ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND

PROBABILTY
Lecture Notes Prepared by: Mr. Nelson P. Cipriano
Second Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024

My dear students,
I prepared this detailed lecture on counting techniques and probability concepts for you to better
understand Unit 5 of your module. Word problems included in this lecture note are already
answered with detailed solutions. I hope it will help you understand better the counting
techniques and probability concepts. Keep safe!

-Teacher Nelson

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 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND
PROBABILTY
Lecture Notes Prepared by: Mr. Nelson P. Cipriano
Second Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024

Topics
1. Fundamental Principle of Counting
2. Permutation
2.1 Linear Permutation
2.2 Circular Permutation
2.3 Permutation with Repetition
3. Combination
4. Probability of Events
4.1 Conditional Probability
4.2 Mutually and Non-Mutually Exclusive Events (The Addition Rule)
4.3 Dependent and Independent Events (The Multiplication Rule)

COUNTING TECHNIQUES

FCP (Fundamental Counting Principle)

If activity A can be done in N1 ways, activity B in N2 ways, activity C in N3 ways, and so

on, then activities A, B and C can be done simultaneously in N1.N2.N3….Nn ways.

Determine the number of all the possible outcomes in each of the following events:
Events Listing Technique FPC

two different coins are {HH,TT,HT,TH} 2.2 = 4

tossed 4 outcomes

three different coins are {HHH,HHT,HTH,HTT,THH,THT,TTH,TTT} 2.2.2 = 8

tossed 8 outcomes

two digit numbers formed Allowed

from the digits 1,2,3,4 {11,12,13,14,21,22,23,24,31,32,33,34,41,42,4 4.4 = 16
where repetition of the 3,44 }
digits is 16 outcomes
1. allowed
2. NOT allowed NOT allowed 4.3 = 12
{12,13,14,21,23,24,31,32,34,41,42,43 }
12 outcomes

three digit odd numbers Allowed

formed from the digits {111,121,131,113,123,133,211,221,231,213,2 3.3.2 = 18
1,2,3 where repetition of 23,233, 311,321,331,313,323,333}
the digits is 18 outcomes
1. allowed
2. NOT allowed NOT allowed 1.2.2 = 4
{123,231,213,321}
4 outcomes

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 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND
PROBABILTY
Lecture Notes Prepared by: Mr. Nelson P. Cipriano
Second Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024

two digit multiples of 5 Allowed 4.1 = 4

formed from the digits {15,35,45,55}
1,3,4,5 where repetition of 4 outcomes
the digits is 1.allowed
2. NOT allowed NOT allowed 3.1 = 3
{15,35,45}
3 outcomes

How many ways can Ana, {AMP, APM, MAP, MPA, PAM, PMA} 3.2.1 = 6
Maria and Peter be seated
in a row?

How many arrangements {ae, ai, ao, au, ea, ei, ao, au, ia, ie, io, iu, oa, oe, 5.4 = 20
can be formed on the set of oi, ou, ua, ue, ui, uo}
vowel letters taking two
letters at a time?

How many outcomes are {H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, 2.6 = 12
there in tossing a coin and T6}
rolling a die?

ACP (Alternative Principles of Counting)

If an operation can be broken down into a number of distinct cases, say 1, 2, 3 and so on
and case 1 can be done in n1 different ways, case 2 can be done independently in n2 ways, and
case 3 in n3 different ways and so on, then the total number of ways of doing the events is N 1 +
N2 + N3 +. . . Nn ways.

Event Listing Technique APC

How many numbers less than Allowed Allowed

400 can be formed out of the {1, 2, 3, 11, 12, 13, 21, 22, one-digit 3
digits 1, 2, 3 where repetition 23, 31, 32, 33, 111, 112, 113, two-digit 3.3 = 9
of the digits is 121, 122, 123, 131, 132, 133, three-digit 3.3.3 = 27
1. Allowed 211, 212, 213, 221, 222, 223, 39
2. NOT allowed 231, 232, 233, 311, 312, 313,
321, 322, 323, 331, 332, NOT allowed
333} one-digit =3
39 outcomes two-digit 3.2 =6
three-digit 3.2.1 = 6
NOT allowed
{1, 2, 3, 12, 13, 21, 23, 31, 15
32, 123, 132, 213, 231, 312,
321}
15 outcomes
How many numbers greater Allowed
than 30 but less than 500 can two digit 2.4 = 8
be formed out of the digits three digit 3.4.4 = 48
1,2, 3, 5 when repetition of 56
the digit is Not Allowed
1. Allowed two digit 2.3 = 6
2. NOT allowed three digit 3.3.2 = 18
24

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 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND
PROBABILTY
Lecture Notes Prepared by: Mr. Nelson P. Cipriano
Second Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024

How many three digit even {210, 310, 410, 120, 320, 100 + 1.3.3 = 9
numbers can be formed from 420, 130, 230, 430, 140, 240, 200 + 1.3.2 = 6
the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 where 340, 102, 302, 402, 312, 412, 300 + 1.3.3 = 9
repetition of the digits is not 132, 432, 142, 342, 104, 204, 400 + 1.3.2 = 6
allowed? 304, 214, 314, 124, 324, 134, 30
234}
30 outcomes
How many three-digit odd Allowed
numbers greater than 200 can H T O
be formed out of the digits 1, 3 4 2 = 24
2, 3, 4 when repetition of the
digits is or
1. Allowed
2. NOT allowed 200 + 1.4.2 = 8
300 + 1.4.2 = 8
400 + 1.4.2 = 8
24

