Burkina Institute of Technology

Machine elements : Design

and calculation
SAWADOGO Brice
ME26 _ 2024-2025
What are machine elements
All the machines are made up of elements or parts and units. Each element is a separate part of the machine and it
may have to be designed separately and in assembly. Each element in turn can be a complete part or made up of
several small pieces which are joined together by riveting, welding etc.

spur gear bevel gear

shaft

Screws & nuts

Classification of Machines Elements
The machines elements are classified into two main types: general purpose elements and special purpose
elements. These have been described below:
1) General purpose elements: The elements which are common to various types of machines serving different
applications are called general purpose elements. Examples of these elements are nuts, bolts, keys, axles,
shafts, couplings, bearings etc.
The general purpose elements are classified into two types: fasteners and elements of rotary motion drive.
1) Fasteners (fixations): The fasteners are the machine elements that connect or join various parts of the machine.
The joints can be of permanent type (welded, riveted) or temporary type (nut and bolts, cotter joints).
2) Elements of rotary motion drive: These are the elements that help transmit the motion or power to or from the
machines i.e. belt connected to the motor and pump helps running the pump. Other examples of elements of the rotary
motion drive are rope, chain, gear, worm drives, shafts, axles, couplings, bearings etc.
Fasteners
Comparison of a bolt with a screw

A bolt is a threaded fastener designed to pass through holes in the mating members and
to be secured by tightening a nut from the end opposite the head of the bolt.

(a) Hex head bolt

A screw is a threaded fastener designed to be inserted through a hole in

one member to be joined and into a threaded hole in the mating member

(b) Hex head cap screw

Various Types of Bolts and Nuts
Various Types of Bolts and Nuts
Nuts

The customary terms regular and thick for

describing nut thicknesses have been replaced
by the terms style 1 and style 2 for metric nuts.
The design of style 1 and 2 steel nuts shown in
Fig.
Threads

Thread is the helical grooves which are opened to inner

and outer surfaces.
⮞External thread (screw - bolt -stud): A thread on the
external surface of a cylinder.
⮞Internal thread (nut/): A thread on theinternal surface of
a cylinder.
⮞Major diameter : The largestdiameter of a screw
thread.
⮞Minor diameter : The smallestdiameter of a screw
thread.
⮞Pitch diameter : The diameter ofan imaginary cylinder,
the surface of which cuts the thread forms where the
width of the thread and groove are equal.
Threads

Crest: The edge or surface that joins the sides of a thread and is
farthest from the cylinder or conefrom which the thread projects.
⮞ Root: The edge or surface that joins the sides of adjacent thread forms
and coincides with the cylinder or cone from which the thread projects.
⮞ Depth of thread: The distance between crest and root measured
normal to the axis.
⮞ Pitch (hatve, adım): The distance between corresponding points on
adjacent thread formsmeasured parallel to the axis.
⮞ Right-hand thread: A thread that when viewed axially winds in a
clockwise and receding direction.Threads are RH unless otherwise
specified.
⮞ Left-hand thread: A thread that when viewed axially winds in a
counterclockwise and receding direction. All left-hand threads are
designated LH..
Threads

Lead: The distance a threaded part moves axially with respect to a fixed mating part, in one
complete revolution.
⮞ Single thread: A thread having the thread form produced on only one helix of cylinder. On a
single thread, the lead and pitch are equivalent. Threads are alwayssingle unless otherwise
specified .
⮞ Multiple thread: A thread combination having the same form produced on two or more helices.
For a multiple thread, the lead is an integral multiple of the pitch (e.g.on a double thread, lead is
twice the pitch). A multiple thread permits a more rapid advance without a coarser (larger) thread
form.
Threads
Profiles of standard screw thread forms used in industry are shown
Screw Designation

• M 12 x 1.5 - 4h - 12mm diameter, 1.5

pitch and external thread with closed fit
• M 12 x 1.5- 5H-- 12 mm diameter, 1.5
pitch and internal thread with ciosed fit

Close Fit - 5H/4h

Medium Fit - 6H/6g
Free fit -7H/8q
Representation of threads

External Thread

Internal Thread
⮞ Screw threads for blind holes with partially tapped (Fig. 1) and bottom tapped (Fig. 2).
⮞ The chamfered view of screw threads is drawn only for large chamfers (Fig. 3).
⮞ There are also threaded parts on pipes for special applications (Fig. 4).

