CHAPTER

Integration
Integration is the reverse process of differentiation. In differentiation we find the differential
coefficient of a given function whereas in integration we obtain the function whose derivative is
the given function.

1.1 Integral of a function

If F(x) be any function whose derivative is fCx) i.e. if F(x)d = f(x), then we say that one
dx
integral or anti-derivative or primitive of f(x) is F(x). It is symbolically denoted by
Jfx) dr = F(x)
and is reaa as 'integral of f(x) with respect to x is F(xy.
The process of finding integral is called integration and the function f(x) which is being
integrated is called integrand and the function F(x) whose differential coefficient is the integrand
fCx), is called the integral of f(x).
The symbol is the integral sign and drindicates that the integration is to be done with
respect to x.
d
Example:tanx =sec x secx dx =tan x
dx
Here secx is integrand and its integral is tan x.

1.2 Indefinite Integration

We observe thattan x = sec4x and if c be any constant, then
dx
d
(tan x+ c) = secx
dx
So, general value of sec x dx = tan x +c

For different values of ' we will have different integrals. This shows that integral of a
function is not unique.

J f(x) dx F(x)
Thus,F(x)]
dx
=f(x) = ++c

where c is the constant of integration.

Fx)+c is called the indefinite integral or general integral of the function f(x)
 Applied Mathematics-|

definite value 'c'then Jf(x) dx =

F(x) + C.
Particular Integral : If'c has a
This is called the particular integral of S(x).
Note :
In fact concept of integration originated
which is the first letter of 'Summation'.
( ) J is the elongated form of 'S'
from summation of infinite series.

(ii) ' and dx has no meaning if written separately.

but the difference between
function may have different integrals
due to coluo"nt of integration
(iii) The same

two integrals of a function is constant.

constant of integration
'C' must be written in the final answer,
(iv) While writing the indefinite integral, the
C= 0
otherwise, it will give a particular integral, where

1 . 3 Standard Results

We know thatFx)=fx) JS(x) dr =

F(x) +C
dx
standard integrals, based on the above definition. Students should learn
Following are some

these results properly.

2. dx = logx +c
1. Jx"dr = +C, n# -1
n+1

3. k dr = kx +c 4. e d x = e* +c

a 6. sin x dx = - cos x +C
5. Jadr= . + C
logea
7. c o s x dr = sin x + c 8. sec x dx = tan x +c

9. cosecx dx = - cot x +c 10. s e c x . tan x dr = secx+c

11. c o s e c x cot x d r = - cosec x + Cc

12. cotr dx =
loge sin x +c

13. t a n x d r = loge s e c x + c or - loge cOS * + c

14. sec x dx = log. (sec x + tan )+c= loge tan(n/4 + x/2) + C

15. cosec x dx = loge (cosec x - cot x) +c= log tan (x/2)+ C

sin-1+c
16. ((1)- 1
dx = (ii)- dx =
sin x+c

-cos +c
a
1-
ta n1+
tan
17. (0 dr= ot-1c ( 1 2 dx: tanx+ c
cot +c' cotx+c'

Sec C

18. 2-a dr a
1
cosec *+c
a
 5
Integration

(1) dr =secx+e
xx2-1
19. coshx dr
= sinh x +c 20. sinh x dx cosh x +c =

21. sech x dr =tanh x + c 22. cosech x dx coth x+ c = -

23. sech x tanh r dr = -

sech x+c 23. cosech x coth x dx cosech = -

x +c

Note
If xis replaced by (ax+ b, a * 0 in the above integrands, then replace xwith ax + b in the integral and divide the
F
result by the coefficient of xin ax+ bi.e, by a. Hence, [flax+ b) dr =" +c, where [ f(x) dr =F(x)+c
a

For example: sec (ax + b) dx = 0+ c; [ cos2x dr =Sin2x c

a 2

e r 3 deer+3
+c etc.
2

1.4 Important Results

Fundamental rules ofintegration:
fo) d) =f(x)+c (ii) dx =x+c

(ii) Adr =lx+c

(iv) a fCx) dx = a fx) dx, where A is a constant.

Solved Examples
Example 1. Integrate the following functions with respect

a+32 +3x+1) dr [U.P. 20101

dx
[U.P. 2006, 16(8), 17(0)1
Cii) fx + 3) (x - 4) dx [U.P. 20041

2 [U.P. 1993]
Solution: () Srs+3x+3x+1) dr =[x'dr+3/x dr +3x dx+j1 dr

+3x+3xx x+C
+x+C Ans.
2
 6 Applied Mathematics-
Int

+2xr x d E

x24d-xd dr 2 d
+loge X+ 2x +0 Ans.

