Introduction 4

Getting started 6
/

Computing: past, present and future 30

Programming In Scratch , 42

Computing components 54

P~ction 100

Binary and computer logic 124

Sound and video editing 138

Designing websites 150

Networking and the internet 16~

Programming in Python: iteration .c 17''

Glossary 209
Answers t o check-in questions 216
Acknowledgements 226
Index 227
 framework, to help you to track your progr
Why study computing? ess
throughout Key Stage 3, and has been mop
C mputers and the internet are Integral aspects of Ped t
Key Stage 2 and Key Stage 3 Comput1ng Nat· 0
m~dern life. From governments and m~lt!-national .
Curriculums. The progress1on framework and
'Onol
businesses to local enterprises and IndiViduals, National Curriculum map can be downloaded
we rely on computer networks and software to . www.hoddereducation.co.uk/ProgressinCornpu~:n
keep the global economy running. Studying computing 9
The Student Book is made up of 16 chapters, or
will enable you to develop a range of knowledge and
modules. and each of these chapters includes Sit
skills necessary for success in the modern world.
lessons or double-page sprea.ds. The Student Boo~
This course combines key concepts related to finishes with three extended Six-week-long proJect
computational thinking, informati on technology both to showcase the computing skills you have s.
and digital literacy to provide you with skills and acquired at Key Stage 3 and to prepare you for one
knowledge across the main elements of computer of the many Key Stage 4 opt1ons on offer, including
science. At its core is computational thinking, the GCSEs, Cambridge Nationals and BTECs
problem solving and logical thinking skills used
by computer scientists and programmers to solve Features
complex problems, which can also be applied
Each chapter begins by introducing you to the topic,
to real world issues in many other subjects and
explaining why it is relevant.
disciplines. Writing programs allows you to put
these skills to the test and to develop your ability to
work through problems and find solutions.
While you may not pursue a career as a
Before you can use a
programmer, you will almost certainly use a variety computer system, you
of software applications in your everyday lives.
need to know how to
Learning how to use software correctly and adeptly
- to produce effective presentations, documents access it correctly and this
or spreadsheets to convey information- is an chapter will help you set
important skill for many careers. Alongside this
comes the ability to develop and edit audio and yourself up on your school
visual media. computer system and think
Understanding the development of computing,
how computers and the internet work, how to
about what you should
evaluate digital content and the ethical issues use it for. You will learn
surrounding the use of computers help us put the
technology into context. Whatever technology we
how to save and organ ise
use, it is important we know how to use it safely files and the key principles
and respectfully so that we can make the most of
of internet research and
opportunities in our future lives.
digital wellbeing. You will
About the book also Learn basic image
Progress in Computing is a complete Key Stage 3
course. It has been designed around a progression editing skills.
Reading the text and loo .
you grasp the theory. Ke ktng at the i~ages will hel p
Occasionally, you will see this Icon in on oct1vity
box. It means you need to download on additional
look up in the g loss y words, whtch you can
resource In o rder to complete the activity. These
in blue bold. ary at the back of the book, ore
resources con be downloaded at
www.hoddereducation.co.uk/ProgresslnComputing.
Cloud computing
Cloud computln .
software is used ~~~~ wh~re data is stored online and
being stored locoll an Internet browser, rather than
°
The data and s ft Yon computer's hard drive. Checking In questions appear throughout the book.
Server forms oro tore files ore saved on a server.
These are short-answ er questions designed to test
you do not k e ocated all around the world so
now where your data is physically your knowledge and understanding of w hat you
have just Learnt. Answ ers to these q uestions can be
Working t hrough t h . .. found at the back of the book.
o pportunit to c e actiVIt ies provides you with an
the t he y heck your understanding and apply
ory you hove learnt.

0 Why do we need to Log into a computer

system?
f) What is an acceptable use policy?
~rite a program to output the following
mformotion about people and their pets: E) Explain what is meant by a strong password.
J o hn Cat
Li z Do g
Mariya Hamste r
You should store the three names in three
variables. The three pets will also need to be
stored in three d ~ffere nt variables, so you will
need six variables in total. Your program should
then pri nt out the values of these variables using
the correct escape characters to format them as
shown above.
Before you con use a
computer system, you
need to know how to
Your school computer network
access It correctly and this
chapter will help you set
A computer network is a
yourself up on your school collection of computers and
computer system and think other d 1gital devices that are
about what you should connected together. Your
use it for. You will learn school's computer network
how to save and organise probably Includes desktop
files and the key principles computers, laptops, tablets,
of internet research and prin ters, scanners and servers.
digital wellbeing. You will
also learn basic image
editing skills.

~ w here the rooms containing computers you can use ore located in
your school

~ when you can use school computers outside of lesson time

~ where the printers ore located
~ what you need to do to gain access to the network
~ if there are any restrict ions on where and when you can use your
own digital devices in school.

Using computer equipment safely

When you are using school com puters, you must remember these rules
for ensuring computer equipment is used safely.
~ Do not eat or drink near computers.
~ Keep bags out of the way of computers.
~ Do not unplug or swap any equipment, including keyboards and m1ce.
~ of
Sit sensibly, with your monitor, keyboard and mouse directly in front
you.

~ Turn off monitors and keep hands away from keyboards and m1ce
when asked.

