Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Data Science and Artificial

Intelligence

DA 107 – Operating Systems

Introduction
Outline

● Introduction

● Terminology

● Components of OS

● Services offered by OS

● Elements of hardware interacted by OS

● Types of OS

● Examples of OS
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Introduction
Introduction

● An operating system (OS) is an important part of almost every computer system.

● It is a complex software that acts as an intermediary between computer hardware

and the user. It provides a platform for running applications and managing
various hardware resources

● Most computer users have had some experience with an operating system, but it
is difficult to pin down precisely what an operating system.

● It is an integrated set of programs that directs and manages the components and
resources of a computer system, including main memory, the CPU and the
peripheral devices.

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Introduction

● The OS is somewhat like a housekeeper in that it tidies, organizes and maintains

the functioning of various devices.

● The task of an operating system is to manage the hardware carefully, to achieve

the best possible performance.

● This is accomplished by the operating system's controlling and coordinating

such resources as the CPU, other processing units, both primary memory and
secondary storage, and all input/output devices.

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Introduction

● The hardware provides raw computing power, and the operating system makes
this power conveniently accessible to the user. This unit presses what operating
system do and basics of OS.

● An operating system is an organized collection of software that controls the

overall operations of a computer.

● In other words, an operating system is a program that acts as an interface

between a user of a computer and computer hardware.

● The primary goal of an OS is to make the computer system convenient to use.

● A secondary goal is to use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.

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Introduction – operating system - purpose

● It minimizes the computer user's intervention in (and concern) about machine's internal
workings.

● It provides an environment in which a user may execute programs.

● It controls and co-ordinates the use of hardware among the various application programs.

● It acts as a managers of resources (hardware and software) and allocates them to specific
programs.

● It controls the various I/O devices and user programs.

● It maximizes the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the system.

● It provides an environment within which other programs can do useful work.

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Introduction – computer system

● A computer system consist of hardware (CPU, memory, I/O devices),

system software (operating system), application programs (compilers, DBMS,
Editor, spreadsheets) and the users

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Terminology
Terminology

● It is important to acquaint with various terms used when discussing about operating
system. These are

● Operating System: This refers to the software and files that are installed on a system so
that it can boot and execute programs. It includes the kernel, administration tools, and
system libraries

● Kernel: The kernel is the program that manages the system, including devices
(hardware), memory, and CPU scheduling. It runs in a privileged CPU mode that allows
direct access to hardware, called kernel mode.

● Process: An OS abstraction and environment for executing a program. The program

normally runs in user mode, with access to kernel mode (e.g., for performing device I/O)
via system calls or traps
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Terminology

● Threads: An executable context that can be scheduled to run on a CPU. The kernel
has multiple threads, and a process contains one or more.

● Task: A Linux runnable entity, which can refer to a process (with a single thread), a
thread from a multithreaded process, or kernel threads

● Kernel-space: the memory address space for the kernel.

● User-space: the memory address space for processes

● User-land: user-level programs and libraries (/usr/bin, /usr/lib, . . .).

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Terminology

● System call: A well-defined protocol for user programs to request the kernel to
perform privileged operations, including device I/O.

● Processor: Not to be confused with process, a processor is a physical

chip containing one or more CPUs.

● Interrupt: A signal sent by physical devices to the kernel, usually to

request servicing of I/O.

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Components of OS
Components

● Kernel: The core of the operating system that manages the hardware
resources. Responsible for process management, memory management, device
management, and system calls.

● File system: Manages the organization, storage, retrieval, naming, sharing, and
protection of files on a disk. Provides a hierarchical directory structure.

● Process Management: Handles the creation, scheduling, and termination of

processes. Manages process synchronization and communication.

● Memory Management: Allocates and deallocates memory space as needed by

programs. Manages virtual memory and paging

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Components

● Device Drivers: Interfaces with hardware devices, allowing the OS to communicate with
peripherals such as printers, keyboards, and storage devices. Each device typically has
its own driver.

● User Interface (UI): Provides a way for users to interact with the computer. Can be a
command-line interface (CLI) or a graphical user interface (GUI).

● Security Access & Control: Enforces access control policies to ensure that only
authorized users and processes can access certain resources. Includes user
authentication, encryption, and other security features.

