Introduction to Python Programming and Data

Structures
Third Edition

Chapter 3
Selections

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Motivations
If you input a negative value for radius in Listing 2.2,
ComputeAreaWithConsoleInput.py, the program would
print an invalid result. If the radius is negative, you don't
want the program to compute the area. How can you deal
with this situation?

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Objectives (1 of 2)
3.1 To write Boolean expressions using relational operators (§3.2).
3.2 To generate random numbers using the random.randint(a, b),
random.randrange(a, b), or random.random() functions (§3.3).

3.3 To program with Boolean expressions (AdditionQuiz) (§3.3).

3.4 To implement selection control using one-way if statements (§3.4).

3.5 To implement selection control using two-way if-else statements (§3.5).

3.6 To implement selection control with nested if and multi-way if-elif-

else statements (§3.6).

3.7 To avoid common errors in if statements (§3.7).

3.8 To program with selection statements (§§3.8–3.9).

3.9 To combine conditions using logical operators (and, or, and not) (§3.10).

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Objectives (2 of 2)
3.10 To use selection statements with combined conditions (LeapYear,
Lottery) (§§3.11–3.12).

3.11 To write expressions that use the conditional expressions (§3.13).

3.12 To simplify selection statements using match-case statements (§3.14).

3.13 To understand the rules governing operator precedence and associativity

(§3.15).

3.14 To detect the location of an object (§3.16).

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Boolean Data Types
Often in a program you need to compare two values, such
as whether i is greater than j. There are six comparison
operators (also known as relational operators) that can be
used to compare two values. The result of the comparison
is a Boolean value: true or false.

b = (1 > 2)

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Relational Operators
Operator Name
< less than
<= less than or equal to
> greater than
>= greater than or equal to
== equal to
!= not equal to

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Problem: A Simple Math Learning Tool
This example creates a program to let a first grader
practice additions. The program randomly generates two
single-digit integers number1 and number2 and displays a
question such as “What is 7 + 9?” to the student. After the
student types the answer, the program displays a message
to indicate whether the answer is true or false.

AdditionQuiz

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One-way if Statements

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Note

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Simple if Demo
Write a program that prompts the user to enter an integer.
If the number is a multiple of 5, print HiFive. If the number
is divisible by 2, print HiEven.

SimpleIfDemo

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The Two-way if Statement
if boolean-expression:
statement(s)-for-the-true-case
else:
statement(s)-for-the-false-case

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if...else Example
if radius >= 0:
area = radius * radius * math.pi
print("The area for the circle of radius", radius, "is", area)
else:
print("Negative input")

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Problem: An Improved Math Learning
Tool

This example creates a program to teach a first grade child

how to learn subtractions. The program randomly
generates two single-digit integers number1 and number2
with number1 >= number2 and displays a question such
as “What is 9 − 2?” to the student. After the student types
the answer, the program displays a message to indicate
whether the answer is correct.

SubtractionQuiz

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Multiple Alternative if Statements

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Flowchart

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Trace if-else Statement (1 of 5)

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Trace if-else Statement (2 of 5)

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Trace if-else Statement (3 of 5)

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Trace if-else Statement (4 of 5)

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Trace if-else Statement (5 of 5)

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Example
Now let us write a program to find out the Chinese Zodiac sign
for a given year. The Chinese Zodiac sign is based on a 12-year
cycle, each year being represented by an animal: rat, ox, tiger,
rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, rooster, dog, and
pig, in this cycle.

ChineseZodiac

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Common Errors
Most common errors in selection statements are caused by
incorrect indentation. Consider the following code in (a) and
(b).

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Tip

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Problem: Body Mass Index
Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure of health on weight. It can
be calculated by taking your weight in kilograms and dividing by
the square of your height in meters. The interpretation of BMI for
people 16 years or older is as follows:

BMI Interpretation
Below 18.5 Underweight
18.5-24.9 Normal
25.0-29.9 Overweight
Above 30.0 Obese

ComputeAndInterpretBMI

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Problem: Computing Taxes (1 of 2)
The US federal personal income tax is calculated based on the
filing status and taxable income. There are four filing statuses:
single filers, married filing jointly, married filing separately, and
head of household. The tax rates for 2009 are shown below.
Married Filing
Married Filing
Marginal Tax Rate Single Jointly or Qualified Head of Household
Separately
Widow(er)
10% $0 – $8,350 $0 – $16,700 $0 – $8,350 $0 – $11,950

