heatmap(data=nb_cm, annot=True, cmap=\"Blues\", xticklabels=['Real',
'Fake'], yticklabels=['Real', 'Fake'])\n",
"plt.xlabel('Predicted values')\n",
"plt.ylabel('Actual values')\n",
"plt.title('Confusion Matrix for Logistic Regression Algorithm')\n",
"plt.show()"
],
"execution_count": 36,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "display_data",
"data": {
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benv4t0+cX+Vm0RcHBmXj/ddtvXsR29gPUz851W2tIRFwG7Udxj6a+ZmeUd6rcENsjMyRFxGx/
dUbvFVKbtNm9Z3+YdtjPzgDLD83ngoYhYeyayRJIqzDE6Uvd0PXBgRMwBEBErRcR8
wB3A7uUYnsWBzVrZ917gsxGxbLlv/
7L8TWCBmu1uAA5ueRIRLQHGHcCXy7LtgIXaaONfKW4MuSdF0ANF5mlCGeSsQpFdmt7LwCLlWKC5KG48SXt3
2I6I5TPzvsw8CniVIlMkSTNkoCN1T2dSjL95uBy4+yeKDOxfKbqKngDOpRgnM43MfBUYClxR3qn64nLV1cA
XWwYjA9+muPv1oxHxBB/N/jqGIlB6nKIL68XWGpiZE4AngU9k5v1l8XVAn4h4EjiBIuiafr8pwLHA/
cCNTHvX7bbusH1iRPy7fC3uAf7V+ssmSdPy7uWSJKlpmdGRJElNy0BHkiQ1LQMdSZLUtAx0JElS0zLQkSRJ
TctAR5IkNS0DHUmS1LT+Hy9k5iaSR6kGAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\n",
"text/plain": [
"<Figure size 720x504 with 2 Axes>"
]
},
 "metadata": {
"tags": [],
"needs_background": "light"
}
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "sV9tNILK0iYy",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 230
},
"outputId": "d569a956-7c3f-4a70-86b0-472c5f3dfe95"
},
"source": [
"# Hyperparameter tuning the Logistic Regression Classifier\n",
"best_accuracy = 0.0\n",
"c_val = 0.0\n",
"for i in np.arange(0.1,1.1,0.1):\n",
" temp_classifier = LogisticRegression(C=i, random_state=0)\n",
" temp_classifier.fit(X_train, y_train)\n",
" temp_y_pred = temp_classifier.predict(X_test)\n",
" score = accuracy_score(y_test, temp_y_pred)\n",
" print(\"Accuracy score for C={} is: {}%\".format(round(i,1),
round(score*100,2)))\n",
" if score>best_accuracy:\n",
" best_accuracy = score\n",
" c_val = i\n",
"print('--------------------------------------------')\n",
"print('The best accuracy is {}% with C value as
{}'.format(round(best_accuracy*100, 2), round(c_val,1)))"
],
"execution_count": 37,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Accuracy score for C=0.1 is: 92.02%\n",
"Accuracy score for C=0.2 is: 92.86%\n",
"Accuracy score for C=0.3 is: 93.22%\n",
"Accuracy score for C=0.4 is: 93.38%\n",
"Accuracy score for C=0.5 is: 93.49%\n",
"Accuracy score for C=0.6 is: 93.49%\n",
"Accuracy score for C=0.7 is: 93.55%\n",
"Accuracy score for C=0.8 is: 93.63%\n",
"Accuracy score for C=0.9 is: 93.57%\n",
"Accuracy score for C=1.0 is: 93.52%\n",
"--------------------------------------------\n",
"The best accuracy is 93.63% with C value as 0.8\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
 "cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "34AeF4zH2ZQi",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 105
},
"outputId": "b7f5fc14-6bf0-4c1a-c990-179959b8f922"
},
"source": [
"classifier = LogisticRegression(C=0.8, random_state=0)\n",
"classifier.fit(X_train, y_train)"
],
"execution_count": 38,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"LogisticRegression(C=0.8, class_weight=None, dual=False,
fit_intercept=True,\n",
" intercept_scaling=1, l1_ratio=None,
max_iter=100,\n",
" multi_class='auto', n_jobs=None, penalty='l2',\
n",
" random_state=0, solver='lbfgs', tol=0.0001,
verbose=0,\n",
" warm_start=False)"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 38
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "EqUSsQDy2MqS",
"colab_type": "text"
},
"source": [
"# **Predictions**"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "4iuCDYxQ2F0h",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
"def fake_news(sample_news):\n",
" sample_news = re.sub(pattern='[^a-zA-Z]',repl=' ', string=sample_news)\
n",
 " sample_news = sample_news.lower()\n",
" sample_news_words = sample_news.split()\n",
" sample_news_words = [word for word in sample_news_words if not word in
set(stopwords.words('english'))]\n",
" ps = PorterStemmer()\n",
" final_news = [ps.stem(word) for word in sample_news_words]\n",
" final_news = ' '.join(final_news)\n",
"\n",
" temp = cv.transform([final_news]).toarray()\n",
" return classifier.predict(temp)"
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "NZwm4e0X25Ja",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