● Networking: Manages network communication, allowing the computer to connect to

and communicate with other devices on a network. Includes protocols, network stack,
and network device drivers.
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Components

● System Calls: Interfaces for applications to request services from the operating
system. Examples include file operations, process creation, and communication.

● Shell: The command interpreter that allows users to interact with the operating system
through a command-line interface. Executes commands and scripts.

● Utilities: System utilities perform various tasks such as disk formatting, backup, and system
monitoring. Examples include text editors, file managers, and disk management tools

● Scheduler: Manages the scheduling of processes, determining which process gets access to
the CPU and for how long

● Interrupt Handlers: Manages hardware and software interrupts, allowing the OS to respond
to events such as hardware errors or I/O completion

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Services offered by OS
Services offered by OS

● An operating system provides a range of services to both users and applications,

facilitating the effective utilization of computer hardware and creating a user-
friendly computing environment.

● Program Execution: The OS loads programs into memory and manages their
execution, ensuring that the CPU executes instructions in a controlled manner.

● I/O Operations: Manages input and output operations, allowing programs to read
from and write to devices such as disks, keyboards, and printers

● File System Manipulation: Provides services for creating, deleting, reading and
writing files. Manages file attributes and directory structures.

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Services offered by OS

● Communication Services: Facilitates communication between processes,

either within the same system or over a network, through inter-process
communication (IPC) mechanisms.

● Error Detection and Handling: Monitors the system for errors and
responds appropriately, preventing system crashes and providing error messages to
users and applications.

● Resource Allocation: Allocates system resources, such as CPU time, memory

space, and I/O devices, among competing processes to optimize system performance.

● Security and Protection: Implements security mechanisms to control access

to system resources and protect against unauthorized access. Enforces
user authentication and authorization.

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Services offered by OS

● User Interface Services: Provides a user interface that allows users to interact with
the computer, including command-line interfaces (CLI) and graphical
user interfaces (GUI).

● Networking: Manages network connections and communication, enabling

processes to communicate over a network. Includes network protocols and
services.

● Interrupt Handling: Handles hardware and software interrupts, allowing the OS

to respond to events such as I/O completion, hardware errors, and timer events.

● Memory Management: Allocates and deallocates memory space for processes,

manages virtual memory, and ensures efficient use of system memory.
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Services offered by OS

● Process Management: Manages processes, including process creation,

scheduling, termination, and communication between processes.

● Device Management: Controls and communicates with hardware devices,

including device drivers, to facilitate I/O operations and ensure proper functioning
of peripherals.

● Backup and Recovery: Provides mechanisms for backing up and restoring

data, allowing users to recover from system failures or data loss.

● System Logging and Monitoring: Logs system events, errors, and

activities. Monitors system performance and provides tools for system
administrators to analyze and optimize system behavior.

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Hardware Elements & OS
Hardware Elements & OS

● An operating system (OS) interacts with various hardware components to

manage and control the computer system. The key elements of hardware with
which an operating system interacts include the following.

● Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU is the primary processing unit of
a computer. The OS interacts with the CPU to schedule tasks, allocate
resources, and manage the execution of programs.

● Memory (RAM and Cache): The OS manages system memory, including RAM
(Random Access Memory) and cache memory. It allocates memory space to
running processes, facilitates data exchange between RAM and storage, and
handles memory paging and swapping.

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Hardware Elements & OS

● Storage Devices: Operating systems interact with various storage devices, such as
hard drives, solid-state drives (SSDs), and external storage. They manage file
systems, handle input/output operations, and ensure data storage and retrieval.

● Input/Output Devices: Interaction with input/output devices (e.g.,

keyboards, mice, displays, printers) is a crucial function of an operating system.
It manages communication between software applications and these devices,
facilitating user input and output.

● Network Interface: Operating systems interact with network interfaces

to enable communication over computer networks. They manage network
connections, protocols, and data transfer between connected devices.

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Hardware Elements & OS

● Motherboard and System Bus: The OS interacts with the motherboard and the
system bus to facilitate communication between various hardware components. It
manages data transfer and control signals between the CPU, memory, and
peripheral devices.

● Interrupt Controllers: Interrupt controllers are used to handle

hardware interrupts. The OS interacts with interrupt controllers to respond to
hardware events (e.g., keyboard input, disk operations) promptly.