You must also follow your school's acceptable use policy. These ore the
rules that govern how a network should be used. Here is on example of
a school's acceptable use policy.
..,. Systems must only be used for educational use.
..,. Usernomes and passwords must not be disclosed to anyone else.
..,. You must not use another person's username and password.
..,. You must not access, copy or delete anyone else's files.
..,. Users may not attempt to install programs of any type.
 ..,.. Always fill in the subjf'Cl line. .
All communications will be monitored.
t the person you arc writing to appro~rrately,
Personal email addresses must not be used to ..,.. Gree l 'Dear Sir' or 'Hello Mrs Jones
for examp e,
correspond on school matters.
ou are requesting something, use
..,.. Be polite. If Y ,
Any illegal, inappropriate or harmful materlal must
the word ' please .
be reported immediately.
atlcolly correct English Do not use
Use gra mm
Any damage or faults involving hardware or acronyms or text speak. . .
software must b e reported immediately. detail so that the recrprent
..,.. Provide enough 't • bock and ask for more
Logging in to the school network does not need to wrr e
Information. .
Almost all computer systems require the user to . r full name a nd form. It rs also
enter their username and password in order to Log ..,.. Sign off wrth you l I g solutotron. such as ' Kind
in. Logging in proves the identity usual to have a c os n '
of the user so that they can be . or 'Yours sincerely .
regar ds

~
given access to their own files and
programs. Some devices and systems
use biometrics, such as fingerprints or Logging In to your email account
facial recognition, to enable a user to Log In to your school email account.
prove their identity .

C.~~.~.~~~9..~. s.~r~~9.. P~.~.~.~~r~ .......................... ...... Virtual Learning Env~~n::~~~r~Yn~Es)

.
When you first Log in you will need to choose a A V LE is on online system t t~ :resentations. and
new password. You should always choose a strong resources sue~ 0 ~ doc~~E~nca'n be used to set, hand
Password. There ore three elements that help to video and oudro frles.
. ents and homewor .
k Some
increase the strength of a password: in and mark assrgn~ . n threads, polls. qurzzes
""' Length: Longer passwords of at least eight VLEs also include drscussrolace where students
characters are more secure and surveys, as well as a p h other VLEs can be
and teachers can message e~c . .
""' range of characters used: a password containing accessed from home by Loggrng rn.
a mixture of upper- and lower-case Letters,
numbers and symbols is more secure
.... randomness: passwords that do not contain words
people can guess ore more secure.
You should also make sure you choose a password Log in to your school VLE.
that you will remember!

Log in to the school network. 0 Why do we need to Log into a computer

system?
f) What is an acceptable use policy?
Email 0 Explain what is meant by a strong password.
It is important to be polite when you
email someone and the following
rules should be fo!lowed when
emoiling your teachers.

~---------------------------------------J~
t
 Files and folders
All data stored on a computer is saved to a file.
A file that contains text is often referred to as a Write a list of t11 e different subjects that
document. This is because it is like a piece of paper are studying at school. YOlJ
that has been written on. 2 Design a folder structure so that you ca
A selection of files can be stored in a folder. A organise the files you save for school y,n
· ou
folder can also contain oth er folders, which are should Include a separate folder for each
technically then called sub-folders. subject that you are likely to need to save
1
It is important to organise files so that you can find for, for example: lle~
them quickly. It is good practice to use: Science
IIJl. relevant file names Biology
IIJl. relevant folder names Chemistry
IIJl. a sensible folder and sub-folder structure. Physics

3 Find out where to save files on your schoot

network and create the folder structure you
have designed.

Click here to
open your "" 't ~ <c Documents > Documents > p Starch Documents
'Documents'
Organu.e ... New fold~
Cl G A folder
folder. Files --
Desktop inside the
Name Date mod1fied Type
ore normally
> ~ Documents 'Documents·
saved here. 101 Types of MISChief
>• Download• folder.
Custom Office Templates
> j. Mu"c fax File foldtr
;;: P1ctures Notes file folder
Videos Scanntd Documents Fol• folde<
> t!_ ocal D1slc (C:) Stuff 2Z.03·20211J 3S Fil• folder
Zoom 29·12·2020 111;43
_ Local Di•k (E:) Fil•lold•r
iJ Anc1ent Egy 11n H1erogtyphs -A PractJC... A file
U-ll3·Z01114·39 Text Docume
v n. l1branes I;;] Grocery List.~tx;;-1----"-"-'----:..:..:..:.=--;~,;;;.;;__---'~~=L_ inside the
" ~ Documents rJ Just tht facts, Ma'am.txt 22·03·202114 ~2 T~tOocume 'Documents'
> [t:1 Documents folder.
Documents
) .!l MU51C
> ,;j Pictures
Videos

\ - ' N...twnrlf

:'~--------------------------------
..
File ext ensions being saved when you store It In the cloud
When we save a file we g·v .t Examples of cloud storag e are Googlr:> DrivP,
1 1
example: 'Histo1 p~ · . e 0 nome, for ,..,Drlve DropboyrM and your school
fil t y_ OJect · The software then odds Mlcroso ft On ,, ·
a 1 e ex ens1on that tells th VLE Examples of mtcrnet based software ore
of file It IS. The file . e computer what type Microsoft 365 and Google Docs
extension Is usually three or four
characters long. Some common file extensions ore:

1 .doc I docx I pdf

Document
xls I xlsx

~
g l.jpg
Spreadsheet
Image
p3 I .wav Audio
p4 I mov Video
The file extension enables the compu ter to use the
correct s.oftware to open the file when you double
clrck on rt. File extensions can also be used to
search for files of a particular type if they have no t !'~y~ntage~ ..of.. ~loud co11_1puting
been saved correctly . Ill" Data is backed up automatically.
l,-r• lil• Ill" Documents and files can be used on any
• JiJpl1flJl~t png
c Pmodtc_tablt.doc:x
PNGr, • IS computer With an internet connectron
M rowtv, r:t['IOC\IJ'mr!t )Ill
a Ptnochc.tablulcx
c Pl.t~_antgnmtnt..doo,
' ' I'O'ICftbuiVI o:h<o< 16tJ Ill" The software is updated online so you ore
11 r fi~O<d~ ) ra
• Plf~ JP9
• Plnrts_tt'Ngt...brnp
c
Q
Sc.ttnC(..b.pVtmtnt.doa
JI>Gfok
I
~
..-.
IIIB