Not Allowed

200 + 1.2.2 = 4
300 + 1.2.1 = 2
400 + 1.2.2 = 4
10

Two wheels of chance are

spun. The first is marked 1, 1 2
2, 3, 4 and the second is 1 2
marked 1, 2, 3. On both 3 4 3
wheels each number is
Exactly one is
equally likely, how many
ways can the following odd o e
events be obtained? 2 1 =2
2 2 =4
1. exactly one is odd 6
2. at least one is odd
At least one is odd
1st 2nd
2 1 =2
2 2 =4
2 2 =4
10

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 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND
PROBABILTY
Lecture Notes Prepared by: Mr. Nelson P. Cipriano
Second Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024

PERMUTATION

 A permutation is an arrangement of a set of objects in a definite order.

A. Arrangement of n distinct objects taken altogether at a time

B. Arrangement of n distinct objects taking r at a time
C. Arrangement of n objects with identical elements taken altogether at a time
D. Arrangement of n objects with identical elements taking r at a time
E. Arrangement of n distinct objects taken altogether at a time in a circular order

FCP (Fundamental PERMUTATION

Counting
Principle)
MAY OR MAY NOT CONSIDER CONSIDER ORDER
ORDER
MAY OR MAYBE ALLOW NO REPETITION
REPETITION

A. Arrangement of n distinct objects taken altogether at a time

nP n = n! = (n) (n-1) (n-2)

Note: 1! =1
0! = 1

1. How many ways can three students arrange themselves in a row?

3P3 = 3! = 6
Let A, B and C be the three students
{ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, CBA}

2. How many ways can four students arrange themselves in a row?

4P4 = 4! = 24

3. How many ways can a disc jockey plays the 5 most requested songs of the day?

5P5 = 5! = 120

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 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND
PROBABILTY
Lecture Notes Prepared by: Mr. Nelson P. Cipriano
Second Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024

B. Arrangement of n distinct objects taking r at a time

𝒏!
𝒏𝑷𝒓 = ;𝒏≥𝒓
( 𝒏 − 𝒓) !
1. How many ways can 3 students be seated if there are only 2 seats available?

3𝑃2 =
=𝟔
3! 3! 3.2.1
=
(3 − 2)!
= 1
1!

Let A, B and C be the three students

{AB, AC, BA, BC, CA, CB}

2. How many ways can 10 students be seated if there are only 3 seats available?

10𝑃3 =
10!
= 10.9.8 = 𝟕𝟐𝟎
10! 10.9.8.7!
(10 − 7!
= 7!
=
3)!
3. There are 14 public schools in a certain district. The district supervisor plans to visit
one school a day for the whole week. How many ways can he arrange her schedule
for the visit?

14𝑃5 =
14!
= 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝟐𝟒𝟎
14!
(14 − 9!
=
5)!

C. Arrangement of n objects with identical elements taken altogether at a time

𝑃= 𝑛!
𝑎! 𝑏! …
𝑘!
1. How many ways can we arrange the letters of the word

a. EEL b. TOTOO

𝑃= =𝟑 𝑃= = 𝟏𝟎
3!
5!

2! 2!3!

{EEL, LEE, ELE}

2. How many ways can 2 identical white shirts and 2 identical red shirts be arranged in a

{2 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒, 2 𝑟𝑒𝑑}
clothesline?

R
1. WWRR
2. RRWW
Let white be W and red be 3. WRWR
Page 6 of 32
 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND
PROBABILTY
Lecture Notes Prepared by: Mr. Nelson P. Cipriano
Second Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024

𝑃= =𝟔
4. RWRW 4!
5. WRRW
6. RWWR 2! 2!

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 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND
PROBABILTY
Lecture Notes Prepared by: Mr. Nelson P. Cipriano
Second Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024

3. How many ways can 3 identical white shirts, 2 identical redshirts and a blue shirt be
arranged in a clothesline?

𝑃= = 𝟔𝟎
6!

3! 2!
D. Arrangement of n objects with identical elements taking r at a time

1. How many ways can we arrange the letters of the word

a. EEL taking 2 letters at a time

2 1
E’s L
E L
2 0 2! 1
2!
1 1 2! 2

=𝟑
1!

{EE, EL, LE}

b. TOTOO taking 2 letters at a time

2 3
T’s O’s
T O
1 1 2! 2
1! 1!
0 2 2! 1
2!
2 0 2! 1

=𝟒
2!

{TO, OT, OO, TT}

c. TOTOO taking 3 letters at a time

2 3
T’s O’s
T O
1 2 3! 3
2!
2 1 3! 3
2!
0 3 3! 1
3!
=7
{TOO, OTO, OOT, TTO, TOT, OTT, OOO}

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 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND
PROBABILTY
Lecture Notes Prepared by: Mr. Nelson P. Cipriano
Second Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024

E. Arrangement of n distinct objects taken altogether at a time in a circular order

Arrange the letters in a circular order
a. A,B,C
b. A,B,C,D

𝑷 = (𝒏 −
𝟏 )!