Figure 3
Figure 1

Figure 2
Figure 4
Washers
Washers

washers are commonly the elernents that are added to screw systems to keep
thern tight, but not all washers are locking types. Many washers serve other
functions, such as surface protection, insulation, sealing, electrical connection,
and spring-tension take-up devices.
• Flat Washers Plain, or flat, washers are used prirnarily to provide a bearing
surface for a nut or a screw head, to cover large clearance holes, and to
distribute fastener loads over a large area-particularly on soft nnaterials such
as alurninurn or Wood
• Conical Washers These washers are used with screws to effectively add spring
take-up to the screws elongation.
• Helical Spring Washers These washers are made Of slightly trapezoidal wire
formed into a helix of one coil so that the free height is approxinnately twice
the thickness Of the Washer section
Screws assembly

Screw-on connection Screw-on connection Screw-on connection

with Bolt with blind hole with stud bolt
Screws assembly
 Screws assembly

Screw-on connection
with blind hole
Bolt assembly
Bolt assembly

Through hole
connection
 Pin (Goupille)

Device for setting the angular position by contact. It allows to realize a connection joint
between the the shaft and the hub
They are suitable for simple and economical assemblies under moderate torques. The pin
can be used as a safety part, the only part that breaks in case of overload. During operation,
the pin must not be able to escape; it must be sufficiently immobilized: for this purpose, use
splined, conical or elastic pins (see dimensions in chapter 20: assembly elements).
 Pin (Goupille)

HARDENED AND Standardized in nominal diameters ranging from 3

GROUND DOWEL to 22mm.
PIN 1. Fastening machine parts where precise
alignment is a prime consideration.
2. Locking components to shafts, in the form of
pin-type keys.

TAPER PIN The basic dimension is the diameter of the large

end. Used for Light Applications in fastening
wheels and similar components to shafts. Torque
capacity is determined on a double shear basis,
using the average diameter along the tapered
section of the shaft for surface calculations.
 Pin (Goupille)

CLEVIS PIN Standard nominal diameters for clevis pins range from 5
to 25mm. Its basic function is to connect the yoke, or
fork in hinge joint assemblies. Kept in place by a small
pin or other attachment, it makes a movable joint,
which can be easily disassembled for adjustment or
maintenance.

COTTER PIN Used with a split nut on bolts, screws or studs, it

provides a practical and inexpensive locknut assembly.
Can be used with or without a plain washer as an
artificial shoulder to lock parts in position on shafts.
Pin (Goupille)
Pin (Goupille)

set screw
Pin (Goupille)
 Parallel keys (Clavettes parallèles)