● Clock and Timer: The operating system interacts with the system clock and
timers to manage time-related functions, including scheduling tasks, handling
timeouts, and maintaining system time.

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Hardware Elements & OS

● Power Management Components: Operating systems often include power

management features to interact with components like CPUs and hard drives to
optimize power usage and control sleep/hibernation modes.

● Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): For systems with a separate GPU, the
operating system interacts with the graphics hardware to render graphics,
manage display settings, and support graphical user interfaces.

● BIOS/UEFI: The Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) or Unified Extensible

Firmware Interface (UEFI) is responsible for booting the computer and
initializing hardware components. The OS interacts with BIOS/UEFI during the
boot process.

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Types of OS
Types of OS

● Operating systems can be classified into various types based on different criteria.
Here are some common classifications

● Single-User OS: Designed to support a single user at a time. Examples include most
personal computer operating systems like Windows, macOS, and Linux distributions
for desktop use.

● Multi-User OS: Supports multiple users simultaneously. Examples include Unix-based

systems, Linux servers, and mainframe operating systems.

● Single-Tasking OS: Allows only one task or process to run at a time. Older operating
systems like MS-DOS are examples.

● Multi-Tasking OS: Supports the execution of multiple tasks or processes concurrently.

Modern operating systems like Windows, macOS, and Linux are multi-tasking.

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Types of OS

● Single-Processor OS: Designed to run on systems with a single central processing

unit (CPU).

● Multi-Processor OS: Optimized for systems with multiple CPUs or cores, allowing
parallel processing.

● Batch Processing OS: Processes a set of tasks in batches, without user interaction.
Mainframes often use batch processing.

● Real-Time OS: Designed for systems that require immediate response to

external events. Used in embedded systems, industrial control systems, and
certain scientific applications.

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Types of OS

● Open-Source OS: The source code is available for users to view, modify,
and distribute. Examples include Linux distributions (Ubuntu, Fedora) and
FreeBSD.

● Proprietary OS: Source code is not available, and the software is owned by
a company. Examples include Microsoft Windows and macOS.

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Types of OS

● Distributed OS: Manages and coordinates multiple interconnected computers, allowing

them to work together as a single system. Examples include Google's Android, which is
based on a Linux kernel.

● Network OS: Specialized for network operations, facilitating communication between

computers. Examples include Novell NetWare.

● Embedded OS: Designed for embedded systems, such as those found in

appliances, automobiles, and industrial machines. Examples include VxWorks
and FreeRTOS.

● Mobile OS: Optimized for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. Examples
include Android, iOS, and Windows Mobile.

● Time-Sharing OS: Supports multiple users simultaneously by dividing CPU time among
them. Examples include Unix and its derivatives.
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Examples of OS
Examples of OS

● Personal Computer OS:

○ Microsoft Windows: Versions include Windows 10, Windows 8.1, Windows 7.
○ macOS: Developed by Apple for Macintosh computers.
○ Linux Distributions: Examples include Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian, CentOS.

● Server OS:
○ Linux Server Distributions: Such as Ubuntu Server, CentOS, Red Hat Enterprise Linux
(RHEL).
○ Microsoft Windows Server: Versions include Windows Server 2019, Windows Server 2016.

● Mobile Operating Systems:

○ Android: Developed by Google, used on a variety of mobile devices.
○ iOS: Developed by Apple, exclusively for iPhones, iPads, and iPod Touch.
○ Windows Mobile: An older mobile OS developed by Microsoft

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Examples of OS

● Embedded OS:
○ VxWorks: Commonly used in embedded systems, real-time applications.
○ FreeRTOS: An open-source real-time operating system for embedded systems.
○ Embedded Linux: Customized Linux distributions tailored for embedded devices.

● Real-Time OS (RTOS):
● QNX: Used in embedded systems, automotive applications, and more.
○ RTOS in Industrial Automation: Examples include VxWorks, FreeRTOS, and RTLinux.

● Network Operating Systems:

○ Novell NetWare: Historically used for networking services.
○ Windows Server with Active Directory: Provides network services in Windows
environments.

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Examples of OS

● Mainframe Operating Systems:

○ IBM z/OS: Operating system for IBM mainframes.
○ Unisys OS 2200: Operating system for Unisys mainframes.