1. How many ways can we arrange a mother, a father and their 3 kids be seated in
a circular order?
𝑃 = (5 − 1)! = 𝟐𝟒

2. How many ways can a mother, a father and their 3 kids be seated in a circular
order such that the mother and the father must be seated next to each other?
F, M k1 k2 k3

𝑃 = (4 − 1)! 2! = 𝟏𝟐

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 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND
PROBABILTY
Lecture Notes Prepared by: Mr. Nelson P. Cipriano
Second Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024

COMBINATION

A counting technique that can be used to situations where ORDER IS NOT IMPORTANT.

𝑛𝐶𝑟 = 𝑛𝑃𝑟 𝑛!
=𝑛−
1
𝑟! 𝑟!
𝑟)!
.
(
𝒏!
𝒏𝑪𝒓 =
(𝒏 − 𝒓)! 𝒓!

PERMUTATION COMBINATION

How many ways can a president, vice How many ways can a committee of three
president and a secretary be elected from a set members be selected from a set of three

3𝑃3 = 6 3𝐶3 = 1
of 3 students? students?

Let ABC be the three students Let ABC be the three students

{ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, CBA} {ABC}

Order is important Order is not important

1. How many ways can a committee of three members be selected from a set of 10 students?

10𝐶3 = = 𝟏𝟐𝟎
10!
(10 − 3)! 3!

2. How many different committees with 1 male and 1 female be selected from a set of 2

2𝐶1 ∗ 2𝐶1 = 𝟒
males and 2 females?

Let M1 and M2 be the 2 males and F1 and F2 be the two females

{M1F1, M1F2, M2F1, M2F2}

3. How many different committees with 2 males and 1 female be selected from a set of 4

4𝐶2 ∗ 3𝐶1 = 18
males and 3 females?

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 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND
PROBABILTY
Lecture Notes Prepared by: Mr. Nelson P. Cipriano
Second Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024

4. A box contains 3 distinct red balls and 2 distinct white balls. In how many ways can we
select 2 balls such that:
a. they are all red
b. one is red and one is white/they are of different colors
c. there is at least 1 red ball
d. there is at most 2 white balls

𝑆 = {𝑅1, 𝑅2, 𝑅3, 𝑊1, 𝑊2}

e. none is red

3𝐶2 = 𝟑
a. they are all red

1. 𝑅1 𝑅2
2. 𝑅1 𝑅3
3. 𝑅2 𝑅3

3𝐶1 ∗ 2𝐶1 = 𝟔
b. one is red and one is white/they are of different colors

1. 𝑅1 𝑊1
2. 𝑅1 𝑊2
3. 𝑅2 𝑊1
4. 𝑅2 𝑊2
5. 𝑅3 𝑊1
6. 𝑅3 𝑊2

c. there is at least 1 red ball

one red 3𝐶1 ∗ 2𝐶1 = 6

two red 3𝐶2 =3

𝑅1 𝑊1
9

𝑅 1 𝑊2
1.

𝑅2 𝑊1
2.

𝑅2 𝑊2
3.

𝑅3 𝑊1
4.

𝑅3 𝑊2
5.

𝑅1 𝑅 2
6.

𝑅1 𝑅 3
7.

𝑅2 𝑅3
8.
9.

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 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND
PROBABILTY
Lecture Notes Prepared by: Mr. Nelson P. Cipriano
Second Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024

2𝐶2
d. there is at most 2 white balls

3𝐶1 ∗ 2𝐶1 = 6
two white =1

3𝐶2
one white
no white =3

1. 𝑊1 𝑊2
10

2. 𝑅1 𝑊1
3. 𝑅1 𝑊2
4. 𝑅2 𝑊1
5. 𝑅2 𝑊2
6. 𝑅3 𝑊1
7. 𝑅3 𝑊2
8. 𝑅1 𝑅2
9. 𝑅1 𝑅3
10. 𝑅2 𝑅3

2𝐶2 = 𝟏
e. none is red

1. 𝑊1 𝑊2

5. A box contains 7 distinct red balls, 5 distinct white balls, and 3 distinct green balls. In
how many ways can we select 3 balls such that
a. they are all red
b. two are red and one is white
c. they are of different colors
d. there is at least 1 green ball
e. none is green

7𝐶3 = 𝟑𝟓
a. they are all red

(7𝐶2)(5𝐶1) = (21)(5) = 𝟏𝟎𝟓

b. two are red and one is white

(7𝐶1)(5𝐶1)(3𝐶1) = (7)(5)(3) = 𝟏𝟎𝟓

c. they are of different colors

d. there is at least 1 green ball

(3𝐶1)(7𝐶2)
(3𝐶1)(7𝐶1)(5𝐶1) = (3)(7)(5) = 105
= (3)(21) = 63

(3𝐶1)(5𝐶2)
(3𝐶2)(7𝐶1)
= (3)(10) = 30

(3𝐶2)(5𝐶1)
= (3)(7) = 21
= (3)(5) = 15
3𝐶3
𝟐𝟑𝟓
=1 = 1

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 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND
PROBABILTY
Lecture Notes Prepared by: Mr. Nelson P. Cipriano
Second Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024

(7𝐶2)(5𝐶1)
e. none is green
= (21) =

(7𝐶1)(5𝐶2)
(5 ) 105

7𝐶3
= (7)(10) = 70

5𝐶3
= 35 = 35

𝟐𝟐𝟎
= 10 = 10

or

12𝐶3 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎

6. How many ways different committees with 4 members can be formed from a group with
7 seniors and 6 juniors if

7𝐶4 = 𝟑𝟓
a. they are all seniors?