18
always using the latest version
Ill" Documents and files can be shared easily w ith
Scttnc~homf'W'Otlukl
16<8 other users.
0 Sc.tm ct _pcnttr.doo.
Q• Sc•mcvoo.o;~.nlppb
·~ . t ."lo1d Documtn1. U>B
lUll
a Sc.tmc~spruckhttt ... ISll
~·e
.f?!s~.~y~~~~9.~.~.. ~! ..~.1.~.~~ .c~~P.~t.ing
Saving work Ill" The data and software can only be accessed if
you have an internet connection.
The first time you save a piece of work, make
sure you give it a suitable name and save it to the Ill" Cloud-based software does not usually l1ave a s
correct folder. You can then save changes to the many features as downloadable software.
original file quickly and easily using shortcut keys: Ill" Free storage is limited.
Ill" CTRL +Si n Windows Ill" Ongoing subscriptions can become costly over
Ill" CMD + S in MacOS. time.
If you do not want to overwrite the original file, Ill" Users can lose legal rights to their material if it is
choose 'Save As' from the 'File' menu to save a stored online.
copy of your work. Give the new file a suitable
Ill" Some believe that data may be more vu lnerable
name and save it to the correct folder.
to being stolen if it is st ored online.

Cloud computing
Cloud computing is where data is stored online and
software is used via an internet browser, rather than
being stored locally on a computer's hard drive.
0 What is data saved as on a computer?
The data and software files are saved on a server. f) What does a folder contain?
Server farms are located all around the world so Q What is a file extension?
you do not know where your data is physically

9
 You wrll usually begin your research by ty
The internet search terms rnto a search engrne Use ke
Prng
The internet is 0 global network that connects yv,o
rather than long phrases, for example, typ fCJs
computers across the world so that they con ·computer hrstory_' to find out how compute~s
co m
municote wrth one another These computers
. d 'd developed over trme. Choose words that a hov~
. lude servers hosting software, musrc on vr eo,
me the internet rs somewhere to fm d mf orma t.ron, to be used on the websrtes you want to vrsr~ likE-~
ond ·hf · d worry about small spellmg mistakes or co~rioDorrt
watch vrdeos, ploy games and connect wrt nen s.
because the spell checker that is bUilt Into hsotiOn
0
At school. you should be using the internet to access engine will automatically use the most corn search
and hand m work via the VLE. corry out research and spelling. Use the category options. such as ~on
email your teachers. You should not be using the vrdeo or news. to limit your search And, frno~age~.
internet to ploy games, message your friends or watch remember that you can type dE>fine· and theny,
vrdeos or listen to music (unless this rs something you
hove been asked to do as part of o lesson).
to find out the word's dictronary definrtion '~~ora °
When you are cafrrymg out research on the intern,.~
Using the internet to carry out try to get your m ormatron from more than one •
unrelated source and see what issues the sour
research agree on t o 'd 'f h ces
1 entr y t e most accurate information
There is a great deal of fantastic stuff on the Always rewrite the mformation rn your own word
unless you are quoting somethrng, and include ~
0
5
internet and it is a really useful place to gather
information about all sorts of subjects. However, of the URLs of the sources you have used so that 1
alongside all the accurate information there is a lot anyone reading your research knows where you
of unreliable and even incorrect and misleading have gathered the information from.
information.
. g,e ......,._.......,
Some websites ore written by non-specialists
who present their own thoughts and ideas on a
subject as facts. Other websites are written by very
knowledgeable people, but are biased because
they present just one side of the story.
- .....
,.. o......,. g~ m...... ..........
--~ '

In order to work out if information on the internet is

I
trustworthy, look out for:
~ £,.,... h ... ..., 1120e ....... .....,_.ltyelw'M ........... ..,._
~ accuracy: are there facts and figures to back up • .,...... ol Mooem COMpUW" I ..... • "*"-'u' ~ ..,~CIIIUII ~
,.,..,..c.MQ.Mtlclnl . . . .. ~ ......... ~...,.,.......,.. . . . . . . . . . .
opinions? ~ .... IOIII""'"m .......

_
_,..,....,. _~

~ currency: when was the article written? Has it

been updated recently?
Hoatory ol Computer • 11"3ipotnl
... . ...... . .....
ll> author: is the author named? Are they qualified
to comment on the subject they are writing
about?
~ hosting website: is the organisation hosting the
website well known and generally considered to .......,.....,...... ~.

be trustworthy?

--
Compu!er • W 1opo0.o
........, ........_.........
~
~
.........uw..--... ..(,......_._......,_ ...
~ balanced presentation: are both sides of an

_....__
~~.,...,. I'W:7y<fl ............... .................... ~
argument covered in equal measure?
·~·

professional tone: is the article well written? It lioslory ol Cotnl><u<> ·fo.BMI T1tN no ofTh... E -

should ovoid text speak, informal language and

.,.
.. I 1&:2 L"~g~W~-I"~C'1w11ot ...... - . c - . t l t • - -

inappropriately emotional language. . . Google is the most popular search engine in the world

'------------------------------------------------------------------- -
Researching how to use the
internet safely and responsibly The following questions are designed to help
you think about your use of dlg1tal technology
Use the Internet to research th e things that
~ou should and should not do w l1en using the • Roughly how much time do you spend online
mternet. Consider: each day?
• use of personal information • What do you spend this time doing?
use of photos • Does it odd value to your Ufe?
• use of web cams • What would you do 1f you were not online so
• login details and password s much?
• Do you somet1m es gPt tired and grumpy when
• what you post.
you ore usmg dig1tol technology?
Copy and paste the URL of each website you vi~lt
• Is there anything you would like to change
and then list the things the website advises you
about you r use of dig1tol technology?
should or should not do in a table. For example:

URL: https://www.chlldnet.com/blog/onllne·
et,quette-or-netiquette-the-dos-ond-donts-of- Tips for managing your use of digital
onllne-communicotion-
Do
technology
..... ······· ........... .
• Before picking up your device, ask yourself what
you intend to achieve.
• Make use of tools that tell you exactly how much
time you spend on each opp.
Digital wellbeing • Set a time limit for your tech usage each day and
Digital wellbeing is about having o healthy try to stick to it.
relationship with technology. • Try to make small changes, such as switching off
Research suggests that 11-yeor-olds spend up to six some notifications.
hours online every day. Whether or not this is too • Put your device into 'Do not disturb' mode before
much depends on th e quality of the content you ore going to bed. or when you have other work to do
looking at and th e activities you are doing online.
However, too much time spent online con affect
your fri endships, your health and your performance
at school.
The effects of spending too much time online 0 What is the internet?
include headaches and eye-strain, disturbed E) Nome one thing that you might use the
sleep, falling out with friends and famil y, becoming internet for at school.
130lated, constantly talking about online activities E) Nome one thing that you should not use the
such as gaming, prioritising your online activities internet for at school.
over other things that you should be doing and a
decline in the quality of your school work.
0 Explain what we mean by 'digital wellbeing'.

11
 Data about an image can be stored by a computer width con be changed using formatting .
0
as vector graphics or as bitmap graphics. It Is also possible to layer objects to cre~!' 0 ns.
Vector graphics are stored as a list of attributes. sense of depth or more complex shapes v
0

Larger pictures are made up of shapes called graphics ore scalable, which means that th:ctor
objects and tile attributes for each object are stored can be enlarged wrthout any loss In quolit!:J Y
0
shown here. s
separately. The attributes Include information sucil
as the object's:
..., height
..., width

.... x and y coordinates for the points

.... outline colour
.... line width
.... fill colour.
The shape of the object is stored as a set of points, Even if on object in a vector graphic is qUite large
and tl1ese ore connected together by lines. So, for .II
only uses a small amount o f memory b ecause the
example, the coordinates of the three corners of a image is recreated from the attributes. Therefore
triangle ore stored. the file size of a vector graphic is often quite '
Each object and its attributes con be edited small. Common vector graphic formats are .eps
independently. Objects con be resized by clicking (Encapsulated PostScript File) and .svg (Scalable
and dragging on the points. The colour and line Vector Graphics File).

12
 ap0 behind cmott1er:
To layer one sh
Open a new Microsoft Word document cmd save the object you want to layer
1t with a suitable file name. Then create a vector Rigl1t click on, se 'Se nd to BocV'.
grapl11c 1moge of a house and garden Use tl1e 11 d and c 100
be , n tl1er so that the whole Image
instructiOns below to help you. To group obJects togc
To create an object: be resrz ed
c on b ect and ho ld down the
Cl1ck on 'Insert' and 'Shapes' and select a s11ope .,. Click on the one o ~k g on oth er oojects to
'Shift' key while cllc In
Ill> Click and drag t11e shape to the reqUired size
select them
using the handles. . h elected area and select
.... R1ght cl1ck 111 t c s ,
Double-click on the shape and click 'Edit sl1ape' 'Group' and th en 'Group
and 'Edit points' to select Individual points and ·mage 1n severa Lstages
You can group one I
drag them to adjust the shape.
Ill> Double-click on the shape and click 'Shape
Fill' to choose an appropriate colour for the
shape, and click on 'No Outline' to remove the
coloured outline.

O What do we call on image that is mode

up of objects?
f) How is the shape of on object stored?
E) Vector graphics ore scalable. What does
this mean?
0 Nome one type of vector-graphic file .

..

13
 0 0 1 I 1 l 0 0
to you about otoOOOIO
Does anything seem strange J 0 I 0 0 I 0 I
J 0 0 0 0 0 0 I
this picture? 101 ooJOI
JOOllOOI
0 I 0 0 0 () 1 0
00111100

.. This Image has 64 pixels and the computer stores the

ch pixel as well as Information about t'"e
,olour ot ea ' h . ''
width and height of th.e Image, so I at 11 can be recreot•
by a computer. White 1s represented by 0 and block 15 -~
represented by 1

more realistiC the image. A resolution of 300 dp1

(dots per inch) is likely to produce a good quality
image. However, whe.n o bitmap graphiC IS enlorgea
it loses quality and 1t IS somet1mes poss1ble to sec:
the individual pixels.
The size of a bitmap graphic file depends on the
resolution of the image, the size of the image and
how many unique colours it contains Bigger image,
contain more pixels and images that contam a lot
It is common practice for the photographs we see of different colours require more bits to store each
in magazines and on posters to be retouched colour. Bitmap graphic files are generally much
to remove blemishes and make models appear larger than vector graphic files because of the
thinner. It raises many ethical issues. If the changes amount of information the computer needs to store
ore minor, such as removing on unwonted s~o dow, to recreate the image.
it may be considered acceptable. However, 1t con
Common bitmap graphic formats are:
result in 'impossible' pictures. Often it isn't as easy
to spot a fake image as it is to spot that the picture IJio .tif: Tagged Image File Format (very high quality
of a person running on the Moon is fake. This con but large file size)
lead to incorrect stories about people circulating on IJio .bmp: Bitmap Image File (very high quality but
social media and gives people unreal expectations
large file size; developed for Microsoft Windows)
about their appearance.
IJio .jpg: Joint Photographic Experts Groups (good for
Bitmap graphics email and presentations)
Bitmap graphics, also called raster graphics, store IJio .gif: Graphics Interchange Format (good for web
on image as a matrix of dots. images with up to 256 colours)
Each dot is called a pixel, short for 'picture element'. IJio .png: Portable Network Graphics (good for web
The colour of every pixel is stored, and every images with up to 16 million colours).
different colour in the picture has its own unique
It is not practical to draw images by defining each
binary code. It is possible to edit the colour of each
pixel separately. At a resolution of 300 dpi, an
individual pixel separately to manipulate an image.
A4 image will contain 8,640,000 pixels. However.
The quality of a bitmap image depends on its it is possible to save any image in a bitmap file
resolution. This is tile number of pixels in the image.
format and then edit the image using image editing
The higher the resolution, the better quality and software.