15% $8,351– $33,950 $16,701 – $67,900 $8,351 – $33,950 $11,951 – $45,500

25% $33,951 – $82,250 $67,901 – $137,050 $33,951 – $68,525 $45,501 – $117,450

28% $82,251 – $171,550 $137,051 – $208,850 $68,525 – $104,425 $117,451 – $190,200

33% $171,551 – $372,950 $208,851 – $372,950 $104,426 – $186,475 $190,201 - $372,950

35% $372,951+ $372,951+ $186,476+ $372,951+

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Problem: Computing Taxes (2 of 2)
if status == 0:
# Compute tax for single filers
elif status == 1:
# Compute tax for married filing jointly
elif status == 2:
# Compute tax for married filing separately
elif status == 3:
# Compute tax for head of household
else:
# Display wrong status

ComputeTax

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Logical Operators
Operator Description
not logical negation
and logical conjunction
or logical disjunction

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Truth Table for Operator not
p not p Example (assume age = 24, gender = 'F')

True False not (age > 18) is False, because (age > 18) is True.
False True not (gender == 'M') is True, because (grade == 'M') is False.

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Truth Table for Operator and
p1 p2 p1 and p2 Example (assume age = 24, weight = 140)
Blank

False False False

False True False (age > 18) and (weight >= 140) is False, because weight > 140)
is False.
Blank

True False False

True True True (age > 18) and (weight <= 140) is True, because (age > 18) and
(weight <= 140) are both True.

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Truth Table for Operator or
p1 p2 p1 or p2 Example (assume age = 24, weight = 140)
Blank

False False False

False True True (age > 34) or (weight >= 150) is False, because (age > 34) and
(weight >= 150) are both False.
Blank

True False True

True True True (age > 14) or (weight < 140) is true, because (age > 14) is True.

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Examples
Here is a program that checks whether a number is
divisible by 2 and 3, whether a number is divisible by 2 or
3, and whether a number is divisible by 2 or 3 but not both:

TestBooleanOperators
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Problem: Determining Leap Year?
This program first prompts the user to enter a year as an
int value and checks if it is a leap year.
A year is a leap year if it is divisible by 4 but not by 100, or
it is divisible by 400.
(year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0) or (year %
400 == 0)

LeapYear

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Problem: Lottery
Write a program that randomly generates a lottery between 0
and 99, prompts the user to enter a number in the same range,
and determines whether the user wins according to the following
rule:
• If the user input matches the lottery in exact order, the award
is $10,000.
• If the user input matches the lottery, the award is $3,000.
• If one digit in the user input matches a digit in the lottery, the
award is $1,000.

Lottery

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Conditional Expressions
if x > 0:
y = 1
else:
y = -1

is equivalent to
y = 1 if x > 0 else -1
expression1 if boolean-expression else expression2

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Conditional Operator
if number % 2 == 0:
print(number, "is even")
else:
print(number, "is odd")

print(number, "is even" if (number % 2 == 0) else "is odd")

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match-case Statements
case status:
case 0: compute taxes for single filers
case 1: compute taxes for married file jointly
case 2: compute taxes for married file separately
case 3: compute taxes for head of household
case _:
print("Errors: invalid status")
sys.exit(1)

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match-case Statement Flow Chart

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match-case Statement Rules

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Problem: Chinese Zodiac
Write a program that prompts the user to enter a year and
displays the animal for the year.

ChineseZodiacUsingMatchCase
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Operator Precedence
• +, - (Unary plus and minus)

• **

• not

• *, /, //, %

• +, - (Binary addition and subtraction)

• <, <=, >, >=

• ==, !=

• and

• or

• =, +=, -=, *=, /=, //=, %= (Assignment operator)

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Operator Precedence and Associativity

The expression in the parentheses is evaluated first.

(Parentheses can be nested, in which case the expression
in the inner parentheses is executed first.) When evaluating
an expression without parentheses, the operators are
applied according to the precedence rule and the
associativity rule.
If operators with the same precedence are next to each
other, their associativity determines the order of evaluation.
All binary operators except assignment operators are left-
associative.

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Operator Associativity
When two operators with the same precedence are
evaluated, the associativity of the operators determines
the order of evaluation. All binary operators except
assignment operators are left-associative.
a − b + c − d is equivalent to ((a − b) + c) − d
Assignment operators are right-associative. Therefore,
the expression
a = b = c = 5 is equivalent to a = (b = (c = 5))

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Turtle: Location of an Object
Test whether a point is inside a circle. The program prompts the
user to enter the center of a circle, the radius, and a point.

PointInCircle

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Copyright

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