"# Importing test dataset\n",
"df_test = pd.read_csv('/content/drive/My Drive/Colab
Notebooks/Datasets/kaggle_fake_test.csv')"
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "focnmTb-3KSr",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 34
},
"outputId": "6ae8e31d-0c86-4107-814c-e72ccfea7d11"
},
"source": [
"df_test.columns"
],
"execution_count": 41,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"Index(['id', 'title', 'author', 'text'], dtype='object')"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 41
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "inCkSjmF3GWL",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
"news_title = df_test['title']"
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "Lxc4I_If3jlF",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 34
},
"outputId": "948c731e-3ee1-4dae-e526-1ae189737912"
},
"source": [
"news_title.shape"
],
"execution_count": 43,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "execute_result",
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"(5200,)"
]
},
"metadata": {
"tags": []
},
"execution_count": 43
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "BvBLbvLJ3_yd",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {}
},
"source": [
"# For generating random integer\n",
"from random import randint"
],
"execution_count": 0,
"outputs": []
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
 "metadata": {
"id": "YdCPc3sY22XK",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 52
},
"outputId": "8f3a4977-4b79-41e9-8daa-d80dd6075d31"
},
"source": [
"# Predicting values\n",
"row = randint(0,news_title.shape[0]-1)\n",
"sample_news = news_title[row]\n",
"\n",
"print('News: {}'.format(sample_news))\n",
"if fake_news(sample_news):\n",
" print('Prediction: This is a FAKE news!')\n",
"else:\n",
" print('Prediction: This is a REAL news.')"
],
"execution_count": 45,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"News: Chart Of The Day: The Great Prosperity (1947-79) Vs. The Great
Regression (1980-2016)\n",
"Prediction: This is a FAKE news!\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "Z00F_IgF5Ieg",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 52
},
"outputId": "98a4ae18-5217-49e0-88f2-5a4bd844210e"
},
"source": [
"# Predicting values\n",
"row = randint(0,news_title.shape[0]-1)\n",
"sample_news = news_title[row]\n",
"\n",
"print('News: {}'.format(sample_news))\n",
"if fake_news(sample_news):\n",
" print('Prediction: This is a FAKE news!')\n",
"else:\n",
" print('Prediction: This is a REAL news.')"
],
"execution_count": 46,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
 "text": [
"News: Tim Tebow Will Attempt Another Comeback, This Time in Baseball -
The New York Times\n",
"Prediction: This is a REAL news.\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "H5yVYNlh44WV",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 52
},
"outputId": "e589517b-8618-4b50-d18d-54b8ad8688ed"
},
"source": [
"# Predicting values\n",
"row = randint(0,news_title.shape[0]-1)\n",
"sample_news = news_title[row]\n",
"\n",
"print('News: {}'.format(sample_news))\n",
"if fake_news(sample_news):\n",
" print('Prediction: This is a FAKE news!')\n",
"else:\n",
" print('Prediction: This is a REAL news.')"
],
"execution_count": 47,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"News: Syria, Russia, Mosul: Your Friday Evening Briefing - The New
York Times\n",
"Prediction: This is a REAL news.\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"metadata": {
"id": "gp4_uen27JS9",
"colab_type": "code",
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 52
},
"outputId": "5727c3bc-5b30-4242-bb17-82a07ca13f07"
},
"source": [
"# Predicting values\n",
"row = randint(0,news_title.shape[0]-1)\n",
"sample_news = news_title[row]\n",
 "\n",
"print('News: {}'.format(sample_news))\n",
"if fake_news(sample_news):\n",
" print('Prediction: This is a FAKE news!')\n",
"else:\n",
" print('Prediction: This is a REAL news.')"
],
"execution_count": 48,
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"News: Clinton's Blitzkrieg Campaign: the Savage Politics of the
Oligarchs\n",
"Prediction: This is a FAKE news!\n"
],
"name": "stdout"
}
]
}
]
}