7𝐶3 ∗ 6𝐶1 = 𝟐𝟏𝟎

b. there are 3 seniors and 1 junior?

7𝐶2 ∗ 6𝐶2 = 𝟑𝟏𝟓

c. there are equal number of seniors and juniors in each committee?

7. In how many ways can a student answer 5 out of 8 questions?

8𝐶5 = 𝟓𝟔

8. In how many ways can a student answer 5 out of 8 questions if he is required to answer 3

4𝐶3 ∗ 4𝐶2 = 24
of the first 4 questions?

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 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND
PROBABILTY
Lecture Notes Prepared by: Mr. Nelson P. Cipriano
Second Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024

PROBABILITY OF EVENTS

Definition of Terms

Probability is the likelihood of occurrence of an event.

Experiment is an activity that is under consideration and which can be done repeatedly.
Example:
a. drawing a card from an ordinary deck of cards
b. tossing a coin
c. rolling a die

Sample Space is the set of all possible outcomes of an experiment.

Examples:
a. In tossing a coin, the possible outcomes are head or tail. Hence the sample space is 𝑆 =
{ 𝐻, 𝑇 }
b. In rolling a die, the sample space is 𝑆 = {1, 2,3,4,5,6}
Sample point is an element of the sample space. Thus, in tossing a coin, there are two sample
points: head and tail.
An event is any subject of the sample space.
Theoretical Probability is the probability of an event E denoted by (𝐸) is given by
𝑛(𝐸)
𝑃(𝐸) =
𝑛(𝑆)
𝑛(𝐸) = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
𝑛(𝑆) = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
If E is any event, then the probability of an event denoted by (𝐸) has a value between 0 and
1 inclusive. In symbol
0 ≤ (𝐸) ≤ 1
𝐼𝑓 (𝐸) = 1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐸 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛
𝐼𝑓 (𝐸) = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐸 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛

1. Probability of Single events

2. Probability of Complementary events
3. Probability of Mutually/Not Mutually Exclusive events “OR” (Addition Rule)
4. Dependent and Independent events “AND” (Multiplication Rule)
5. Conditional Probability

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 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND
PROBABILTY
Lecture Notes Prepared by: Mr. Nelson P. Cipriano
Second Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024

Probability of Single Events

𝑛(𝐸)
𝑃(𝐸) 𝑛(𝑆)
=
𝑛(𝐸) = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
𝑛(𝑆) = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
1. A visitor will arrive next week, what is the probability that he will arrive on Monday?
𝟏
𝑃(𝐸) =
𝟕
2. What is the probability of guessing a stranger’s birthday correctly?
𝟏
𝑃(𝐸) =
𝟑𝟔𝟓
3. A number is chosen from integer 1 through 15. Find the probability of choosing a

N = 15
a. multiple of 3
{3, 6, 9, 12, 15}
𝟏
(𝐸) =
5

𝟑
=
15
b. two digit number
{10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15}
6 𝟐
𝑃(𝐸) =
𝟓
1 =
5
c. number greater than 5 but less than 11
{6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
5 𝟏
𝑃(𝐸) = =
15 𝟑
4. A box contains 3 red marbles, 2 green marbles and 3 yellow marbles. What is the
probability of obtaining
N=8
a. a green marble
𝟏
(𝐸) = =
2

8 𝟒
b. a green or red marble
𝟓
𝑃(𝐸) =
𝟖

𝟓
c. not a red marble

𝑃(𝐸) =
𝟖

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 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND
PROBABILTY
Lecture Notes Prepared by: Mr. Nelson P. Cipriano
Second Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024

5. In a deck of 52 cards, what is the probability of drawing

𝟏
a. an ace d. a queen of hearts
𝟏 (𝐸) =
𝟓𝟐
4
(𝐸) = =
𝟏𝟑
52 e. a queen or king

𝟐
𝑃(𝐸) = =
𝟑 52 𝟏𝟑
b. a red royal card 8
6
(𝐸) =
39 𝟑
= f. not a diamond
𝟐𝟔
52

(𝐸) =
𝟒
c. a numbered card =
𝟑
52

(𝐸) =
36

𝟐𝟔
=
52
6. In a multiple choice type of test consisting of 5 options, what is the probability
of guessing the correct answer in a single item?
𝟏
𝟓
=

7. A three digit number with no digit repeated is made from the digits 5, 6, 7, and 8. If
one has to choose a number from the set of formed numbers, what is the
probability that the number is

𝑁 = 4𝑃3 =
a. Odd 24
2∗3∗2 c. multiple of 5

𝟏 6 𝟏
= 12 2∗3∗1=6

𝑃(𝐸) =
1
𝑃(𝐸) = 𝟐 2 =𝟒
2 =
2 4
4
b. Even d. a number is greater than 750
2∗3∗2 2 ∗ 3 ∗ 2 = 12

