Quick Revision MDCAT PHYSICS

Crash Course

ElectroMagnetic
Induction
In One Shot
Electromagnetic
Induction
As per Current PMDC Syllabus

Practice Sheet Link – in Description

Electromagnetic
Induction
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Electromagnetic Induction Faraday’s Law
• When there is a change in magnetic
v flux, an emf is induced.
• Magnitude of ε ∝ Rate of change in φB
S N
∆φB
ε = −N
∆t

Direction of induced
current – (Lenz’s Law)
Current Source of EMF Change in ‘B’
G Change in
Magnetic Flux Change in ‘Area’
• Process of generating an induced emf or φ = BA cos θ
current by changing the mag. flux Change in Angle (θ)
• Dependence of Induced EMF: • Induced Parameters:
∆(BA cos θ)
ε = −N Induced Current:
∆t
εind 1 ∆φ
ε∝N ε∝B ε∝A I= =
R R ∆t
ε ∝ cosθ ε ∝ 1/∆t  Resistance dependent
Induced Charge:
′𝛆′ is Independent of ∆φ
Q = I∆t =
R
 Resistance dependent
 Time independent
Resistance Nature of Induced Power:
of conductor conductor 2
2
εind
𝐈 × 𝐑 = 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭. = 𝛆 P=I R=
R
 MCQ – 02
Past Paper’s MCQs

MCQ – 01
Solution
∆φ Weber NmA−1
Units of = = = NmA−1 s −1
∆t s s

MCQ – 03
Solution
∆(BA cos θ)
ε=N
∆t
∆(BA) ∆A
ε=N = NB Solution
∆t ∆t
= 5 0.5 10 c= 25 V ∴ ∆φB = 0. So, εind = 0
 MCQ – 05
Past Paper’s MCQs

MCQ – 04

Solution
∆φB
ε=N
∆t
MCQ – 06

Solution
By Faraday’s Law:
∆φB
ε∝ Solution
∆t
∴ ∆φB = 0. So, εind = 0
Lenz’s Law • Direction of Induced Current:
∆φB R.H.R:
ε = −N
∆t • Thumb NORTH pole
• Finger’s curl Direction of current
Direction of induced current
Statement:
v
Direction of induced current
S N S N
Opposes the cause that produced it.
𝐂. 𝐖.
v
S N N S v
S N

𝐀. 𝐂. 𝐖. 𝐈 = 𝟎, 𝛆 ≠ 𝟎
• Conventions for Induced Current

S
Free Fall
I=0
v

N
ε≠0
a=g

Top View
S

S
v v v v
N

R.H.R:
• Thumb Magnetic field
𝑎<𝑔 𝑎>𝑔 • Finger’s curl Direction of current
 Past Paper’s MCQs MCQ – 09

MCQ – 07

MCQ – 08 Solution

Solution
Lenz’s law is based upon L.O.C. of energy.
Motional EMF 𝜀 = 𝜀 max sinθ

0o 30o 45o 60o

𝜀max 𝜀max 3𝜀max
𝜀=0
2 2 2

• Direction of Induced Current

• Emf induced due to relative motion

𝛆 = −𝐯𝐁𝐋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉

Lenz’s Law θ is the angle

b/w v and B.
• If θ = 90o, then
𝜀max = −vBL
 Past Paper’s MCQs MCQ – 11

MCQ – 10

Solution
Using;
 = vBL sin Solution Fleming’s R.H.R
=
5 2 10
sin 90o • Thumb Direction of motion
10 10 100
• Fore-finger Magnetic field
 = 110–2 V • Middle-finger Direction of ‘I’
 Mutual Induction Self Induction

∆Ip ∆I
εs = −M εL = −L
∆t ∆t

• Mutual Inductance: • Self Inductance:

εs εL BACK
M= L= EMF
∆Ip ∆I
∆t ∆t
SI Unit: henry (H) = VsA – 1 SI Unit: henry (H) = VsA – 1
AC Generator • Output from AC generator
• Mechanical Energy Electrical ε = NωAB sin θ
Principle: Where;
• Faraday’s Law of EMI ω = 2πf = angular frequency
θ = angle b/w v (⊥ to plane) and B.
Construction • If θ = 90o, then
εo = NωAB

𝜀 = 𝜀 o sinθ

0o ,180o 30o 45o 60o

𝜀o 𝜀o 3𝜀o
𝜀=0
2 2 2
• Graphical Representation

v v v v v

90o
360o
0o 180o
270o
 Past Paper’s MCQs MCQ – 13

MCQ – 12

MCQ – 14

Solution
V = 300 sin (100t)
Compare with:
V = Vo sin (t)
As,  = 100  Solution
 2f = 100 When torque of back emf exceeds the
 f = 50 Hz external torque, AC generator stops.
 Transformers • Working of Transformer
Transformer is a device which is used to  Coils are magnetically linked, not
increase or decrease the input AC voltage. electrically.
 Coils are very close to each other. So,
Principle:
∆φ ∆φ
• Mutual Induction =
∆t 𝑝 ∆t 𝑠
Construction
By Faraday’s law;
∆φ
ε = −N
Primary Secondary ∆t

V∝N
Turn Ratio
VP NP Transformer
= Equation
Vs Ns
 Types of Transformer Practical Transformer
 Power Loss Occurs.
Pinput > Poutput
Step – Up Step – Down
IP VP > Is Vs
• Vs > VP • Vs < VP
• Ns > NP • Ns < NP Efficiency of Transformer
• Is < I P • Is > I P Pout
η= × 100%
Ideal Transformer Pin
 No Power Loss Occurs.
Pinput = Poutput Points to Remember!
IP VP = Is Vs • Only works for AC
VP Is • Input frequency = Output frequency
=
Vs Ip
 Power Loss in Transformer

Coil (Cu loss) Core Loss

Heat Loss Flux Loss Hysteresis Loss Eddy Currents

𝐻 = 𝐼2𝑅𝑡 (due to air gap) (due to magnetization & (due to time
demagnetization of core) varying ‘B’)

Reduced by Reduced by Reduced by using Reduced by

using thick wires tightly wounding Soft iron core using laminated
1 the both coils (Soft ferromagnetic iron sheets of
𝑅∝ over soft iron material) core
𝐴
core
 Past Paper’s MCQs MCQ – 16

MCQ – 15

MCQ – 17

Solution
Power losses in transformer can be
minimized by: Solution
• Stopping the flow of eddy current.
• Using core material have small For transmission over long distances:
hysteresis area. 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 ↑, 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 ↓
To minimize the power loss.
Entrance Exam Preparations

BY

Muhammad Hamza Faryad