(i) r + 3) (x - 4) dr =j«2 - 4x +3x - 12) dr

= J 2 - x - 12) dx = fx2dx - Jx dx - 12 dx

3 -12r+C Ans.

Giv) * r-[l-3x+3x -

x dx
2 6

1de-3 d+3d-1 dx

=
fxdx 3 dr + 3x*dx fx'de
- -

x21 - 3 x x + 3 2+1 +C
-2+1 2+1 4 +1

= -x-3x + x3 +C

+x-3x-
5
+C Ans.

Example 2. Integrate the following functions

4

[U.P. 2016(B), 11, 07, 04]

Solution: () *= dr = [X+1-1-1 dv
dx
X+1

dX+1- x+1 dr=jdx -2/(x +1) d

= x -
2 log e (x + 1) + C

x+1 x+1

a+1)( - ) dx j +
dr (x-1) dr + dx
x2+1 2+1
-jx* dx - dx + dr -

x+tan x+C Ans.

Integration
Problems based on Trigonometric Functions
functions
Example 3. Integrate the following
5
(i) (2 t a n x - 3 cot x)*dx (ii) J dx
sin x cos x [U.P. 2013]
COs 2x
(ii) (2 cos x -

4 sec x+ 5 cosec x) dx (iv) s-

sin x cosx
dx

Solution : (i) [(2 tan x -

3 cot x)"dx [(4 tanx + 9 cot

= x -

2x 2tan xx 3 cot x) dx
4 tanx dr +9 cot x dr - 12/dx : t a n x. cotx = 1]

= 4 (secx - 1) dx + 9 (cosec x - 1) dx - 12/dr

= 4 sec x dx - 4dr +9f cosec x dx - 9 dr - 12fdx

= 4 tan x - 4x - 9 cot x - 9x - 12x ++C

= 4 tan x - 9 cot x - 25x +C Ans.

5 dx -= 5 sec x. cosecá x dx =5 sec x (1+ cot x) dx

sin x cos x
=
5[ secx dx+ sec x cot x] dx
Cosx
sec2 x dr + d
cos x sin x

5[ sec x dx+ cosec x dx] 5[ tan x- cot x]

+C =
=

ii) (2 cos x -

4 sec4x+ 5 cosec x) dr
x dx + 5 cosec x dr
2 cos x dx 4/ sec
-

2 sin x -

4 tan x- 5 cot x +C

(iv)
cos 2x dr = cos x sinX dx
2x cos X
sin x cosx

cosx dx- J sinx

dx
2
sin x cosx sin x cos x

=
cosec x dr -

Jsecx dx
cot x tan x +C

Example 4. Evaluate:
[U.P. 1997, 98]
dx
(i)V1 cos 2x
-

(U.P. 1998]

Cii)1+ sin 2x dx
ii) tan x dx [U.P. 2004]

1 tanX

secx+ tan dx [U.P. 1999]

(iv)
sec x tan x
 Høvetne

Applied Mathematica

2 cosx t+C Ans

8
d- /2 sin x dx-
2x d - y 2 sin
Icon
( d
2 sin x.cos x
Solutton

conx
sinx
(i)I sin 2x d + cos x)dr
d x - (sin
x

in x
cos x) Ans
cos X +
sin x +G
dx + coNx d x -
- sin x

tan tan dx uan

C i ) ,1 dx=|
(ii) tan x 1+tan
tan x
tan A tan B
tan1; (A -B)= 1+ tan AtanB
4

log cos (ax + b)

log b)dx
+C : tan (ax + a

Ans

= log cos

+ tan x) (sec x+ tan x) d-rsecX

+tan X)dr
(sec x
secx - tanx
Secx dxx* tan x) (sec x + tan x)
(iv) tan x (secx
secX-
I: sec x- tanx =
1]
+ tanx +2 sec x. tan x) dx
= [(sec x
2 sec x . tan x} dx
1) +
[ {secx+(sec
x
-

2 sec x . tan x} dx
=
{2 secx-1 +
xdx
2 sec x dx dx 2/ sec
+ -
x . tan

Ans
x + 2 sec x +C
2 tan x
-

Example 5. Evaluate:
(ii) Jcos x dx (ii) cos"x dx
sin'x de
sin x- sin 3x
dx s i n 3x = 3 sin x -