𝟏 𝟏
= 12
1 1
𝑃(𝐸) = 𝟐 𝑃(𝐸) = 𝟐
2 = 2 =
2 2
4 4

8. A committee of 2 is selected from a group consisting of 5 people, Juan, Dick, Mary,

Paul and Jane. What is the probability that

𝑁 = 5𝐶2 = 10

3𝐶2 = 3
a. both members are male

𝑃(𝐸) = 𝟑
Page 16 of 32
 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND
PROBABILTY
Lecture Notes Prepared by: Mr. Nelson P. Cipriano
Second Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024

𝟏𝟎

3𝐶1 ∗ 2𝐶1 = 3 ∗ 2 = 6
b. the committee consists of a male and a female

6 𝟑
𝑃(𝐸) = =
10 𝟓

Page 17 of 32
 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND
PROBABILTY
Lecture Notes Prepared by: Mr. Nelson P. Cipriano
Second Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024

9. Among 100 new cars delivered to a dealer, 75 have power windows, 85 have dual air
bags, 80 have ABS brakes, 65 have power windows and dual air bags, 60 have power
windows and ABS brakes, 70 have dual air bags and ABS brakes, and 55 have all
three. Compute the probability that a car selected at random has the following
equipment:
100
a. only dual air bags PW DAB
𝟏
𝑃(𝐸) = =
5
10
𝟐𝟎
5 5
100
55
𝟏𝟕
b. at least two of the three options 5 15
8
𝑃(𝐸) = 𝟐𝟎
5 = 5
10 ABS
0
c. exactly two of the three options
𝑃(𝐸) = 3 𝟑
0 = 𝟏𝟎
10
0
d. have power window but no ABS brakes
𝑃(𝐸) = 1 𝟑
𝟐𝟎
5 =
10
0
e. either have dual air bags or power windows but have no ABS brakes
𝑃(𝐸) = 2 𝟏

𝟓
0 =
10
0

f. have both dual air bags and ABS brakes but have no power windows
𝑃(𝐸) = 1 𝟑
𝟐𝟎
5 =
10
0
g. no ABS brakes nor dual air bags
𝑃(𝐸) = 5 𝟏
10 = 𝟐𝟎
0

𝑁 = 6 ∗ 6 = 36
10. Two fair dice, one red, the other white are rolled. Find the probability that

1 2 3 4 5 6 White
1 11 12 13 14 15 16
2 21 22 23 24 25 26
Page 18 of 32
 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND
PROBABILTY
Lecture Notes Prepared by: Mr. Nelson P. Cipriano
Second Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024

3 31 32 33 34 35 36
4 41 42 43 44 45 46
5 51 52 53 54 55 56
6 61 62 63 64 65 66
Red

4 𝟏
a. the sum of the numbers showing will be 9
𝑃(𝐸) = =
36 𝟗

Page 19 of 32
 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND
PROBABILTY
Lecture Notes Prepared by: Mr. Nelson P. Cipriano
Second Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024

𝟏
b. the sum of the numbers showing will be less than 4
𝑃(𝐸) = =
3
3 𝟏𝟐
6
c. the red die shows a factor of 6 and the white shows a multiple of three
Red White
die die
4 2 =8

𝑃(𝐸) =
3 𝟏
𝟏𝟐
3 =
6
d. the number on exactly one of the dice is a perfect square

Page 20 of 32
 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND
PROBABILTY
Lecture Notes Prepared by: Mr. Nelson P. Cipriano
Second Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024

2 4 =8
4 2 =8

𝟒
1 16
𝑃(𝐸) =
6

𝟗
3 =
6

e. the number on at least one of the dice is an even number

3 3 =9
3 3 =9
3 3 =9

𝟑
2 27
𝑃(𝐸) =
7
3 =𝟒
6

𝟐𝟑
f. the two numbers showing are relatively prime
𝑃(𝐸) =
𝟑𝟔

Page 21 of 32
 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND
PROBABILTY
Lecture Notes Prepared by: Mr. Nelson P. Cipriano
Second Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024

Probability of Complementary Events

S
A
A’

𝑷(𝑨′) = 𝟏 − 𝑷(𝑨)

1. A number is chosen from integers 1 through 15. Find the probability of

NOT choosing a number of less than 10.
𝑁 = 15
𝐴 = {𝑛 < 10}

(𝐴′) = 1 −
9

𝟐
15
𝑃(𝐴′) =
𝟓

𝑁 = 52
2. In a deck of 52 cards, what is the probability of NOT drawing a diamond?

𝑃( 𝐴 ) = =
13 1

(𝐴 ) = 1 −
52 4
1

𝟑
′

𝑃(𝐴 ) =
4

𝟒
′

3. Two fair dice, one red, the other white are rolled. Find the probability of

𝑁 = 36
NOT obtaining the same faces?

𝑃( 𝐴 ) = =
6 1

(𝐴 ) = 1 −
36 6
′
1

𝟓
𝑃(𝐴 ) =
6

𝟔
′

4. If the probability of passing a test is 0.75, what is the probability of NOT passing

( 𝐴′ ) = 1 − ( 𝐴)
the test?