14
Download GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation 9 Once you are happy that all the background
Program), which is free and open-source Image has been removed, choose the 'Fuzzy Select
editing software. Then follow th e Instructions Tool' and ensure that 'Feather edges' Is
below to begin creating your own 'impossible' selected. Adjust the rodrus to about 25 to
photograph. blur the edges of th e picture and smooth
1 Download and save on image of a real person. the colours.
Make sure it includes their whole body, not just 10 Select the background area and then ctrck on
their head. 'Select' and 'Invert' to select the pan of the
image required. Copy th e image using CTRL + C
2 Open GIMP.
or 'Edit' and 'Copy'. Then, create a new layer
3 Click on 'File' and 'Open' and select your image. using the new layer icon at the bottom right of
4 Right-click on the layer on the right-hand side of the screen fl. Make sure that the ' Fill wrth' field
the screen and click 'Add Alpl1a Channel'. contains 'Transparency'. Then paste your image
5 Choose the 'Fuzzy Select Toot' ~:!~ and click into the new layer using CTRL + V or 'Edrt' and
on on area of th e background that you wish to 'Paste'. Finally, click on the anchor symbol II to
remove. If necessary, adjust the 'Threshold' to lock your image to the new layer.
ensure that only unwanted areas of the image 11 Hide the original image by clicking on the eye
are selected. Then press CTRL + X (CMD + X if symbol to the left of the first layer, so that only
you're using a Mac) to remove the selected area. the new layer is selected.
6 Repeat Step 5 to remove as much of the 12 Save your image as a GIMP file using 'File' and
background as possible. If you make an error, 'Save', remembering to give it a new nome.
remember that you can use CTRL + Z to undo Then use 'File' and 'Export' to save it as a .png
your most recent changes. file. Make sure that your image is saved to your
7 Next, choose the 'Free Select Tool' ~ to hand documents area.
draw around the remaining areas of background
and use CTRL + X to remove them.
8 Zoom, in using the + key and use th e 'Free
Select Tool' to remove any background areas
with a significant colour difference close to th e
outline of the person.

0 How ore bitmap graphics saved?

E) What determines the quality of a bitmap
image?
9 What happens to the quality of bitmap
images when you zoom in?
0 Name one type of bitmap graphic file.

15
 You now know how to isolate an image. Now you
ore going to learn how to insert your cu t-out into a
new background layer.

Follow the Instructions below to laye r your cut-out 9 Create a new layer using the new layer icon
of a person into a new background to create an the bottom right of the screen: ~~ Make surE>
'impossible' photograph. that the 'Fill with' field contains 'Transparenc
1 Make sure that you have finished editing your Then paste your rmoge into the new Ioyer usy·
picture of a person and have exported it o s a CTRL -t V o r 'Edit' and 'Paste' Frnolly click on'~g
.png file. anchor symbol II to lock the cut out to then e
ey,
2 Download and save the image that you wish to layer.
use for the background. 10 You should now see your Image of a person
3 Open GIMP. over the top of your background prcture. The
next task is to resize and reposition it to create
4 Click on 'File' and 'New' and set the width to
your final image. Make sure that the cut-out
1920 and the height to 1080. Click on 'A dvanced
layer is selected on the right-hand side of
Options' and ensure that the 'Fill with' field is set
the screen and then select the 'Scale Tool'.
to 'Transparency' and press 'OK '.
Resize the image by dragging on the handles.
5 Click on 'File ' and 'Open ' and select your Reposition it by clicking and dragging on the box
background image. in the centre of the image. Once you ore happy
6 You need to resize your image so that it is the with the result, click on 'Scale'.
same size as the dotted yellow outline of the 11 Finally, you need to save your finished picture.
canvas. Select the 'Scale Tool' e and adjust Save your image as a GIMP file using 'File' and
t he 'Opacity' on the right-hand side of the 'Save', remembering to give it a new name.
screen to 50%. Then use the handles to drag Then use 'File' and 'Export' to save it as a .png
and resize the background picture so that it fills file. Make sure that your image is saved to your
the canvas. Click on 'Scale' and then reset the documents area.
'Opa city ' to 100%.
7 Click on 'File' and 'Open' and select your edited
image of o person.
8 Click on your person image and copy it using
CTRL + C (CMD + C if you're using a Mac) or
'Edit' and 'Copy'. Then select the background
image from the thumbnail at the top of the
screen so that it appears in the centre of the
screen.

~~----------------------------~
16
 Your final challenge is to use your image editing ~ 'Rectangle Select Tool' to select port or each
skills to create on impossible creature, just like the animal
one in thts photograph. ~ 'Scale Tool' to motch the ports or the two
Open GIMP and use the instructions on animals together.
pages 15-16 to help you. You will need to use the:

0 How can different images be combined using

graphics software?
f) Wha t does the background need to be set to
for this to work?
E) What helps to make the new image look
realistic?