4 sin x]
Solution: (i) f sinx dr =[3
C
sin xdrIsin 3x dr =- cos)
Ans
cos x+cos 3x +C
4
cos 3x + 3 Cos cos 3x 4 cos x -

3 cos x)
(i) cosx dr = f, dx =

-cos 3x dx +cos x dx
1 sin 3x Ans
sin x+C=sin 3x+ sinx +C
4 3 4 12
 2
+ cOs2
2x d
Integration

dx
x)dr =
f 2
s 1+ COS 4x dr
dr
= f [ 1 + 2cos 2x
dr=f(cos +
2
ciio fcostr dx
cos 2x) 2r 1]
-

j a + 2 cos
2x +
[ c o s 4x = cos
2

4x dr
jdr+cos
-Jd+ cos2xde+ 8 8

cos ax
dx =.
sinax
a
1 sin 4x+C
8 4 Ans.

sin 4x
+x+C
s 4i n 2x 8

[U.P. 2 0 0 8 ]
Example 6.Evaluate
sin. x
sin ( x - a)

5x dx
(ii) sin 4x cos
+a) dr
sin (x-+a) dx
sinX dx =
|sin (x a -

Solution: () sin ( x - a)
cos a + cos (x a)sin ad-

sin (x -

a)
=
sin (x
-

a)
cot (x -
a) dx
= cos a dx + J sin a dx
cosa
dr+ sina J cot(x-)
a)+C
log sin (x
-

sin c x
xx +
=
cos a o)+C
log sin (x
-

x cos a +sin a
=

: cotx dr
=
log sin x] Ans.

5x) + sin (4x -

5x)] dx
5x dx= J[sin (4x +
5x dx =
S2 sin 4x cos
=2sin A. cos B]
(ii) sin 4x cos
sin (A -

B)
[: (sin A +B)
+

[ /sin 9x dr -Jsin d«]

x
sin x] dr=
5J[sin 9x -

I: sin (-x) =- sin x]

Ans.
-cOs 9x-(- cosx)+C -cos
18
9x+cos x+C
1 sin X dx, -T/2< x < T/2
Example 7. Evaluate: tan V1+ sin x

1-sinx x dx =ftan dr
Solution: :
Stan 4V1+ sin x
1+cos
 10 Applied Mathematics-||

=tan
2in dx
2 2 cos2

ftamtan-2dr=- dx tan (tan 9) =Gj

Jdrd-*-C +C Ans.

Problems based on Exponential Functions

Example 8. Evaluate
(i) {e* log a ea log x + ea log a dx ii r +b dr
ab*
Solution : (i) [ fex log a + ea log x + ea log a) dr

= fteloga" +log+elog a" dx

= S(a +x + a") dr log f(x*) = f(x)]
=
fa*dx + Jx° dr +afdx
a
log a + a+1 a"x +C Ans.

ii) a+6*) _(a4* +b2* + 2a*b*

dx
ab a *b*

* +2d
dx +2d r

AX
+2x +C A d
log
) los

Example 9. If f' (x) =

x -

2
and S(1)= then find the value of fCx)
Solution : Here, f'x) = x -
2 rdr
2+1
S(x)=Sx dx - fx dr
r
+C
2 -2+1
241
 Integration 11

f)- .c
s0)-+C-C Iputting r = 1] .(1)

But f(1)=1/2 IGiven]

C

Putting the value of C in (1)

fx)=:

EXERCISE1.1
Integrate the following functions
1. (axbx + c) drx
2. )(1+2x+x*) dr U.P. 20091

i) (x +3x2 +3x +1) dx

[U.P. 1993]
3. 1+x) Vx dx

4. ) (+x*+6r +7 dx dx
[U.P. 2014 (0)]

5. i dx

7. tcx+2) +sec x] de (8.Xi) f«" + sin bx) dx Cii) e3x* 4 de [U.P. 2019(S)]

9.)e + ar" + sin x+

cos x) dx
10.6) -12 (
d
[U.P. 2014]

11. (secx+ cosec x) d 12.

sin x -

cos x
dx
sin x cos x

13. (tan x+ cot x) dx [U.P. 1991]

14. J1+cos 2x dx 15. ) 1 - sin 2x d Cii) V1+sin x
[U.P. 1998]

16. ) - 5 sin dx
cosx [U.P. 1993]