(𝐴′) = 1 − 0.75
(𝐴′) = 0.25 𝑜𝑟
1
4

Page 22 of 32
 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND
PROBABILTY
Lecture Notes Prepared by: Mr. Nelson P. Cipriano
Second Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024

5. Nina has two kids. What is the probability that the two kids are NOT of the
same gender?
𝑁=2∗2=4

𝑃(𝐴) =
2 1
=

(𝐴 ) = 1 −
4 2
′
1

𝟏
𝑃(𝐴 ) =
2

𝟐
′

Probability of Mutually/Not Mutually Exclusive events “OR” (The Additive Rule)

If two events do not have points/elements in common, then the two events are mutually
exclusive events.
If two events do have points/elements in common, then the two events are not mutually
exclusive events.

Directions: Identify whether the following are mutually or not mutually exclusive events.
Experiment: tossing a die
a. event of obtaining an odd or an even number (mutually)
b. event of obtaining a “3” or a “2” (mutually)
c. event of obtaining a number greater than 4 or an odd number (not mutually)
d. event of obtaining an odd number or a multiple of 3 (not mutually)

Probability of Mutually Exclusive Events

𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨) + 𝑷(𝑩)

A B

disjoint

Probability of Not Mutually Exclusive Events

𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨) + 𝑷(𝑩) − 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)

A B

joint

Page 23 of 32
 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND
PROBABILTY
Lecture Notes Prepared by: Mr. Nelson P. Cipriano
Second Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024

1. In drawing a card from a deck of cards, what is the probability of drawing

a. spade or a red card

𝑃(𝑆 ∪ 𝑅) = 𝑃(𝑆) + 𝑃(𝑅)

𝑃(𝑆 ∪
𝑅) =
13 26
+
39 𝟑
52 52
𝑃(𝑆 ∪
𝑅) = 𝟒
=
52

𝑃(𝑄ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 ∪ 𝐾) = 𝑃(𝑄ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠) + 𝑃(𝐾)

b. a queen of hearts or a king

1 4
(𝑄ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 ∪ 𝐾) =
𝟓
+
52 52

𝑃(𝑄ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 ∪ 𝐾) =
𝟓𝟐

𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

c. an ace or a black card

𝑃(𝐴 ∪
𝐵) =
4 26 2
−

𝟕
52 52 52
+
𝑃(𝑆 ∪ 𝑅) 28 𝟏𝟑
= 52
=

𝑃(𝐷 ∪ 𝑁) = 𝑃(𝐷) + 𝑃(𝑁) − 𝑃(𝐷 ∩ 𝑁)

d. a diamond or a numbered card

𝑃(𝐷 ∪
𝑁) =
13 36 9
+ −
40 𝟏𝟎
52 52 52

𝑃(𝐷 ∪ 52 𝟏𝟑
𝑁) = =

2. In a bag of 4 blue balls, 5 red balls, 2 green and 3 white balls, what is the probability

𝑁 = 14
of picking

𝑃(𝑊 ∪ 𝑅) = 𝑃(𝑊) + 𝑃(𝑅)

a. a white or a red ball

𝑃(𝑊 ∪
𝑅) =
3 5
+
8 𝟒
14 14

𝑃(𝑊 ∪
𝟕
𝑅) =
=
14

𝑃(𝑊 ∪ 𝐺)′ = [𝑃(𝑊) + 𝑃(𝐺)]′

b. not a white nor a green ball

(𝑊 ∪ 𝐺)′ = [ 14
3 (𝑊 ∪ 𝐺)′ = 1 −
Page 24 of 32
 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND
PROBABILTY
Lecture Notes Prepared by: Mr. Nelson P. Cipriano
Second Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024

𝟗
𝑃(𝑊 ∪ 𝐺)′ = + ]
2
𝟏 ′ 14
𝟒 5
1
4

Page 25 of 32
 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND
PROBABILTY
Lecture Notes Prepared by: Mr. Nelson P. Cipriano
Second Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024

𝑃(𝑊 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝑊) + 𝑃(𝐵)

c. a white or a blue ball

𝑃(𝑊 ∪ 𝐵) 3 +4
= 14 14

𝑃(𝑊 ∪ 𝐵)
7 1
=
14 2
=

𝑃(𝑊 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐺) = 𝑃(𝑊) + 𝑃(𝐵) + 𝑃(𝐺)

d. not a red ball

𝑃(𝑊 ∪ 𝐵 ∪
𝐺) =
3 4 2
+
14 +
14
𝑃(𝑊 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝟗
14

𝐺) = 𝟏𝟒

3. Every two digit numbers formed on the digits 1 through 5 (without repetition of the
digits) were written on paper slips. If one paper is drawn from the set of paper,
what is the probability that it is