------------------------------------------------------------------------' 17
 Spreadsheets are
incredibly useful and
powerful tools. They A spreadsheet rs a type of electronic document used to store data 0
info rmatron. The data con be used to perform calculations, analy5e l'l<J
are used every day by
people in all sorts of ways, tr ends, model drfferent scenarios and produce graphs and charts.
from stonng information
a bout products and stock The main elements of a spreadsheet
levels to managing multi- A spreadsheet consists of a grid of cells
million-pound budgets. A cell is a box o n a spreadsheet rnto
They con be used to store which you can place numbers, text A
data, perform complex or calculations. A spreadsheet
calculations and to create is divided into rows and columns Row 2 ,-- z
graphs and charts. They
are often used to model
what might happen in
and t11ese are used to provide each
cell with a unique cell reference.
For example. the unique cell
3

Cell 82
I
different situations. This reference for cell 82 tells us the cell is in column 8 and row 2
chapter is focused on using
spreadsheets efficiently Writing formulae using cell references
and effectively to perform
Spreadsheets are often used to pe rform calculotrons. This is done
a range of activities.
by writing a formula. Most formulae use cell references. This means
that you can change a value in a cell and the form ula automatically
recalculates t11e answer.
Formulae must always start with on equals sign, for example: =Al+B2
The following operators ore used to write formula e:
plus sign + for addition •
minus sign
asterisk
.
- for subtraction
for multiplication
forward slosh I for division

spreadsheet and A B c D
write formulae for 5 Number 1 Type Number 2 Answer
r---------
column D to work 6 5 add I
I 3 =A6+C6
out the sums. The 8 28 subtract 15
first one has been 10 3 multiply by 8
done for you. 12 18 divide by 3
14 356 add 80

Replicating data and data series

Replication is where you copy information from one cell to another using
the fill handle. This is o great time-saving feature of spreadsheets.
Click on the cell you want to replicate and move the cursor down to the
bottom right of the cell. The cursor should change from a white cross to

18
a black cross. this 1'5 the fill handle. Now click. hold
and drag down over the cells y ou wont to fill
The flll l1ondlc con also be usecl to extend and
complete o senes of numbers, dotes 01 formula e If The table b('low g1ves the co st of different
you ente1 th e first couple o f 1Lems In a se1ics. coloured p encils

A B C
1 Write formula(' for column D to calculate thE.'
1 co st of the coloured p enc1Ls
1 2 Monday
2 2 4 Tuesday 2 Write formulae for column E using on
3 absolute cell refPrence. to calculate the cost
3 6 Wednesday
of the coloured pencrls plus delivery
4 4 8 Thursday
5 5 J Write o formula for cell E22 to colculote the
10 Friday
6 total cost of all th e pencils, plus one delrvery
6 12 Saturday
7 7 charge.
14 Sunday
+
, Pencil Cost Quantity Cost Cost+Dellvery
Relative and absolute cell references £0.30 3
u Red
When you replicate cells with formulae In, you hove £0.40 8
" Green
two opt1ons You con use relative cell references or ,. Blue £0.20 5
absolute cell references. u Yellow £0.40 2
Relative cell references are used when you wont ,. Gold £0.99 4
the formula to change to match the row or column it 19

applies to, across several columns or rows of data; ,. Delivery £0.75

for example: =Al+Bl. ll

, Cost of all pencils plus ONE delivery

An absolute cell reference is used when you do not
want a cell reference to change when replicating
cells. An absolute reference is created by adding a
dollar sign ($) in front of the column reference, the
row reference, or both; for example: =$A$1+$B$1.

0 What is replication? Describe how you w ould

use replication to extend and complete a
series of numbers.
Look at th e following spreadsheet. E) Explain what is meant by a relative cell
1 Write a formula with absolute cell references reference.
to copy the multiplier in cell G9 to cells C7 E) Explain what is meant by an absolute cell
to C11. reference.
2 Write formulae with relative cell references
for column E.
3 Think about what happens to the values in
column E when the multiplier changes.

A B c D E F G
7 1 times is
8 2 times is Multiplier
-=»
9 3 times is ~ 5
10 4 times is
11 5 times is

19
 AVERAGE MAX
The
. AVERAGE
. f.unction
Functions
Functions are pre-programmed into spreadsheets. The AV ERAGE function works In much the same
They allow us to perform longer or more complex as t11e SUM functron wo~
calculations with ease. The following formulae To work out the average mark use the formula
both perform the some calculation, but the second ==AVERAGE ( B4 : B7 )
formula, which makes use of a function, is shorter A B
and mistakes ore less likely when typing it.
1 Computing Grades
=A 3+B 3 + C3 +D3 +E3 +F3 + G3
= SUM {A 3:G3) 2
All functions start with on equals sign followed by 3 Name Score/100
the function nome. 4 Peter 70
The doto to be used by the function is referenced 5 Vaneet 69
using individual cell references or a cell range
enclosed within parentheses ( ) ; for example:
6 M ary 84

= SUM {A 3 : G3 ) .
7 Zak 32
'-....
Function name
-------..: Cell range
8
9 jTOTAL =AVERAGE(B4:B7)
The SUM function
·································· ····· ·············· .. ··········· ............. .
The SUM function adds up tile values in o range The MAX and MIN functions
························· ... .. .... .. .
of cells.
To find the largest value in o range, use the MAX
To add up the total score for the group use the
function. To find the smallest value in a range, use
formula =SUM { B4: B7) .
the MIN function.
A B The highest exam mark is found using the formula
1 Computing Grades =MAX (B4: B7 ). The lowest exam mark is found
using the formula =MIN { B4: B7)
2
3 Nam e Sco re/100 A B
1 Computing Grades
4 Peter 70
2
5 Va neet 69
3 Name Score/100
6 Mary 84
4 Pet er 70
7 Zak 32
5 Va neet 69
8 6 M ary 84
I
9 TOTAL I=SUM(B4:B7) 7 Zak 32
8
9 HIGHEST MARK =MAX(B4 :87)
I
10 LOWEST MARK =MIN(B4:B7)

20
 I
A B c D [ G It I
9 Ticke t sol es j Totalwookly
10 Film Fnday Saturday Sunday Monday 1 Tuesday 1Wednesday ] Thursday I tkllet ,.,.. ttl

11 Harry Bond £2,700.00 (2, 100 00 £400 00 £350.00 f200 00 f250 00

(800.00
£200.00 £250 00 £100 00 £150 00
12 Ja mes Potter
13 The Happy Princess
(500.00
£100.00
(2,000.00
(250 00
(1,500.00
(200 00
(1,400.00
£75.00
c3oo.oo 1
£30000
(200 00
I £50 00
£100 00
f50.00
f200.00
14 Starship Wars £500.00 £1,500.00
£450.00 £150.00 (75 00 £100.00
15 Toy Tales (750.00 (1,000.00 (850.00
£400.00 (350 00 £250 00 £400 00
16 Mission Possible £950.00 (900.00 £850 00
17 M.!._Pea £650.00 £1,100.00 (650.00 (325.00 £250 00 l (25 00 £250 00

18 Avaroga ticket n los (£)

21
22 What was the smallest amount of money taken by a film on any day? [
23
24 What was the largest amount of money taken by a film on any day? [

Look at this spreadsheet. It shows the weekly ticket 2 Write functions for row 18 to calculate the
sales for various films at a cinema. average ticket sales each day
1 Write functions for column I to calculate the total 3 Write formulae for the shaded cells in column F
to work out the answers to the questrons.
weekly sales for each film.