Simple, economical, they are often used. The transmissible torque, although higher than
with pins, remains limited. For high torques, splines are preferable. They can be used as a
safety device, the only part that breaks in case of overload.
keys (Clavettes)
Parallel keys (Clavettes parallèles)
 Shaft Key Key way
Width ( b ) Depth (t)
Close/ Close/
Nominal Interfere Interfere
Diameter Size Nom Free Normal Normal Normal Normal nce nce
Shaft Shaft Hub Hub Shaft Shaft Shaft Hub Radius
d d (H9) (H9) (D10) (D10) (N9) (N9) Hub (Js9) Hub (Js9) Shaft/Hub (P9) (t1) (t2) (r)
Over Incl bxh Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max
6 8 2×2 2 0 +0,025 +0,02 +0,06 -0,029 -0,004 -0,012 +0,012 -0,031 -0,006 1,2 1.3 1,0 1.1 0,08 0,16
8 10 3×3 3 0 +0,025 +0,02 +0,06 -0,029 -0,004 -0,012 +0,012 -0,031 -0,006 1,8 1.9 1,4 1.5 0,08 0,16
10 12 4×4 4 0 +0,03 +0,030 +0,078 -0,030 0 -0,015 +0,015 -0,042 -0,012 2,5 2.6 1,8 1.9 0,08 0,16
12 17 5×5 5 0 +0,03 +0,030 +0,078 -0,030 0 -0,015 +0,015 -0,042 -0,012 3,0 3.1 2,3 2.4 0,16 0,25
17 22 6×6 6 0 +0,03 +0,030 +0,078 -0,030 0 -0,015 +0,015 -0,042 -0,012 3,5 3.6 2,8 2.9 0,16 0,25
22 30 8×7 8 0 +0,036 +0,040 +0,098 -0,036 0 -0,018 +0,018 -0,051 -0,015 4,0 4.2 3,3 3,5 0,16 0,25
30 38 10×8 10 0 +0,036 +0,040 +0,098 -0,036 0 -0,018 +0,018 -0,051 -0,015 5,0 5.2 3,3 3,5 0,25 0,40
38 44 12×8 12 0 +0,043 +0,050 +0,12 -0,043 0 -0,021 +0,021 -0,061 -0,018 5,0 5.2 3,3 3,5 0,25 0,40
44 50 14×9 14 0 +0,043 +0,050 +0,12 -0,043 0 -0,021 +0,021 -0,061 -0,018 5,5 5.7 3,8 4,0 0,25 0,40
50 58 16×10 16 0 +0,043 +0,050 +0,12 -0,043 0 -0,021 +0,021 -0,061 -0,018 6,0 6.2 4,3 4,5 0,25 0,40
58 65 18×11 18 0 +0,043 +0,050 +0,12 -0,043 0 -0,021 +0,021 -0,061 -0,018 7,0 7.2 4,4 4,6 0,25 0,40
65 75 20×12 20 0 +0,052 +0,065 +0,149 -0,052 0 -0,026 +0,026 -0,074 -0,022 7,5 7.7 4,9 5,1 0,40 0,60
75 85 22×14 22 0 +0,052 +0,065 +0,149 -0,052 0 -0,026 +0,026 -0,074 -0,022 9,0 9.2 5,4 5,6 0,40 0,60
85 95 25×14 25 0 +0,052 +0,065 +0,149 -0,052 0 -0,026 +0,026 -0,074 -0,022 9,0 9.2 5,4 5,6 0,40 0,60
Gears

Gears are wheel-like machine elements that have teeth uniformly spaced around the outer surface. They are
used in pars and are a very valuable design tool. Gears are mounted on rotatable shafts and the teeth are
made to mesh (engage) with a gear on another shaft. Gears deliver force (torque) and motion (rpm) from one
part of a machine to another.
 Retaining rings or snap rings

Retaining rings, or snap rings, are used to

provide a removable shoulder to accurately
locate, retain, or lock components on shafts
and in bores of housings. They are easily
installed and removed, and since they are
usually made of spring steel, retaining rings
have a high Shear strength and impact
capacity.
Retaining rings or snap rings
Retaining rings or snap rings
Anneaux élastiques à Anneaux élastiques à montage Anneaux élastiques à montage
montage AXIAL pour arbres AXIAL pour alésages RADIAL (Anneaux d’arrêts)

Montage des anneaux élastiques

Pince ouvrante pour circlips Pince fermante pour circlips
extérieurs intérieurs
BEARINGS

Bearings permit smooth, low-friction movement between two surfaces. The

movement can be either rotary (a shaft rotating within a mount) or linear (one
surface moving along another).Bearings can employ either a sliding or a rolling
action. Bearings based on rolling action are called rolling-element bearings.
Those based on sliding action are called plain bearings.
BEARINGS

Ball bearings fall into three main categories:

radial bearings, axial bearings and angular contact A plain bearing is any bearing that works by sliding action, with
bearings. or without lubricant. This group encompasses essen- tially all
Angular contact bearings are used for combined radial and types other than rolling-element bearings.Plain bearings are
thrust loads, and where precise shaft positioning is often referred to as sleeve bearings or thrust bearings, terms
required. The uses of the other two categories are that designate whether the bearing is loaded axially or radially.
described by their names: radial bearings for radial loads
and thrust bearings for thrust loads.
BEARINGS