𝑁 = 5𝑃2 = 20
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

𝑃(𝑂 ∪ 𝑀) = 𝑃(𝑂) + 𝑃(𝑀) − 𝑃(𝑂 ∩ 𝑀)

a. an odd number or a multiple of 5

𝑃(𝑂 ∪ 12 4 4
𝑀) =
+ −
12 𝟑
20 20 20

𝑃(𝑂 ∪ =
𝟓
𝑀) =
20

𝑃(𝐸 ∪ 𝐺) = 𝑃(𝐸) + 𝑃(𝐺) − 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐺)

b. an even number or a number greater than 20

𝑃(𝐸 ∪ 8 16 6
𝐺) =
−
𝟗
20 20 20
+
𝑃(𝐸 ∪ 18 𝟏𝟎
𝐺) = 20
=

𝑃(𝑂 ∪ 𝑃𝑟) = 𝑃(𝑂) + 𝑃(𝑃𝑟) − 𝑃(𝑂 ∩ 𝑃𝑟)

c. an odd number or a prime number

𝑃(𝑂 ∪ 12 6 6
𝑃𝑟) =
+
20 −
20
𝑃(𝑂 ∪ 12 𝟑
20

𝑃𝑟) = =
𝟓
20

𝑃(𝑂 ∪ 𝑁𝑒) = 𝑃(𝑂) + 𝑃(𝑁𝑒) − 𝑃(𝑂 ∩ 𝑁𝑒)

d. an odd number or a number that starts with an even number

Page 26 of 32
 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND
PROBABILTY
Lecture Notes Prepared by: Mr. Nelson P. Cipriano
Second Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024

𝑃(𝑂 ∪ 12 8 6
𝑁𝑒) =
+ −
14 𝟕
20 20 20

𝑃(𝑂 ∪ 20 𝟏𝟎
𝑁𝑒) = =

Page 27 of 32
 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND
PROBABILTY
Lecture Notes Prepared by: Mr. Nelson P. Cipriano
Second Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024

Dependent and Independent events “AND” (The Multiplication Rule)

Two events are independent if the occurrence of one does not affect the occurrence of the
other. Otherwise they are said to be dependent.

Directions: Identify whether the following events are dependent or independent events.
1. rolling a red die and a blue die (I)
2. drawing two cards in succession in a deck of cards without replacement of the cards
(D)
3. drawing a red ball and a blue ball in a box of red, blue, and green balls where
replacement is allowed (I)
4. choosing a boy from a group of boys and a girl from a group of girls (I)
5. awarding a first, second and third honors to a set of 10 students (D)
6. tossing two coins (I)
7. drawing a card from a complete deck of cards and another card from the other set of
complete cards (I)
8. tossing a coin, rolling a die (I)

𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) ∗ 𝑃(𝐵/𝐴)

Probability of Dependent Events

𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) ∗ 𝑃(𝐵)

Probability of Independent Events

1. In 2 tosses of a die, find the probability of obtaining

a. a “3” on the first toss and a prime on the second toss

(3 ∩ 𝑃𝑟) = (3) ∗ 𝑃(𝑃𝑟)
𝟏
(3 ∩ 𝑃𝑟)
𝟏𝟐
1 3 3
∗ 36
= 6
= 6 =

b. an even number on the first toss and at least a 5 on the second toss
(𝐸 ∩ 5>) = (𝐸) ∗ 𝑃(5>)

(𝐸 ∩ 5>)
3 2
∗
= 6 6
3 2
(𝐸 ∩ 5>) ∗
6 6

𝟏
=
6
(𝐸 ∩ 5>) =
𝟔
=
36

Page 28 of 32
 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND
PROBABILTY
Lecture Notes Prepared by: Mr. Nelson P. Cipriano
Second Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024

[(2 ∪ 5) ∩ 3𝑚] = [(2) + 𝑃(5)] ∗ 𝑃(3𝑚)

c. a “2” or a “5” in the first toss and a multiple of 3 in the second toss

1 1 2
[(2 ∪ 5) ∩ 3𝑚] = ( 6 + )∗
[(2 ∪ 5) ∩ 3𝑚] 2 2 4 =𝟏
6

= ∗ 36 𝟗
6
= 6

[(𝑂 ∪ 5𝑚) ∩ 5] = [(𝑂) + 𝑃(5𝑚) − 𝑃(𝑂 ∩ 5𝑚] ∗ 𝑃(5)

d. an odd number or a multiple of 5 on the first toss and a “5” in the second toss

3 1 1 1
[(𝑂 ∪ 5𝑚) ∩ 5] = [ + − ] ∗
[(𝑂 ∪ 5𝑚) ∩ 5] 3 𝟏
6 6 6 6
3
𝟏𝟐
= 1 = =
∗ 36
6
6

2. The first box contains 4 red balls, 3 blue balls and 4 white balls, second box contains
6 red balls and 4 white balls, and the third box contains 3 white balls and 2 red balls.
One ball is to be drawn from each box, what is the probability that

a. all three are red

𝑃(𝐸) = 4 6 𝟐𝟒
550 𝟐𝟕𝟓
48
11 =
∗ 2
∗ =
10
5
b. a red is drawn from the first box and white balls on the remaining boxes
𝑃(𝐸) = 4 4 𝟐𝟒
550 𝟐𝟕𝟓
48
11 =
∗ 3
∗ =
10
5

c. a red or a blue on the first box, a red ball on the second and a white on the third box
𝑃(𝐸) =
4 3 3
) ( )
(
6
+ ) (
1 11 10 5
1 6 3
𝑃(𝐸) = ( 10 5
7) ( ) ( )
1