Give an exa mple of a cell ra nge.

Why would you use the SUM function rather
than writing a formula?
E) Which function would you use to find the
Largest va lue in a set of data?

21
__j
 The IF function The COUNTIF function
The coUNTIF function count!> the numbe r of c~{ls
The IF funct1on 1s used to make choices. It has the
In a selected rangP that mePt a spec1f1c cntenotl
following structure:
It has the following structure
=IF( Question, Do this if True ,
=COUNTIF( Range, Criterion ) .
Do this if False ) .
The range selPcts thP cells to be checked and thr,
There are three elements that need to be Included
criterion 1s the condition that dPtermines 'llh1ch C• ,
1ns1de the parentheses and they are separated by
will be counted. It can be a number. a mothernot!r, ~
commas.
express1on or text that needs to be matc-hed .
A question: this Is a logical test or Logical
Here is an example of a COUNTIF function that
expression to wh1ch the answer can be either
counts how many students got a 8 .
True or False.
A B
2 What is to happen or be displayed if the outcome
of the logical test, or 'condition', is True. 1 Name M at hs
3 What is to happen or be displayed If the outcome 2 Alison 8+
of the log ica l t est, or 'condition', is Folse. 3 Bob 8-
The logical test in on I F function uses Boolean 4 Charlie A-
operators: 5 Deepak B-

> greater than

6
< less than
I
7 Number of students =COUNTIF( B2:BS, "8-' )

= equal to
>= greater than or equal to
<= less than or equal to
Look at the following spreadsheet. It gives the
<> not equal to
marks achieved by students in three tests.
Here is an example of an IF function that tells you 1 Write formulae for column E to calculate the
if a student has passed or failed a test with a pass total of the three test marks.
mark of 60. 2 Write IF functions for column F to decide
Value to be returned If the cond1t1on is True whether each student has passed or foiled.
Use absolute cell references.
Log1cal test \ Value to be returned 1f
~ ____-- the cond1t1on IS False 3 Write functions in the green cells to count the
=IF( 82>=60, "Pass", " Fail" )
.
number of students who hove passed and foiled .
Name Test mart 1 Total POISS/hll
0 " Rlshl 79

A B c IJ Brad loy
" Christopher
Oare
99
26
71
j
I
44
16
15
32
---1

1 Student Mark Pass/Fail "

"
Nuriye
William
83
8
..
~
25
71
62
4
.." -<

I
~
Jee.,an 34
2 Alison 68 Pass Sophie
34
86 94 28
..
,." Frtddle 63 76 35

3 Bob 52 M• 13 33 64
-~-

"
H Passmart L 170
4 Charlie 49
5 Deepak 92
6 Eesa 75
~
 The COUNTA function counts the number of cells
The COUNT and COUNTA functions In a selected range that contain o value (tPxt or a
Tile COUNT funct1on counts the number of cells in a number)
selected range that conta1n a number. Here Is on examplE' of a COUNTA function The
Here is an example of a coUNT function The answer answer Is 3 becouc;e cells 82, 84 and 85 contain o
Is 4, because cells 82 to 85 all conta1n numbers. value.
A B A B
Name Score/100 1 Name Maths
2 Peter 70 Yes
2 Alison
3 Vaneet 69
3 Bob
4 Mary 84 Yes
4 Charlie
5 Zak 32 Yes
5 Deepak
6
6
7 Number of results =COUNT(B2:BS) Number of students =COUNTA(B2:B5)
7

Open the lfcity Zoo spreadsheet. It lists

the different species of animal found at
lfcity Zoo.
1 Write o function in column D to calculate
the total number of each type of animal.
2 Write an IF function in column H to
work out each animal's popularity. If
they have more than 30 visitors per
hour they are 'Popular'. Otherwise, they t:=l
are 'Standard'. L H•m,_ .. ..,,,_~
-,-~
~---(lf~1wtth '"!lr--,__
_ _ __,_
-1
3 Write COUNTIF functions in cells 836 to
839 to calculate the number of different lr~ ..·~·~~
fl~~mbMof'1t.tnd•'"'p«<"-

species for each type of habitat. ~twh<lDn'!'~t-

4 Write COUNTIF functions in cells 842 to

f: _!_e•tt wblt.on ,_~~ow
- __]
....:::J

844 to calculate the number of different

species for each conservation status. 6 Write COUNTIF functions in cells G38 and G39
5 Write a COUNTA function in cell G35 to calculate to calculate the number of 'Popular' species
the number of different species at the zoo and and the number of 'Standard ' species.
a COUNT function in cell G36 to calculate the 7 Write functions in cells G41 and G42 to
number of different species at the zoo with determine the most visitors per hour and the
young. least visitors per hour for any species.

Which fu nction would you use to find out how

an IF function? many cells in a range contain a specific value?
f) What does the COUNT function tell you?