● Distributed Operating Systems:

○ Google's Android: Based on a modified Linux kernel and used in a wide range of devices.
○ Distributed versions of Unix: Examples include AIX (IBM), Solaris (Oracle), and HP-UX
(Hewlett Packard).

● Time-Sharing Operating Systems:

○ Unix: A multi-user, multitasking operating system. Variants include Linux, BSD, and
others.
○ Multics: An influential but historic time-sharing system.

● Clustered Operating Systems:

○ Microsoft Windows Server Failover Clustering: Supports high availability.
○ Linux-HA (High Availability): Linux clustering solutions.

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Desktop OS Vs Server OS
Desktop OS Vs Server OS

● Personal operating systems (OS) and server operating systems serve

distinct purposes and are designed to meet different requirements.
Key differences between a personal OS and a server OS are:

● User Interface:
○ Personal OS: Typically includes a graphical user interface (GUI) designed for individual
users. Examples include Windows, macOS, and various Linux desktop environments.

○ Server OS: Often operates without a graphical user interface, especially in server
deployments. Server OS is configured and managed remotely using command-
line interfaces or web-based management tools.

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Desktop OS Vs Server OS - User Interaction

● Designed for direct user interaction, ● Primarily focuses on background

services and handling requests from
providing a desktop environment,
networked clients. Minimal direct user
file management, and application
interaction occurs on the server itself.
execution for individual users.

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Desktop OS Vs Server OS - Hardware resource allocation

● Prioritizes resources for individual ● Prioritizes resource allocation for

user tasks and applications, often network services, background
processes, and multiple
favoring responsiveness and
simultaneous connections.
interactive performance. Emphasizes stability, reliability,
and efficient use of hardware
resources.

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Desktop OS Vs Server OS - Services and applications

● Focuses on user-centric ● Designed to run server-based

applications, entertainment, applications and services, such as
and productivity tools. Includes web servers, database servers,
software for tasks like word email servers, and domain
processing, web browsing, controllers.
and multimedia consumption.

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Desktop OS Vs Server OS - Concurrency & Multi-User Support

● Designed for single-user or limited ● Built to handle multiple

multi-user environments (e.g., a simultaneous connections and
user requests. Supports a large
family computer). Supports
number of concurrent users
concurrent execution of accessing services such as web
applications for a small number of hosting, file sharing, and database
users. management.

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Desktop OS Vs Server OS – Security & access control

● Security features primarily focus ● Emphasizes security measures to

on protecting the protect networked
individual user's data and resources, control access to
privacy. sensitive data, and defend
against unauthorized access.
Often includes features like
user authentication, access
controls, and encryption.

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Desktop OS Vs Server OS - Resource Scaling

● Geared toward running on a single ● Engineered to scale across multiple

device or a small number of servers or virtual machines to
handle increasing workloads and
devices, such as a personal
provide high availability.
computer or laptop

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Desktop OS Vs Server OS – Redundancy & reliability

● Prioritizes redundancy and fault

● Reliability is important but may not tolerance to ensure
require the same level of redundancy continuous operation. Often includes
and fault tolerance as server features like clustering, load
environments. balancing, and backup systems.

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Mainframe OS
Mainframe OS

● A mainframe operating system (OS) is designed specifically for large, high-performance

computing environments known as mainframes.

● Mainframes are powerful computers that are capable of handling a vast amount of data,
supporting a large number of simultaneous users, and running critical business applications.

● The key characteristics of a mainframe OS are:

● Scale and Performance: Designed to run on large-scale, high-performance mainframe

computers. Mainframes are capable of processing massive amounts of data and supporting
thousands of concurrent users.

● Concurrency and Multi-User Support: Optimized for concurrent execution of numerous tasks
and supports a large number of simultaneous users. It can efficiently handle multiple and
diverse workloads.

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Mainframe OS

● Resource Management: Implements sophisticated resource management to

efficiently allocate and utilize system resources such as CPU, memory, and I/O for
diverse workloads.

● Reliability and Availability: Emphasizes high reliability and availability, often

providing features like fault tolerance, redundancy, and hot-swappable components.

● Data Processing and Transaction Processing: Well-suited for batch

processing, transaction processing, and handling large databases. Commonly used
in critical business applications such as banking, finance, and logistics.

● Cost and Licensing: Typically involves high upfront costs but can be cost-effective for
large organizations with substantial computing needs.

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Thank You!