𝟔𝟑
1
𝑃(𝐸) = 12
𝟐𝟕𝟓
6 =
55
0

3. In a single deck of cards, three cards are drawn in succession, what is the probability
that

Page 29 of 32
 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND
PROBABILTY
Lecture Notes Prepared by: Mr. Nelson P. Cipriano
Second Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024

a. a Jack, a King, and a Queen, respectively if replacement is not allowed

𝑃(𝐸) = 4 4 4
∗ ∗
52 51 50
𝑃(𝐸) = 64 = 8
1326 16575
0
b. three red cards if replacement is allowed
𝑃(𝐸) = 26 26 26

𝑃(𝐸) =
52 ∗
∗ 52 52
1
8
c. three Jacks if replacement is not allowed
𝑃(𝐸) = 4 3 2
∗
𝑃(𝐸) = ∗ 𝟏
52 51

𝟓𝟓𝟐𝟓
50 =
1 1 1
13 ∗
∗ 17
25

Page 30 of 32
 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND
PROBABILTY
Lecture Notes Prepared by: Mr. Nelson P. Cipriano
Second Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024

d. a spade, a diamond, and a club if replacement is not allowed

𝑃(𝐸) = 1 13
∗
50
13
∗
4
51
𝑃(𝐸) = 169
10
200

4. The probability that a passenger lands safely in Cagayan De Oro from Manila is 0.95
and the probability that he lands safely in Davao from Cagayan De Oro is 0.98. Find
the probability that the passenger

a. lands safely in Cagayan De Oro and Davao

(𝐶 𝑓𝑟 𝑀) = 0.95 = (𝑀 𝑡𝑜 𝐶)
(𝐷 𝑓𝑟 𝐶) = 0.98 = (𝐶 𝑡𝑜 𝐷)
𝑃[(𝑀 𝑡𝑜 𝐶) ∩ (𝐶 𝑡𝑜 𝐷] = 𝑃(𝑀 𝑡𝑜 𝐶) ∗ 𝑃(𝐶 𝑡𝑜 𝐷)
[(𝑀 𝑡𝑜 𝐶) ∩ (𝐶 𝑡𝑜 𝐷] = (0.95)(0.98)
𝑃[(𝑀 𝑡𝑜 𝐶) ∩ (𝐶 𝑡𝑜 𝐷] = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟏
b. lands safely in Cagayan De Oro but not in Davao
(𝐶 𝑡𝑜 𝐷)′ = 1 − (𝐶 𝑡𝑜 𝐷)
(𝐶 𝑡𝑜 𝐷)′ = 1 − 0.98
(𝐶 𝑡𝑜 𝐷)′ = 0.02
[(𝑀 𝑡𝑜 𝐶) ∩ (𝐶 𝑡𝑜 𝐷)′] = (0.95)(0.02)
𝑃[(𝑀 𝑡𝑜 𝐶) ∩ (𝐶 𝑡𝑜 𝐷)′] = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗

5. For the first three items in a True or False type of test. What is the probability of
guessing the correct answer in all the three items?
𝑃(𝐸) 1 ∗1 1
∗
𝟏
= 2 2 2

𝑃(𝐸) 𝟖
=

Page 31 of 32
 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND
PROBABILTY
Lecture Notes Prepared by: Mr. Nelson P. Cipriano
Second Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024

Conditional Probability
The conditional probability of B, given that A has occurred, is denoted by (𝐵|𝐴).
Since A known to have occurred, then A becomes the new sample space replacing the
original sample space.

𝑃(𝐵|𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐴 ∩
𝐵) 𝑖𝑓 (𝐴) ≠ 0
𝑃(𝐴)
1. Two dice, one red, the other white are rolled. What is the probability of

a. obtaining a sum of 7 given that the number on each die is less than 5
(𝐴) = {11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 24, 31, 32, 33, 34, 41, 42, 43,
44} = 16
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = {43, 34} = 2
2 𝟏
𝑃(𝐵|𝐴) = =
16 𝟖

(𝐴) = {11, 14, 16, 41, 44, 46, 61, 64, 66} = 9
b. obtaining the same numbers given that none of the dice show a prime number

(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = {11, 44, 66) = 3

𝟏
𝑃(𝐵|𝐴) =
3
𝟑
=
9

(𝐴) = {16, 26, 36, 46, 56, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66} = 11
c. obtaining a sum greater than 9 given that a 6 occurs on at least one die

(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = {46, 56, 64,65,66) = 5

𝟓
𝑃(𝐵|𝐴)
𝟏𝟏
=

2. Two babies were born. What is the probability that these are two boys given that at

(𝐴) = {𝐵𝐺, 𝐺𝐵, 𝐵𝐵}

least one is a boy?

= 3 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = {𝐵𝐵) =
𝟏
1
𝑃(𝐵|𝐴) =
𝟑

3. Three coins are tossed. What is the probability of obtaining at least two heads given

(𝐴) = {𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻, 𝑇𝑇𝐻,

that the first coin shows a tail?

𝑇𝑇𝑇} = 4 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = {𝑇𝐻𝐻)
𝟏
=1
𝑃(𝐵|𝐴) =
𝟒

Page 32 of 32