23
 Formatting cells You can apply conditional formatting by selecting
'Cond1t1onol Formatting and H1ghlight Cells Rut"s'
Format1lng cells helps to make a spreadsheet
easier to read You con change the
font, text size and text colour
fill colour
from the 'Home tab

!IJ r.,...,!iJ
c..ro. •1 ..
.......l!lnU • !.oblo •
~
c..4
:,lot • r!i)r
-. z:
Oolr.• •
, •
[jJ
z'Y
s..t eo
., • ,,...,.So!,
f.
,

number format
text al1gnment
bord er.
[fJJ 0 11t.ta.rt ..._,._
You can format cells usmg the tools in the ribbon on
the Ho me tab.

Recre ate this spreadsheet, with all the formattmg

shown. Can you make your spreadsheet look
exactly like the screenshot?

T1.tle !Type Cos t

~

The Dark Sun Science Fict ion £16.90

Goblins and Other Creat ures Fant asy £9.99
The Battle o f the Dragons Fantasy £11.49
Create the following spreadsheet and add
My Secret Diary Comedy £7.95 conditional formatting to reveal a p1cture. The
Murder at the Bridge Crime £8.99 key tells you the fill colours to use for different
cell values.
Remember to select all of the cells m the gnd
Conditional formatting before applying each conditional formatting
Conditional formatting allows you to alter the rule.
appe arance of a celt depending on the value it A B c D E F G H I JKLM N 0
contai ns. This enables you to quickly identify 7 1 1 1 2 2 2 1
patterns in your data. For example, in the below 8 1 1 1 2 2 2 1

spreadsheet, condit ional formatting has been 9 2 1 3 3 2 3 3 2 Equaltol .

10 1 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 1
appli ed to column C so that any cell containing
11 1 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 Equalto2 .
a number greater than 10 has a green fill and 12 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2
any celt containing a number less than 8 has a 13 1,...._3 2 3 2 3 2 3 Equalto3 .
red fill. 14
....
1 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 1

A B c 15 2 1 3 3 2 3 3 1 2
16 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
1 Title Type Cos t
2 The Dar k Sun -1 Science Fiction £16.90
3 [Goblins and Other Creat ures Fantasy £9.99
4 The Battle o f the Dragons Fantasy £11.49
5 My Secret Diary ICom edy £7.95
6 Murder at the Br idge Crime £8.99

24
Graphs and charts
Graphs and chart~ g1ve o v1suol repr( Sl'ntotlon of
data and present1ng data in graph!> or chortc; cern Copy thC' dCJtn In the table bPlow Into a
make data cosier to understand or 1nterpr0t. spr eadshC'C't oncJ 11se th0 clatc1 to tnsrort a lrnc
There are several different t\:JPCS of gropl1 and graph to c;l1ow a pNson's IWICJhl comparN J
chart and each 1s destgncd to display cl1fferent to their age MakC' c,ur0 your chortlnclucl,..s o
types of data su 1toble title and lnb<>ls for NJCil O/IS

Bar charts and column charts allow you to Age (ytartJ Htlght (em)
compare categories of dolo that ore not 0
d1rectly related to Identify similarities and
differences.
A pie chart shows the Individual ports that make
up a whole They are useful to show percentage~
Line graphs ore used when you wont to show
how someth1ng has changed over trme They are
useful for plott1ng the results of expNiments
To create a graph or chart, select the data on
the spreadsheet, go to the 'Insert' tab and then 127
choose the type of chart you require from the
'Recommended Charts' drop-down list.
10
f33138

11 f 144
r12 __ 151
157
~ --
&-- ~
Copy the data rn the table below 1nto a 14 160
spreadsheet and use the data to insert a
clustered column chart to show the temperature
6
I162
163
across the year. Make sure your chart includes a
su1table title and Labels for each axis.

0 Identify three ways 1n wh1ch the appearance

of a cell could be formatted
f) When m1ght we use conditional formatting?
E) What chart should we use to show the
percentage of students in the class who own
a pet?

25
 • ~ ~ - -- * ... - - • - -- ---- -

Using spreadsheets for modelling

Modelling allows us to predict what is likely to
happen when sometllmg changes. It IS used for ThiS spreadsheet allows us to set a budget (In
many different purpose. for example, for weather this case. £S) and then model how we can best
forecast1ng, to pred1ct what the weather will be like spend the money to buy a wide range o f dlfferl?nt
in the future.
sweets.
Look at the spreadsheet.
1 Think about how to format cells D13 to D21,
cell D23 and cell D25 as currency.
2 Write formulae for column D to calculate the
cost of whatever quantitieS of sweets ore
entered into column C.
3 Write a function for cell D21 to calculate the
total cost of all the sweets selected.
4 Write a formula for cell D23 to calculate the
budget remaining, by subtracting the total cost
from the budget amount.
5 Think about how to odd conditional formattrng
to cell D21 so that the background colour IS
Modelling is also used in financial decision making
green if the total is less than or equal to the
to work out, for example, how much profit will be
budget amount and red if the total is more
mode if prices change. It is also used by engineers
than the budget amount.
designing roller coasters to work out, for example,
how variations in the design will affect the speed of C D
the roller coaster. Quantity (g) Cost
Spreadsheets ore excellent for modelling because
it is easy to set them up and perform calculations
on data. It is also possible to try out lots of different
scenarios to find the best result.

Goal Seek
Goal Seek is a spreadsheet tool that allows you to Total

see how changing one value in a formula affects Budget remammg

another. It enables you to ask 'what-if' questions to
achieve a specific goal. For example, you con use it Budget

to find out the price you need to sell an item for to

make a certain amount of profit. 6 Think about how you would use Goal Seek to
To use Goal Seek, go to the 'Data' tab, click on work out how many grams of Jelly Snakes you
'What-If Analysis' and select 'Goal Seek .. .'. can buy for your budget. In Microsoft Excel
you need to open the Goal Seek dialogue '
box, enter D2 1 in the 'Set cell' box, o in the 'To
value' box because you want your budget to
end up at zero, and ClS in the 'By changing
cell' box.

26