Gi) 1+ sinx dx
[U.P. 1998]
cos x
17. ( c o s dr 1+cCos 2xd
1+COSX (1)-cos 2x [U.P. 2016(B)]
12 Applied Mathematics
COS X 5
18. - dx

(i)
1+ cos x
cos 2x
i)in? xcOs2 xdx [U.P. 2013
dx
sin x.cos x

19.Cos2x + 2 sin2
cosx
dx 20. Co5 2x- cos 20 dx
coS X-
Cos &
21. sin x dx
22. cos x dx
23. () cos* xdx
ü) Jcos bx dx [U.P. 2005

24. tan1 + cos dx

sin x 25. tan (secx+ tan x) dx
e6 logex es logeX
26. e lo8X dx
Hint:- *
elogex

27. )
exa dx (i) f3+5s* dx
28.
7* ++x + m* dx
29. If f'(x) 3x
= -

and f(1) Othen find the value of

=

f(x).
30.
Iffx)= 4x3- andf(2)=0othen find f(x).
31. Evaluate
i) cos 2x cos 4x dx
ii) sin 4x cos 3x dx
ii) Jsin 3x cos 4x dx iv) COS X [U.P. 1997
32. Evaluate the ( COs ( R
Integration 13

(vii) f (1-x) Vx dr

4x* 6 and f(0) 3 then f(x)

(x) If f(x) =
-
=

(xi) sin 2r dr [U.P. 2018(5)]

33. Mark () the right answer:
)J3° dr is
(a) 3 log 3+c (b) 3* +c 3 +C (d) None

() (1-cOs2x dr is
1+ cos 2x
(a) tan x +X+c (b) tan x - x+c (c) tanx+x+C (d) None

(ii)f 1+ cos 2x dr is
(a) V2 sin x+c (b) 2 cosx+c (c) - 2 sin x+c (d) None

Giv)1+sin 2x de is
(a) -sin x+ cOS X+c (b) sin x+ COSX + C
c ) sin x - cosx +C (d) None

(v)Iff'Cx) = x* +5then f(x) is

(a) 2x b)xS+5x+c 5x+c (d) None

ANSWERS
1. *+k

2. x+x+C()+ +x+ci)-+x-3x-+c
3
3.x3/2 5/2 +C 4. +x+ 6 log x - + c ( ü ) - 2
2

5. r - + c6. +log x t e 7 . * + 4x+t

()-cOsbbx+ c G
9. e ar"t1
- cos x + sin x +c
8.
3 n+1

10. ) log (x - 1)- t C (ii)x-tanx+c ii) x+ 5 log (x-2)

x-1
l1. tan x - cot x +c 12. sec x + cosec x + c 13. tan x - cot x + c 14. v2 sin x + c

15. (1) cos x + Sin x +C Gi) 2 sinon

 14
Applied Mathematics.
16. () 4 tan x
-5 sec x+c (Gi) 2tan x- x +C
17. (i) 2
(cosecx - cot x)-* C (ii) -(cot x + x)+c
18. ()- cosec
x+ cot xtX C (ii) 5 tan x- cot x}
19. tan x t c +c (iii) - cot x
- tanx +c
20. 2(sin x + x
cos a) +C

21.3x 2 sin 2x+ 2x+

22.3x+2 sin 2x +
sin 4x
+C
4
23. ()
sin 3x+sin x+c (i) r+ sin 2hx
24.
2b (27 x) +C

25.( x) +c +
26. tC
3

27. () (ae)*
log (ae) (ii) C C
5
28.
log.
m log x+ x + 1 m
2m
C
m+1 log m
29. x -2
30. x+t3 129
31. (i) sin 6r sin 2x 88
2 +C i) cos 7r
(ii) Cos 7x 7 - cos x+ e
- cosx +

cosx+c (iv) x
32. (i)
cos+ sinßlog cos (x -B) +c
+3x
2 2log x- +c (ii)
X x+ 2log
(iv) COS X
+sin x + c x-+c (ii) tan x -

x +tc
(v)
(vii) tan x +sec cos 2x+c
(vi)
x +C tanx+ sec x+c
(ix) (vii)x2 25/2 C 3

33. (i) (c)

(ii) (b) (x)x"-6x+3 (xi)
(i)(a)
(ii)(a) (iv) (c)
sin 4x
+C
(v) (c) 8