A plain bearing is any bearing that works by sliding action,

with or without lubricant. This group encompasses essen-
tially all types other than rolling-element bearings.Plain
bearings are often referred to as sleeve bearings or thrust
bearings, terms that designate whether the bearing is
loaded axially or radially.
BEARINGS
PULLEY- BELT MECHANISM

A belt is a loop of flexible material used to link two or more rotating shafts
mechanically, most often parallel. Belts may be used as a source of motion, to
transmit power efficiently or to track relative movement. Belts are looped over
pulleys and may have a twist between the pulleys, and the shafts need not be
parallel
Calculation
Pin
goupille
The pin, which provides the complete connection between
two parts, is subject to a stress moment T. It must be
designed for shear (strength) [cisaillement (résistance)]

𝑇
𝜏 = ≤ 𝜏𝑝
𝑆

T : tangential force N
S : sheared (cisaillée) section of the pin (mm2)
d : pin diameter(mm)
τp : practical shear stress(N/mm2)
Application

𝑀
𝑀 =𝑇⋅𝐷 ⇒𝑇 =
𝐷
To protect the drive train of a machine, a safety
device is used at the connection of the shafts (1) and 𝑇 𝑀
𝜏 = ≤ 𝜏𝑝 ⇒ 𝜏 = ≤ 𝜏𝑝
(2), comprising a sleeve (3) and two pins (4) and (5). 𝑆 𝜋𝑑 2
𝐷⋅
4
The maximum torque to be transmitted is set at
60Nm. The pins have the same diameter d and are 4𝑀
⇒𝑑≥
made of A33 steel for which σr=330 MPa and τp= 𝜋𝐷𝜏𝑝
150 MPa.
4𝑥60
𝐴. 𝑁. ⇒ 𝑑 ≥ = 5,04𝑚𝑚
𝜋𝑥0,02𝑥150
KEY

The length "l" is calculated in terms of shear

(resistance) and matting (contact pressure).
• shear (resistance)

The shear stress is calculated

by the relation is:
T: tangential force (expressed in N)
𝑇 𝑇 𝑀𝑃𝑎 D: shaft diameter (expressed in mm)
𝜏= = ≤ 𝜏𝑝
𝑆 𝑎⋅𝑙

With 𝜏𝑝 the practical shear stress

𝑇 2𝑀
𝑙≥ =
𝑎 ⋅ 𝜏𝑝 𝑎𝐷 ⋅ 𝜏𝑝
KEY
• matting (contact pressure).
The specific pressure developing between the
key and the shaft and between the key and
the hub must not exceed a permissible value.

𝑇 𝑇 𝑝 ≤ 𝑝𝑎𝑑
𝑝= = ≤ 𝑝𝑎𝑑 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑆 ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖 ⋅ 𝑙

ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖 = 𝑗 + 𝑏 − 𝐷

𝑇 2𝑀
𝑙≥ =
𝑗 + 𝑏 − 𝐷 ⋅ 𝑝𝑎𝑑 𝐷 𝑗 + 𝑏 − 𝐷 ⋅ 𝑝𝑎𝑑
KEY Application
To establish a complete connection between the pinion (1) and the shaft (2), we use a parallel
key, shape C and a screw H, M10.
1. Use your documents to find the characteristic dimensions of the cross-section of the key
and the keyways.
KEY
Application
2) Determine the minimum length of the key that satisfies the condition of resistance to
shearing and Matting.
Knowing that:
- The pinion (1) is subjected to a torque 𝑀 = 100 𝑀𝑚,
- The practical shear stress is equal to 𝜏𝑝 = 70 𝑀𝑃𝑎,
- The permissible caulking pressure is 𝑃𝑎𝑑 = 50 𝑀𝑃𝑎.

3) Complete the two sectional views. Designate the key and the screw.